• Journal of The Korean Society of Grassland and Forage Science
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• v.34 no.4
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• pp.296-306
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• 2014

This study was conducted to survey and analyze the quantity of various organic wastes and to vitalize the utilization of agri-food by-products as raw materials for Total mixed ration (TMR), to improve feed cost savings and the quality of animal products. On-the-spot obstacles for animal farmers, along with legal and institutional alternatives are presented. The results are as follows. First, organic wastes in Korea are managed by the Allbaro system created in the Wastes Control Act, which processes 10,488 tons of cooking oil waste, 832,493 tons of animal and plant residues, 5,740 tons of animal carcasses, 1,171,892 tons of animal residues, and 2,172,415 tons of plant residues including 12,905 tons of rice hull and bran, for a total of 4,205,931 tons. Raw materials for TMR, namely rice hulls and bran as well as plant residues, accounted for 51.7% of the total national organic waste. The top 10 municipalities process 76~100% of all organic wastes and a supply management system is needed for the waste. Second, the 10 major agri-food by-products used as raw materials for TMR are bean curd by-product, rice bran, oil-cake, brewers dried grain, Distiller's Dried Grains with Solubles (DDGS), barley bran, soy sauce by-product, citrus fruit by-product, mushroom by-product and other food by-product (bread, noodles, snacks, etc.). Third, the biggest difficulties in using agri-food by-products are legal obstacles. Because agri-food by-products are regulated as industrial wastes by the Waste Control Act, animal farmers that wish to use them have legal reporting obligations including the installation of recycling facilities. To enable the use of agri-food by-products as raw materials for TMR, waste management system improvements such as 'the end of waste status' and the establishment of more than 10 public distribution centers nationwide are deemed essential.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• v.17 no.2
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• pp.263-270
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• 2004

A repeated $4{\times}4$ Latin square design was conducted with eight ileal cannulated castrates to examine the effect of source of starch and fiber on nutrient balance and energy metabolism. Pigs were fed on one of the four experimental diets: Control diet (C) mainly based on cooked rice; and diets P, S and W with the inclusion of either raw potato starch, sugar beet pulp or wheat bran supplementation, respectively. With the exception of an increased (p<0.05) energy loss from methane production with diet S observed, no significant differences (p>0.05) in the ratio of metabolizable energy (ME)/digestible energy, the utilization of ME for fat deposition and for protein deposition, energy loss as hydrogen and urinary energy were found between diets. The efficiency of utilization of ME for maintenance was lower (p<0.05) with diets P and S than with diet C. The inclusion of fiber sources (sugar beet pulp or wheat bran) or potato starch reduced the maintenance energy requirement. The fecal energy excretion was increased (p<0.05) with either sugar beet pulp or wheat bran supplementation, while it was unaffected (p>0.05) by addition of potato starch. In comparison with diets C and P, a lowered ileal or fecal digestibility of energy with diets S and W was observed (p<0.05). Feeding sugar beet pulp caused increased (p<0.05) daily production of methane and carbon dioxide and consequently increased energy losses from methane and carbon dioxide production, while it did not influence the daily hydrogen production (p>0.05). An increased (p<0.05) proportion of NSP excreted in feces was seen by the supplementation of wheat bran. Higher NSP intake caused an increased daily amount of NSP in the ileum, but the ileal NSP proportion as a percentage of NSP intake was unaffected by diets. Feeding potato starch resulted in increased daily amount of starch measured in the ileum and the proportion of ileal starch as a percentage of starch intake, while no significant influence on fecal starch was found. Higher (p<0.05) daily amount of fecal starch and the proportion of fecal starch as a percentage of starch intake were found with fiber sources supplementation compared with diets C and P. By increasing the dietary NSP content the fecal amount of starch increased (p<0.01).

• KSBB Journal
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• v.20 no.1 s.90
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• pp.60-65
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• 2005

The objective of this work was to evaluate a solid-state fermentation process for the practical production of arachidonic acid(AA) by Mortierella alpina ATCC 32222. In the present investigation, batch culture kinetics for both submerged- and solid-state fermentations was carried out at $25^{\circ}C$ to identify the relationship between growth and arachidonic acid (AA) production. Glucose and yeast extract were used in submerged fermentations by using flasks, while rice bran was used as a sole raw material in the other type of fermentations by using a series of Petri dishes. It was evident that a mixed-growth associated pattern existed between the two variables, irrespective of modes of fermentations. The effect of carbon to nitrogen (CfN) ratio on AA production in solid-state fermentation was studied in the range of 6.5 - 20. As a result, an optimum condition was found to be 6.5. Supplementary carbon source was not necessary to meet the optimum C/N ratio. Unlike the Previous results obtained by other researchers, a supplement of sodium glutamate up to $4\%$ (w/w) to the rice bran medium did not have a positive effect on the AA productivity. However, an increase in AA productivity was obtained with the rice bran medium supplemented with sesame oil.

• Korean Journal of Microbiology
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• v.42 no.2
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• pp.160-163
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• 2006

Brown rice contains rice bran and germ with higher nutritional value and dietary fiber content compared with the polished rice. However, brown rice has a limitation of poor digestion. fermented brown rice could be better nutritional source and improve digestibility. Therefore, we tried to select good fermentative microorganisms which have nutritional values with high amylase and protease activities, and probiotic effects. Nineteen micro-organisms, including eight Bacillus strains isolated from Chongkukjang and 11 lactic acid bacteria, were screened for the fermentation ability and enzyme production. The liquid broths containing 2.5%(w/v) of raw brown rice powder as a sole nutritional source were used for culture media. Among the strains tested, all of the Bacillus strains and two lactic acid bacteria (Leuconostoc gelidum and Pediococcus pentosaceus) showed increase in cell population and enzyme activities. The viable cell counts of all the Bacillus strains and two lactic acid bacteria exceeded $10^7 CFU/mL$. The maximal enzyme activities produced by Bacillus sp. Bl, Bacillus sp. B2, Bacillus sp. B11, L. gelidum and P. pentosaceus were 17.85, 17.50, 17.10, 17.10 and 3.24 U/mL for amylase and 22.48, 22.04, 23.76, 12.13, and 3.4 U/mL for pretense, respectively. Therefore, the results of this study demonstrated that the above strains could be potential starters for the fermentation of raw brown rice.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Food Science and Nutrition
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• v.28 no.5
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• pp.980-983
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• 1999

The contents of sterols and stanols in vegetable oils and mist oil were analyzed by gas chromatography using a capillary column. The total sterol contents showed high values of 0.67~0.89g/100g in corn oil, rice bran oil, red pepper seed oil and sesame oil. Mist oil, a byproduct of soybean oil manufacture, was a suitable raw material for the production of stanol since it showed high sterol content (10.2g/100g). In the hydrogenation of sterol contained in mist oil using Pd catalyst, the effects saponification of oil were examined. The conversion of sterol to stanol was improved by a factor of 4~5 through saponification of oil, compared to the reaction without saponification.

• Journal of the Korean Chemical Society
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• v.54 no.1
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• pp.65-70
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• 2010

We describe the immune stimulatory effects of compounds determined by means of activity-monitored extraction and isolation techniques. As a result, 4-carboethoxy-6-methoxy-2-quinolone (1) and 4-carboethoxy-6-hydroxy-2-quinolone (2) were isolated from the ethyl acetate-soluble fraction of the Oryza sativa cv. Heugnambyeo bran, and were determined to exert significant inhibitory effects in macrophage cell line (murine RAW 264.7) and murine splenocytes. The structures were elucidated on the basis of spectroscopic evidence, particularly the results obtained via hetero nuclear multiple-bond connectivity and high-resolution MS spectroscopy. Up to date, compound (1) was isolated as natural sources for the first time.

• KOREAN JOURNAL OF PACKAGING SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY
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• v.28 no.1
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• pp.23-30
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• 2022

This study investigated the characteristics for rice husk pulverization and surface modification of biomass byproducts composed of rice husk, corn extract gourd, wheat bran, and soybean curd. The size of particles of rice husk was at 6.44 ㎛ and represented the most affordable material for preparing the bio-degradable film among the tested byproducts. The silane treatment and adding 2% of ESO (Epoxidized soybean oil) and 3-aminopropyl triethoxysilane solution mixed in a 1:1 ratio were best to the surface modification and SEM-based particle shape. Above the results, adding 2% of mixed solution after silane treatment of rice husks processed through an air classifying mill (ACM) allows for its use as a raw material of bio-degradable plastic film.

• Journal of Mushroom
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• v.11 no.4
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• pp.208-213
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• 2013

The contents of raw materials which are components of mixed substrate for mushroom cultivation were analyzed to optimize the composition. The pure protein(amino acid) level of soybean meal was the highest, 44.02% followed by those of soybean curd residue(31.5%) and cotton seeds meal(30.6%). The non protein nitrogen(NPN) contents in crude protein of main nitrogen materials were 2.4% for soybean meal and 5.6% for dried soybean curd residue, while those of wheat bran and rice bran used as the carbon source were relatively higher, 17.6% compared to that of nitrogen supplying media. Crude protein content per price was 6.0 for rapeseed meal, indicating that it is high crude protein content per price. Nitrogen-free extract(NFE) considering as an ingredient for mycelial growth were high in alphacorn(72.9%) and wheat bran B(57.2%). Acid detergent fiber(ADF) was high in corncob, 51.88%, its use for cultivation of brown rot fungi including Lentinus lepideus should pay attention because the fungi lack complete lignin degradation activity.

• Korean Journal of Food Science and Technology
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• v.36 no.4
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• pp.609-615
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• 2004

Old rice showed higher initial pasting and peak viscosity temperatures than new rice. Reducing sugar contents of rice harvested in 1998 were lowest 24hr after digestion with saccharification enzyme, but similar after 36hr, among rice samples tested. Fermentation characteristics and preference of Takju made by fermenting raw rice harvested from 1998 to 2001 far 7 days were investigated. Alcohol contents during Takju brewing rapidly increased for 5 days to 17.3-18.1%, and were 17.5-18.2% on day 7, with those of Takju brewed with rice harvested in 1998 being highest in both cases. Sensory evaluation results showed Takju fermented with rice harvested in 2000 had highest sweetness, preference, and sourness, and that fermented with rice harvested in 1999 had highest sourness, but no voluntariness was shown between each other (meaning not clear). Moisture contents and gelatinization characteristics of old and new rice were slightly different, although factors adversely affecting Takju such as flavor of old rice did not appear in sensory evaluation probably because old rice was stored in rice bran farm for long times and used after milling. Results reveal surplus old rice could be utilized for Takju brewing.

• Journal of Microbiology and Biotechnology
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• v.15 no.2
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• pp.239-246
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• 2005

Some characteristics of two forms of glucoamylase (glucan 1 A-$\alpha$-glucosidase, EC 3. 2. I. 3) purified from Aspergillus coreanus NR 15-1 were investigated. The enzymes were produced on a solid, uncooked wheat bran medium of A. coreanus NR 15-1 isolated from traditional Korean Nuruk. Two forms of glucoamylase, GA-I and GA-II, were purified to homogenity after 5.8-fold and 9.6-fold purification, respectively, judged by disc- and SDS-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis. The molecular mass of GA-I and GA-II were estimated to be 62 kDa and 90 kDa by Sephadex G-1OO gel filtration, and 64 kDa and 91 kDa by SDS-polyacrylarnide gel electrophoresis, respectively. The optimum temperatures of GA-I and GA-II were 60$^circ$C and 65$^circ$C, respectively, and the optimum pH was 4.0. The activation energy (Ea value) of GA-I and GA-II was 11.66 kcal/mol and 12.09 kcal/mol, respectively, and the apparent Michaelis constants (K_{m}) of GA-I and GA-II for soluble starch were found to be 3.57 mg/ml and 6.25 mg/ml, respectively. Both enzymes were activated by 1 mM Mn^{2+} and Cu^{2+}, but were completely inhibited by 1 mM N­bromosuccinimide. The GA-II was weakly inhibited by 1 mM p-CMB, dithiothreitol, EDTA, and pyridoxal 5-phosphate, but GA-I was not inhibited by those compounds. Both enzymes had significant ability to digest raw wheat starch and raw rice starch, and hydrolysis rates of raw wheat starch by GA-I and GA-II were 7.8- and 7.3-fold higher than with soluble starch, respectively.