• Journal of Korean Society of Water and Wastewater
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• v.18 no.2
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• pp.191-200
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• 2004

DAF process has been designed considering raw water quality characteristics in Korea. Although direct filtration is usually operated, DAF is operated when the freshwater blooms occut or raw water turbidity become high. Pre-sedimentation iS prepared in case when raw water turbidity is very high by rainstorms. A main feature of this plant is that the operation mode can be changed (controlled) based on the characteristics of raw water to optimize the effluent quality and the operation costs. Treatment capacity (surface loading rate) and efficiency of DAF was found to be better than conventional sedimentation process. Moreover, low-density particles (algae and alum flocs) are easily separated while it is difficult to remove in sedimentation. One of the main concerns in adoption of DAF (Dissolved Air-Flotation) process is a high raw water turbidity problem. That is, DAF is not adequate for raw water, which is more turbid than 100NTU. In order to avoid this problem, pre-sedimentation basins are prepared in DAF plant to decrease the turbidity of DAF influent. For simulation of the actual operation, bench and full-scale tests were performed for highly turbid water conditions. Consequently, DAF process coupled with sedimentation is suggested that pre-sedimentation with optimum coagulation prior to DAF would be appropriate.

• International journal of advanced smart convergence
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• v.7 no.3
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• pp.146-154
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• 2018

In this study we investigated antioxidant and anti-inflammatory activities of Malus Domestica (apple), Pyrus Communis L. (pear), Daucus carota L. (carrot), Brassica oleracea var. (broccoli), Brassica oleracea var. capitata (cabbage) and Raphanus sativus L. (radish), that were obtained from local market. As these are common fruits and vegetables that are widely consumed, we aimed to investigate their beneficial properties especially the antioxidant and anti-inflammatory. The samples were processed by an indirect heating method and their properties were compared to their raw forms. Based on DPPH and ABTS assay, processed samples showed better antioxidant activity compared to raw samples, and processed pear sample had the best antioxidant activity. The anti-inflammatory activities of the samples were also investigated in LPS-treated RAW 264.7 cells. The mRNA expressions of pro-inflammatory mediators and cytokines (iNOS, COX-2, $TNF-{\alpha}$, $IL-1{\beta}$ and IL-6) were assessed by RT-PCR. Processed samples exhibited better inhibition of iNOS, compared to the raw forms. Processed broccoli and cabbage samples exhibited outstanding anti-inflammatory effects. The samples did not exhibit cytotoxicity against RAW 264.7 cells up to 1mg/ mL as shown in the cell viability assay. Taken together, processed broccoli and cabbage samples exhibited the strongest anti-inflammatory properties.

• Parasites, Hosts and Diseases
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• v.46 no.3
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• pp.139-143
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• 2008

Ingestion of raw animal liver has been suggested as a possible mode of infection of human toxocariasis, We evaluated the relationship between toxocariasis and the ingestion of raw meat in patients with eosinophilia of unknown etiology. The study population consisted of 120 patients presenting with peripheral blood eosinophilia (> $500\;cells/{\mu}l$ or > 10% of the white blood cell count). They were divided into 2 groups: 104 seropositive patients based on a Toxocara excretory-secretory IgG ELISA and 16 seronegative patients. While 25.0% of seronegative patients had a recent history of eating raw cow liver, 87.5% of seropositive patients had this history. Multivariate statistical analysis showed that a recent history of eating raw cow liver was related to an increased risk of toxocariasis. Collectively, it is proposed that raw cow liver is a significant infection source of toxocariasis in the patients with eosinophilia of unknown etiology.

• Journal of Radiation Industry
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• v.4 no.3
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• pp.227-231
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• 2010

The purpose of this study was to investigate the expression mechanism of MCP-1 in gamma-irradiated RAW 264.7 macrophage cells. MCP-1 plays an important role in attracting monocyte to injured site at the early inflammation stage. However the production mechanism of MCP-1 by gamma-irradiation in RAW 264.7 macrophage cells was almost undiscovered. We found that MCP-1 was produced in RAW 264.7 macrophage cells by irradiation with 5 Gy. And these inceases were attenuated by specific inhibitors treatment, such as $NF-{\kappa}B$, JNK, ERK, JAK2, and Pyk2. These results indicate that radiation-induced MCP-1 production is mediated by MyD88- and TRIF-dependent pathways in RAW 264.7 macrophage cells. Furthermore, gamma-irradiation induced heme oxygenase-1 (HO-1) expression in RAW 264.7 macrophage cells. However this induction level was reduced before MCP-1 and $IFN-{\beta}$ production.

• International Journal of Internet, Broadcasting and Communication
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• v.13 no.1
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• pp.194-200
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• 2021

This study proposes a plan to construct an integrated platform that reduces manufacturing costs and efficiently produce by integrating the systems of main producers, production subcontractors, and raw material subcontractors for the production of food packaging containers. The production plan of food packaging containers and raw materials is established in real time between the main producers, production subcontractors, and raw material subcontractors in consideration of the demand characteristics of each product. It establishes basic information that all processes from the production planning stage to the forwarding stage of the product are linked to each other. The progress of each producer of interlinked processes is shared in real-time to improve productivity and quality of food packaging containers and raw materials and reduce manufacturing costs. By monitoring the system of the main producer and the production subcontractor in real time, the production of food packaging containers is performed in a timely manner, thereby improving productivity. The application of the plan-do-check-action (PDCA) process, which includes planning, execution, evaluation and improvement in the production operation processes of the main producer, production subcontractor and raw material subcontractor, enables improved production compliance rate. The contents of the main producers, production subcontractors, and raw material subcontractors are managed in real time, then a converged production management system is established through the platform proposed in this study to ensure timely supply and demand of raw materials without delay in ordering.

• Proceedings of the Plant Resources Society of Korea Conference
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• 2020.08a
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• pp.86-86
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• 2020

The leaves of Staphylea bumalda (S. bumalda) as a deciduous tree distributed in Korea, China and Japan are used to treat respiratory diseases or inflammation. However, there is no scientific research on the immune-enhancing activity of S. bumalda leaves. Thus, in this study, we investigated the effect of water extracts from S. bumalda leaves (SBL) on the macrophage activity using mouse macrophage cells, RAW264.7. SBL increased production of immunomodulators such as NO, iNOS, IL-1β, IL-6, TNF-α and MCP-1 in RAW264.7 cells and activated phagocytic activity of RAW264.7 cells. Inhibition of TLR2 and TLR4 blocked SBL-mediated production of immunomodulators in RAW264.7 cells. In addition, SBL-mediated production of immunomodulators was attenuated by JNK inhibition in RAW264.7 cells. SBL increased JNK phosphorylation, while Inhibition of TLR2 and TLR4 blocked SBL-mediated JNK phosphorylation in RAW264.7 cells. These results are thought to be evidence that SBL activates JNK through stimulation of TLR2 and TLR4 in macrophage to induce the production of immunomodulators. In LPS-stimulated RAW264.7 cells, SBL inhibited over-production of immunomodulators. Summarizing the results, SBL showed immunostimulatory activity under normal conditions and immunosuppressive activity under LPS-induced excessive immune response conditions.

• Korea Trade Review
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• v.47 no.2
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• pp.133-154
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• 2022

The Baltic Capesize Index (BCI), which is used as an indicator for marine transportation of steel raw materials, is one of the key economic indexes for managing the risk of loss due to rapid market fluctuations when steel companies establish business strategies and procuring plans for raw materials. Still, the conditions of supply and demand of steel raw materials has been extremely affected by volatility shocks from drastic events like the financial crisis such as the Lehman Brothers incident and changes in the external environment such as COVID-19. And, especially since the 2008 financial crisis, endeavors to predict the market conditions of the steel raw material is becoming more and more arduous for the deepening uncertainty and increased volatility of BCI, which has been used as a leading indicator of the real economy. This study investigates the correlation between the steel raw material market and the marine transportation market by estimating the spillover effect of information between markets. The vector error correction model (VECM) was used to analyze information transfer based on the correlation between the BCI and crude steel production, capesize fleet supply, raw material price, and cargo volume.

• The Korean Journal of Food And Nutrition
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• v.36 no.6
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• pp.535-542
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• 2023

We investigated the anti-inflammatory effects of shiitake mushroom and kelp (SMK) mixture extracts in lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-stimulated murine RAW 264.7 cells. Treatment of RAW 264.7 cells with LPS significantly increased NO (nitric oxide) production, pro-inflammatory cytokines (tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-α, interferon (IFN)-γ, interleukin (IL)-6, and IL-1β), and inflammation-related genes (COX-2 and inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS)). In cytotoxicity testing using RAW 264.7 cells, SMK mixture extracts in the range of 1-16 ㎍/mL did not inhibit cell proliferation. However, SMK mixture extracts significantly inhibited NO production in a dose-dependent manner (p<0.05). SMK treatment significantly decreased TNF-α, IL-6, IFN-γ, and IL-1β levels compared to the LPS group, and similarly, pro-inflammatory cytokine mRNA levels also decreased. SMK mixture extracts reduced the mRNA expression of COX-2 and iNOS in RAW 264.7 cells compared to LPS (p<0.05). The above results show that SMK mixture extracts suppressed the inflammatory response induced by LPS. In particular, the extracts were shown to regulate the inflammatory response by suppressing the expression of inflammatory cytokines and inflammation-related enzymes.

• The Journal of Korean Obstetrics and Gynecology
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• v.25 no.3
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• pp.1-15
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• 2012

Objectives: The purpose of this study was to investigate the effects of Chaenomelis Fructus Herba Water Extract(CF) on the production of inflammatory mediators in RAW 264.7 cell mouse macrophages stimulated with LPS. Methods: We have not examined effect of CF on the cell viability of RAW 264.7 cell until we investigated effects of CF on LPS-induced productions of NO, Ca and various cytokines in RAW 264.7 cell. And when p-value is below 0.05, it is judged to have the significant difference statistically(P<0.05). Results: 1. CF increased the cell viability in the RAW 264.7 cell at the density of 25, 50, 100 and 200 ${\mu}g/ml$. 2. CF inhibited significantly increasing the production of NO in LPS-induced RAW 264.7 cell at the density of 25, 50, 100 and 200 ${\mu}g/ml$. 3. CF inhibited significantly increasing the production of Intracellular Ca in LPS-induced RAW 264.7 cell at the density of 25, 50, 100 and 200 ${\mu}g/ml$. 4. CF inhibited significantly the IL-2, IL-10, IL-12p70, TNF-${\alpha}$, GM-CSF, M-CSF, LIF and VEGF of the RAW 264.7 cell induced by LPS at the density of 25, 50, 100 and 200 ${\mu}g/ml$. 5. CF inhibited significantly the IL-4 at the density of 25, 50 ${\mu}g/ml$, the IL-5, IL-15 and MIG at the density of 25, 50 and 200 ${\mu}g/ml$ and IFN-${\gamma}$ at the density of 25, 100 ${\mu}g/ml$ respectively in the RAW 264.7 cell increased by LPS. Conclusions: CF inhibited significantly increasing IL-2, IL-10, IL-12p70, TNF-${\alpha}$, GM-CSF, M-CSF, LIF, VEGF, NO and Ca in LPS-induced RAW 264.7 cell at the density of more than 25 ${\mu}g/ml$ without causing the toxicity. These results signify that CF has antiinflammatory effect on controlling the over inflammatory reaction by the RAW 264.7 cell.

• Korean Journal of Microbiology
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• v.7 no.4
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• pp.159-166
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• 1969

It is necessry to develop and strengthen the activity of enzymic source which in low applied for maggerley brewing as an amylolytic and proteolytic starter, recently in this country the active and strong enzymic starter is required for the better brewing and to substitute another starch material for the present wheat flour. In this study, manufacturing method the strong enzymic source have been developed and established with use of raw wheat bran plus fungal strains of Rhizopus sp. and Aspergillus usamii the culture of starter. The results on experimental the activities of enzymic sources (stater) are as following ; 1. Method of making the enzymic source (starter) is to cultivate the strains of Asperguillus orzyae, Asp. kawachii, Asp usamii and Rhizopus sp. in the acid treated raw or heatboiled wheat bran. 2. The saccharogenic pwoer (S.P.) of enzymic source which consisted of raw bran plus fungi and cultured in it is generally stronger than those of heat-boiled bran plus fungi, the strongest power was shown in the culture of Rhizopus plus raw bran, and the next other is in mixture of Asp.usamii and Rhizopus on raw wheat bran. 3. The most strong alpha amylase activity was expressed in the plot of Asp.oryzae on heat-boiled wheat bran, the next was in the culture of Rhizopus nad Aspergillus usamii on raw wheatbran. 4. The most vigourous acidic proteinase activity was expressed in the micture of raw bran plus Asp. usamii and Rhizopus those were independentlu cu;tured before mixing for neutral proteinase activity, it was shown in the mixed culture of Asp. usamii and Rhizopus on raw wheat bran, the msot active alkaline proteinase activity of enzymic source was found in the plot of raw bran material. 5. For poly-preptidase activity in pH 6.5 it is found that the culture of Rhizopus and Asp.usamii on raw bran was most active among them of enzymic sources. 6. Generally, it is concluded that culture of fungi on acid treated raw wheat bran is stronger in its activity than those of heat boiled wheat bran, especially the culture of Rhizopus nad Asp.usamii on raw bran exhibited the most vigorous and non-polarized activity for all aspects, so it is considered to be most desirable enzymic stater in Korean Maggerley brewing and this would be able to substitute brewing material for the present wheat flour because of its strong and wide hand activity of amylolytic and proteolytic action.