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Evaluation of Cat Brain infarction Model Using MicroPET (마이크로 PET을 이용한 고양이 뇌 경색 모델의 평가)

  • Lee, Jong-Jin;Lee, Dong-Soo;Kim, Yun-Hui;Hwang, Do-Won;Kim, Jin-Su;Lim, Sang-Moo;Chung, June-Key;Lee, Myung-Chul
    • The Korean Journal of Nuclear Medicine
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    • v.38 no.6
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    • pp.528-531
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    • 2004
  • Purpose: PET has some disadvantage in the imaging of small animal due to poor resolution. With the advent of microPET scanner, it is possible to image small animals. However, the image quality was not good enough as human image. Due to larger brain, cat brain imaging was superior to mouse or rat. In this study, we established the cat brain infarction model and evaluate it and its temporal charge using microPET scanner. Materials and Methods: Two adult male cats were used. Anesthesia was done with xylazine and ketamine HCl. A burr hole was made at 1cm right lateral to the bregma. Collagenase type IV 10 ${\mu}l$ was injected using 30 G needle for 5 minutes to establish the infarction model. $^{18}F$-FDG microPET (Concorde Microsystems Inc., Knoxville, TN) scans were performed 1, 11 and 32 days after the infarction. In addition, $^{18}F$-FDG PET scans were performed using human PET scanner (Gemini, Philips medical systems, CA, USA) 13 and 47 days after the infarction. Results: Two cat brain infarction models were established. The glucose metabolism of an infarction lesion improved with time. An infarction lesion was also distinguishable in the human PET scan. Conclusion: We successfully established the cat brain infarction model and evaluated the infarcted lesion and its temporal change using $^{18}F$-FDG microPET scanner.

Anti-hypertensive Activities of Lactobacillus Isolated from Kimchi (김치에서 분리한 유산균의 항고혈압 활성)

  • Yu, Mi-Hee;Im, Hyo-Gwon;Im, Nam-Kyung;Hwang, Eun-Young;Choi, Jun-Hyeok;Lee, Eun-Ju;Kim, Jong-Boo;Lee, In-Seon;Seo, Hwa-Jeong
    • Korean Journal of Food Science and Technology
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    • v.41 no.4
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    • pp.428-434
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    • 2009
  • This study was conducted to evaluate the anti-hypertensive effect of Lactobacillus sp. isolated from Kimchi by examining its effects on renal angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE) inhibitory activity, lipid components and blood pressure using the spontaneously hypertensive rat (SHR) system. Most Lactobacillus sp. extracts (lysozyme, sonication and ethyl acetate extracts) showed higher capacities for the inhibition of ACE activity than those of cultured media. Particularly, LG 7, 8 and 42 of Lactobacillus sp. showed the strongest inhibitory activity among the Lactobacillus sp. extracts. The concentrations of total cholesterol and triglycerides in the serum were lower in the Lactobacillus sp. administration groups than in the control group, but these differences were not significant. The HDL-cholesterol concentrations of the LG 42 administration groups (IX, X) were significantly higher than that of the control group. At 4 weeks, the systolic blood pressure (SBP) in the LG 42 Lactobacillus sp. ($1{\times}10^9$ cfu/mL) group (XI) was about 27% lower than that of the control group (V). No adverse effects were observed on the liver and there was no difference in the aspartate aminotransferase (AST) and alanine aminotransferase (ALT) values among groups. The results of this study suggest that long term consumption of LG 42 Lactobacillus sp. may be beneficial to the prevention of high blood pressure.

Effects of Milk with Boiled-Dried Large Anchovy, Calcium-Fortifying Materials and Fortified-Calcium Milk on Calcium Absorption Rate and Bone Metabolism in Rats (자건대멸, 칼슘강화소재를 첨가한 우유 및 칼슘강화우유가 흰쥐의 칼슘흡수율과 골대사에 미치는 영향)

  • Jo, Jin-Ho;Kim, Byung-Gi;Han, Chan-Kyu;Jung, Eun-Bong;Cho, Seung-Mock
    • Journal of the Korean Society of Food Science and Nutrition
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    • v.37 no.4
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    • pp.459-464
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    • 2008
  • This study was performed to investigate the effect of calcium-rich large anchovy on calcium metabolism in rats for 5 weeks. Experimental animals were randomly assigned to 5 treatments with 14 heads of Spraque Dawley male rats in each group. The experimental diets were as follows; market milk group (M) as control, market milk+calcium-rich large anchovy group (MA), market milk+calcium carbonate group (MC), market milk+calcium lactate group (ML), and enriched-calcium market milk group (M2), which were formulated with commercially semi-purified rat chow (AIN-diet) to maintain the same level of calcium (1%) in all groups. Femur lengths of M and M2 groups were significantly higher than other groups. Bone mineral density (BMD) and bone mineral content (BMC) and calcium content of femur were the highest in MA group than other groups. In vitro and in vivo calcium absorption rates were high in MA group (7.30% vs 27.50%) compared with those of the other groups. Serum total-cholesterol and HDL-cholesterol levels were significantly different between M group and MA group (p<0.05). Creatinine levels were significantly higher in M, MA and MC groups than in M2 group (p<0.05). Serum calcium, osteocalcin and ALPase activities were higher in calcium-rich large anchovy (MA) group among the treatments, but there was no significant difference. SGOT activity was significantly lower in M2 group than those of M, MA and MC groups (p<0.05). These results may indicate that the calcium-rich large anchovy has enforced the BMD, BMC and calcium absorption rates of in vitro and in vivo compared with the other groups and might be a calcium-enriched food with large anchovy.

The Comparison of Protective Effects of Adenosine Included Cardioplegia According to Adenosine Dosage (심정지액 속에 포함된 아데노신의 용량에 따른 심근보호 효과 비교)

  • 유경종;강면식;이교준;임상현;박한기;김종훈;조범구
    • Journal of Chest Surgery
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    • v.31 no.9
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    • pp.837-844
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    • 1998
  • Background: Adenosine is secreted by myocardial cells during myocardial ischemia or hypoxia. It has many beneficial effects on arrhythmias, myocardial ischemia, and reperfusion ischemia. Although many investigators have demonstrated that cardioplegia that includes adenosine shows protective effects in myocardial ischemia or reperfusion injury, reports of the optimal dose of adenosine in cardioplegic solutions vary. We reported the results of beneficial effects of single dosage(0.75 mg/Kg/min) adenosine by use of self-made Langendorff system. But it is uncertain that dosage was optimal. The objective of this study is to determine the optimal dose of adenosine in cardioplegic solutions. Material and Method: We used a self-made Langendorff system to evaluate the myocardial protective effect. Isolated rat hearts were subjected to 90 minutes of deep hypothermic arrest(15$^{\circ}C$) with modified St. Thomas' Hospital cardioplegia including adenosine. Myocardial adenosine levels were augmented during ischemia by providing exogenous adenosine in the cardioplegia. Three groups of hearts were studied: (1) group 1 (n=10) : adenosine - 0.5 mg/Kg/min, (2) group 2(n=10): adenosine -0.75 mg/Kg/min, (3) group 3 (n=10) : adenosine -1 mg/Kg/min. Result: Group 3 resulted in a significantly rapid arrest time of the heart beat(p<0.05) but significantly slow recovery time of the heart beat after reperfusion(p<0.05) compared to groups 1 and 2. Group 2 showed a better percentage of recovery(p<0.05) in systolic aortic pressure, aortic overflow volume, coronary flow volume, and cardiac output compared to groups 1 and 3. Group 1 showed a a better percentage of recovery(p<0.05) in the heart rate compared to the others. In biochemical study of drained reperfusates, CPK and lactic acid levels did not show significant differences in all of the groups. Conclusion: We concluded that group 2 [adenosine(0.75 mg/Kg/min) added to cardioplegia] has better recovery effects after reperfusion in myocardial ischemia and is the most appropriate dosage compared to group 1 and 3.

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The Morphologic Changes by Immunosuppression after Heterotopic Transplantation of the Murine Cryopreserved Trachea: An Animal Model for Obliterative Bronchiolitis (이소 이식된 쥐 기관의 면역억제 및 초냉동 보관에 의한 형태학적 변화: 폐색성 모세기관지염의 연구를 위한 동물 실험 모델)

  • 이창하;성숙환;오미혜
    • Journal of Chest Surgery
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    • v.32 no.3
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    • pp.215-223
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    • 1999
  • Background: The replacement of the narrowed long-segment trachea with various prosthetic materials or tissue grafts remains a difficult and unsolved surgical problem. Homologous cryopreserved tracheal transplantation has been considered to treat the irreversibly-damaged organs, such as in the lung or heart transplantation and also to overcome the limited supply of donor organs. We examined the morphological changes and the immunosuppressive effects of the cryopreserved trachea after the heterotopic transplantation in the rats. Material and Method: Sixty tracheal segments harvested from 30 donor Wistar rats were heterotopically implanted into the peritoneal cavity of 20 recipient Wistar rats and 40 Sprague Dawley rats. The 60 recipient rats were divided into 6 groups(10 rats/ group). In groups I, II, and III, 30 tracheal segments were implanted immediately after the harvesting and in groups IV, V, and VI, the segments were implanted 28 days after the cryopreservation. Groups I and IV were Wistar syngeneic controls. Groups II and V were Sprague Dawley recipients receiving no immunosuppression and Groups III and VI, were Sprague Dawley recipients receiving immunosuppressive agents. At 28 days all rats were sacrificed and the tracheal segments were evaluated grossly and histologically. Result: Immunosuppression of the tracheal segments had a significant influence on the changes of the tracheal lumen and tracheal epithelial cells, irrespective of the cryopreservation of the trachea(p<0.001). In groups III and VI receiving immunosuppressive agents, the tracheal lumen was patent and the normal epithelial cells were observed, however in the other groups not receiving the immunosuppressive agents, there were almost luminal obliteration by the proliferation of the fibrous tissues and a loss of the epithelial cells, the findings were similar to those in the case of obliterative bronchiolitis after a lung and a heart-lung transplantation. Conclusion: With the appropriate immunosuppressive agents, the lumen and the respiratory epithelium of the transplanted tracheal segment were well preserved, even after the cryopreservation of the tracheal segment, which shows the possibility of the long-term preservation and homologous transplantation of the trachea. But fibroproliferative obliteration of the tracheal lumen and the loss of the normal respiratory epithelial cells, characteristic findings of obliterative bronchiolitis, were observed in the groups without the immunosuppression. This experiment using the rat trachea may be useful in studying the pathogenesis, treatment, and prevention of obliterative bronchiolitis after a lung and a heart-lung transplantation.

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The Effect of Hyperthermic Pretreatment in a Neonatal Rat Model of Hypoxic-ischemic Brain Injury (열 전처지가 신생쥐의 허혈성 저산소성 뇌손상에 미치는 영향)

  • Kwak, Su-Hee;Lim, Hae-Ri;Kim, Heng-Mi;Choe, Byung-Ho;Kwon, Soon-Hak;Lee, Kyung-Hee;Oh, Ki-Won;Shon, Yoon-Kyung
    • Neonatal Medicine
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    • v.15 no.1
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    • pp.32-37
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    • 2008
  • Purpose : Perinatal asphyxia is an important cause of neonatal mortality and subsequent lifelong neurodevelopmental handicaps. Although many treatment strategies have been tested, there is currently no clinically effective treatment to prevent or reduce the harmful effects of hypoxia and ischemia in humans. In the clinical setting, maternal hyperthermia induces adverse effects on the neonatal brain, but recent studies have shown that hyperthermic pretreatment (PT) plays some role in hypoxic-ischemic (HI) injuries of the developing brain. The present study investigated the effect of hyperthermic PT on HI brain injuries in newborn rats. Methods : HI was produced in 7-day-old neonatal rats by unilateral common carotid artery ligation, followed by hypoxia with 8% oxygen at $38^{\circ}C$ for 2 hours. Twenty-four hours before HI, one-half of the pups were exposed to a $40^{\circ}C$ environment for 2 hours. The severity of the brain injury was assessed 7 days after the HI. Results : Hyperthermic PT reduced the gross and histopathologic findings of brain injury from 64.7 to 31.2% (P<0.05). There were no differences in location and severity of injury between the pretreated and control brains. Conclusion : These findings indicate that hyperthermic PT provides neuroprotective benefits on HI in the developing brain. Also, these findings suggest maternal hyperthermia may have protective effect on perinatal HI brain injuries.

A Study on Exposure to radiation of the patient who visited an emergency room at a University Hospital (한 대학병원 응급실에 방문한 환자의 방사선 피폭에 관한 연구)

  • Ahn, Buyung-Ju;Lee, Sang-Bock;Lee, Jun-Haeng
    • Journal of the Korean Society of Radiology
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    • v.1 no.3
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    • pp.23-34
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    • 2007
  • To find how much radiation was exposed the patients who visit emergency room, a measurement study was made for radiation amount toward 200 patients selected randomly among visitors to an emergency room in a university hospital from March 16 to 31st, 2006. The results are as follows ; 1. Among the subjects 50 person(25.0%) were transferred from other hospitals, 24 persons(8.3) come after traffic accident, 50 persons for other accident and 76 persons for general medical care. 2. The average frequency of X-ray taking was calculated as 6.4 time per person among transferred patients, 14.5 times per person among patients with traffic accident and 2.6 times per person among general medical care. 3. The radiation exposure amount by kind of X-ray showed 28.9mGyfor general X-ray diagnosis, 84.2mGy for CT scanning and 1.02mGy for other special radiation study. 4. Average radiation exposure amount was calculated as 24.6mGy by transferred patients, 55.2mGy by patients with traffic accident, 17.1mGy by patients with other accidents and 17.0mGy by general patients. 5. Through the comparison of radiation exposure amount among to subject with maximum allowance threshold by International Commission on X-ray Radium Protection, transferred patients exceeded 6 times than allowance in whole body except extremities and joints, blood forming organ, reproductive system, vitreous body of eye, bone, thyroid gland, skin and etc, Patient suffered from traffic accidents were exposed 10 times more than allowance. In conclusion, the radiation exposure amount during X-rat diagnosis re too much and exceeded allowance standard by International Commission on X-ray Radium Protection. So further study and preventive measure to decrease radiation exposure by patients who visit emergency room.

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Development of an in vitro culture method for harvesting the free-living infective larvae of Strongyloides venezuelensis (베네수엘라분선충 (Strongyloides venezuelensis Brumpt, 1934) 자유생활형 유충의 시험관 내 배양 기술 개발)

  • ;M.
    • Parasites, Hosts and Diseases
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    • v.36 no.1
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    • pp.15-22
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    • 1998
  • An in uitro culture technique was established for harvesting Strongwloides venezuelensis free-living infective larvae using a nutrient broth medium as a substitute for rat-feces in polyvinyl culture bags ($10{\;}{\times}{\;}12{\;}cm$). The egg hatch rate V) in sterile saline at different incubation temperatures (X) was expressed as the quadratic function, Y = $-0.192X^2$ + 8.673x - 19.550 (r = 0.901). The highest (100%) egghatch rate was observed at $25^{\circ}C$. A significant difference (p<0.05) in development rate W) of free-living infective larvae was observed between different concentrations of nutrient broth (X) which was highest (20.6%1 in 0.12% nutrient broth concentrations, incubated at $20^{\circ}C$ for 5 days [Y = $-864.032X^2$ + 245.995X- 0.560 (r = 0.875)]. Yields (Y) of infective larvae were observed relatively high when the culture medium was incubated at higher temperatures (X) which peaked at $25^{\circ}C$ (20.0%) than at lower temperatures. $15^{\circ}C$M (10.9%) and $20^{\circ}C$ (18.1%) [Y = $-0.189X^2$ + 8.387x- 72.795 (r = 0.981)]. The period W) required for the development of infective larvae decreased with higher incubation temperatures (X) [Y = $0.035X^2$ - 2.025X + 32.375 (r = 0.995)] The highest yield (19.2%) of infective larvae was obtained from culture bag inoculated with 15.000 eggs than with below and over 15,000 eggs in 0.12% nutrient broth and incubated at $25^{\circ}C$ for 4 days. The newly adapted culture method (from egg to third-stage larva) may be useful as a bio-bar/bioassay system for screening new chemical products, anthelmintics and pesticides, as well as for parasito immunological studies with Strongwloides species.

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Effects of Glue Sniffing on Weight Increase or Central Nervous System of Young Rat (반복된 본드 흡입이 백서의 정상발육에 의한 체중증가와 중추신경계에 미치는 영향)

  • Kim, Heon;Kim, Sun-Min;Cho, Soo-Hun
    • Journal of Preventive Medicine and Public Health
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    • v.26 no.2 s.42
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    • pp.222-230
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    • 1993
  • Industrial glues, known as 'Bonds' in Korea, contain many kinds of organic solvents, and glue sniffing of youths became one of the social problems in Korea. Mixed exposures to solvents by glue sniffing may induce chronic toxicities different from those by exposures to solvents of single component. To test effects of the glue sniffing on weight gain or central nervous system, two groups of 20 male Sprague-Dawley rats were exposed to air(control group) or vapors of the glues to narcotic status(exposed group), and weight check, tail flick test, hot plate test, rotarod treadmill test were done on the 14th,24th, 36th, 45th, 53rd, 86th, 102nd, 117th, 134th and 151st days after the first exposure. On the 188th day, their brains were excised and examined by a pathologist. Weight gain, controlled against time change, showed significant difference between the groups, but response times in tail flick test, hot plate tests, and rotarod treadmill test didn't. In pathological examination with blind method, no macroscopic or microscopic differences were found between the two groups. These results suggests that organic lesion in central nervous system may not ensue glue sniffing, but, before firm conclusion, more studies in various exposure conditions should be followed.

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7-Ketocholesterol Induces Vascular Smooth Muscle Cell Apoptosis via Akt Degradation (7-Ketocholesterol에 의한 Akt 감소와 혈관평활근세포의 세포자멸사)

  • Seo, Kyo Won;Kim, Chi Dae;Lee, Won Suk
    • Journal of Life Science
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    • v.26 no.2
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    • pp.226-233
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    • 2016
  • Vascular smooth muscle cell (VSMC) apoptosis has been identified in various vascular diseases, including atherosclerosis and restenosis after angioplasty, and has been known to precipitate atherosclerotic plaque instability and rupture. Oxysterols are known as inducers of apoptosis in VSMC, and 7-ketocholesterol (7KC) is the major nonenzymically formed oxysterol in atherosclerotic lesions. The precise mechanism underlying VSMC apoptosis is still poorly understood. In this study, we investigated whether 7KC causes apoptosis, and characterized its apoptotic mechanisms in primary cultured rat aortic VSMC. Cell viability was assessed by MTT assay and trypan blue assay. Apoptosis was assessed by flow cytometry, immunofluorescence, immunoprecipitation, and Western blot analyses. 7KC markedly decreased the VSMC viability in a time- and concentration-dependent manner, and increased the production of 4-hydroxynonenal (HNE), a major end-product of lipid peroxidation, which also decreased the VSMC viability. Pretreatment with 2,4-dinitrophenylhydrazine, a well-known reagent of lipid peroxidation-derived aldehydes, significantly restored the 7KC-decreased viability of VSMC. Furthermore, HNE, as well as 7KC, reduced the level of total Akt, a major mediator of cell survival. The 7KC-decreased level of total Akt was significantly restored by pretreatments with 2,4-dinitrophenylhydrazine and N-acetylcysteine. Lactacystin, a proteasome inhibitor, protected VSMC against apoptosis and Akt degradation, but did not inhibit HNE production. In the immunoprecipitation assay, 7KC increased HNE-modified Akt. From the results, it seems that, in atherosclerotic lesions, 7KC induces HNE production in VSMC, and this HNE binds to Akt, proceeding to proteasomal degradation of Akt, through which mechanism the atherosclerotic plaque instability may be facilitated.