• Journal of Microbiology and Biotechnology
• /
• v.21 no.1
• /
• pp.109-114
• /
• 2011

In this study, we investigated the feasibility of producing bioethanol from the hydrolysate of rape stem. Specifically, the most ideal yeast strain was screened, and the microaeration was performed by surface aeration on a liquid medium surface. Among the yeast strains examined, Pichia stipitis CBS 7126 displayed the best performance in bioethanol production during the surface-aerated fermentor culture. Pichia stipitis CBS 7126 produced maximally 9.56 g/l of bioethanol from the initial total reducing sugars (about 28 g/l). The bioethanol yield was 0.397 (by the DNS method). Furthermore, this controlled surface aeration method holds promise for use in the bioethanol production from the xylose-containing lignocellulosic hydrolysate of biomass.

• Korean Security Journal
• /
• no.8
• /
• pp.361-377
• /
• 2004

This study is to examine the relations between the big five critical crime that consist of homicide, robbery, rape, theft, violence and the private security services. To achieve this objective, this research selected the subject of study, specially, 2002 status of the private security such as the number of companies and employees classified by areas along with the big five crime mentioned above classified by area. The research data is secondary data that is from '2003 Crime Analysis' of the Supreme Public Prosecutors' Office and 'The private Security Related Data' of the National Police Agency. The selected data were analyzed according to the variables by using SPSS 10.0 statistics software program. Each hypothesis was verified around the level of significance ${\alpha}$=.05 by using the statistical techniques, such as Descriptive Statistics, Correlation, Regression, etc. The following was the result of the study, First, the total number of the big five crime affects the number of the companies at significant level. Second, the number of the security companies can be explained by the each total number of the big five crime in the order of theft, robbery, violence, rape and murder. Third, the total number of the big five crime affects the number of the security employees at significant level. Forth the number of the security employees can be explained by the each total number of the big five crime in the order of theft, robbery, violence, rape and murder.

• KOREAN JOURNAL OF CROP SCIENCE
• /
• v.36 no.6
• /
• pp.540-544
• /
• 1991

Pod dehiscence in six rape varieties drying after harvest in the field was investigated with use of strain gauge. The development of rape pods was observed after 3-4 days of flowering. The length of pod and seed reached of their maximal size at the 20th and 35th days after flowering, respectively. The seed shape was nearly spherical 40 days after flowering, and pod width was maximal at the 45th days of flowering. Moisture content of seeds was 70% at cutting time, reduced to 30% at 5 days of drying in the plastic film house and 10% at 14 days. Pod dehiscence showed a diurnal change with moisture content of pods and relative humidity, and the dehiscence became difficult under low moisture content of pods and relative humidity of which seems to be related to the rapid drying condition of pod.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Food Science and Nutrition
• /
• v.42 no.11
• /
• pp.1843-1847
• /
• 2013

This study is carried out to sanitize rape (Brassica napus) pollen by gamma irradiation. Rape pollens were treated with 0, 5, 10 and 15 kGy gamma irradiations, and then analyzed for the following: general composition, microbial population, reducing sugar, Hunter color values, TBARS (2-thiobarbituric acid reactive substances) values, and VBN (volatile basic nitrogen). Mold and coliform bacteria were not detected in the samples irradiated at 5 kGy or more. Yeasts and total aerobic bacteria were not detected in the samples irradiated at 10 kGy or more (<$10^2$ CFU/g). Moisture, ash, crude protein, crude fat, carbohydrate, reducing sugar and the contents of volatile basic nitrogen in the irradiated pollen did not show any significant changes by irradiation. Hunter color values, $L^*$, $a^*$ and $b^*$ values were decreased with increment of irradiation dose. TBARS values were increased with an increment of irradiation dose. In conclusion, gamma irradiation at 5 kGy was considered to be an effective treatment to control for mycotoxin producing fungi in rape pollen to minimize changes of general composition and physicochemical properties. Further studies should be investigated to reduce the detrimental effects induced by irradiation.

• KSBB Journal
• /
• v.24 no.5
• /
• pp.489-494
• /
• 2009

Two-step pretreatment process was investigated to efficiently hydrolyzed rape stems for obtaining fermentable sugars. The process was consisted of two consecutive steps as $200^{\circ}C$ and 15 MPa and $374^{\circ}C$ and 24 MPa with the flow rate of 5 mL/min. Under this condition, 5.5 (g/L) of glucose and 25.6 (g/L) of xylose were obtained from rape stems, showing 18% of glucose yield based on 25% cellulose in the rape stems. It was also found that this process could generate less amounts of toxic residues, such as HMF (Hydroxy- Methyl-Furfural) and other fulfural components during hydrolysis process. It could reaction maintain relatively high ethanol production yield as 90% of theoretical conversion yield from glucose. Therefore, this pretreatment process could be applied to hydrolyze other cellulosic and marine resources such as woods, stem and algae for bioethanol production.

• KOREAN JOURNAL OF CROP SCIENCE
• /
• v.28 no.1
• /
• pp.133-138
• /
• 1983

In Korea, Brassica species planted in summer remain in rosette and do not flower. Seed production of vernalized rape seedlings grown in summer was evaluated to establish method of generation shortening and genetically pure seed production without isolation of seed fields. When vernalized rape seedlings of different maturity groups were transplanted in summer, all plants bolted and flowered, and average days from sowing to bolting and flowering was 37 and 58. respectively. It took 85days for early maturity group, 88 days for medium maturity group, and 108 days for late maturity group to mature. Seed yield of vernalized plants grown in summer was 8.8 gr per plant and 53kg per l0a which was 23% of seed yield of rape planted in autumn. However, enough seeds were produced to test oil composition and cake and to plant for a next generation. If seedlings are raised, they can be transplanted in more than 1, 000 times of original seed field, indicating that genetically pure seed can be produced without caging seed fields with nets and isolation of seed fields since other Brassica species do not flower in summer.

• Journal of The Korean Society of Grassland and Forage Science
• /
• v.9 no.3
• /
• pp.179-186
• /
• 1989

According to the results from the experiments of selecting a suitable variety of forage rape and comparing productivity and nutrient quality between forage rape and oil seed rape, Velox appeared to be the most suitable variety in terms of productivity and nutrient quality at the southern area of Korea among the varieties used in the experiments. Consequently, Velox was grown under two different cultural methods, individual culture and population culture, and productivity and variation of nutrient quality during the growth period were observed and compared between the cultural methods. The results from the experiment are summarized as follows: 1. Although variations were great in plant fresh weight and plant dry matter weight among plants, individual culture showed significantly higher value in these characters at the 1 % level than population culture. Plant fresh weight and plant dry matter weight were largely dependent upon the amount of branches in case of individual culture. However, in population culture, they were equally dependent upon the amount of branches and main stem. There was no significant difference in dry matter percentage between cultural methods, and main stem showed highest dry matter percentage. 2. Content of crude protein was decreasing gradually as plants continued to grow. Individual culture showed higher content of crude protein than population culture from 90 to 120 days after sowing but vice versa from 180 days after sowing to flowering stage. Contents of fiber such as NDF, ADF, cellulose and lignin was low at the early stage of growth. It was increasing gradually as plants grew older and at the latter stage of growth plants under individual culture showed higher values in contents of fiber. 3. In vitro dry matter digestibility (IVDMD) of both stems and leaves was decreasing gradually as plants grew older. Plants under individual culture showed higher IVDMD of stems than plants under population culture, but no significant difference in IVDMD of leaves was observed between cultural methods.

• Korean Journal of Plant Resources
• /
• v.21 no.4
• /
• pp.304-309
• /
• 2008

All the seeds of rape (Brassica napus) sprout vegetables were germinated within three days after seeding irrelevant to the light colors. The total fresh weight of rape sprout vegetables at 6 days after seeding have been increased when grown under green and white color lights by 0.339g/10plants and 0.339g/10plants compared with the control. The total flavonoid contents in rape sprouts were increased under red and blue lights by 72.5 and 70.9mg${\cdot}L^{-1}$. Those DPPH radical scavenging activities at 2,000mg${\cdot}L^{-1}$ were increased by 90.0 and 90.3% which were sprouted and grown under blue and white lights. Nitrite radical scavenging activity of sprouts were most decreased compared with the control when grown under the red light by 57.4mg${\cdot}L^{-1}$. And mushroom tyrosinase inhibition activity of rape sprouts was extremely increased under the green light by 22.5mg${\cdot}L^{-1}$.

• Journal of The Korean Society of Grassland and Forage Science
• /
• v.19 no.1
• /
• pp.49-56
• /
• 1999

With ${15}^N$ labeling under split roots system of winter rye (Secale cereale L.) and forage rape (Brassica napus L.) grown at $5^{\circ}C$ and $25^{\circ}C$, the N flows were respectively quantified to investigate the transport of newly absorbed nitrate-N in whole plant level at low temperature. Comparing with $25^{\circ}C$ culture condition, the total absorbed nitrate-N content at $5^{\circ}C$ decreased to 59.3% and 27.1% in winter rye and forage rape during 9 days. About 2.5% and 7.6 % of nitrate-N were transported into roots, respectively, in winter rye and in forage rape at $25^{\circ}C$. These proportions increased at $5^{\circ}C$ to 3.8% and 10.9%, respectively. Total N contents transferred by xylem in winter rye grown and forage rape grown at $25^{\circ}C$ during were 55.9 and 54.4 mg N/plant, respectively. xylem flows at $5^{\circ}C$ were 60.4% and 28.8% lower than at $25^{\circ}C$ for winter rye and forage rape. These valves represented that averagely 96.8 % and 90.8% of total absorbed nitrate-N were transferred to leaves in winter rye and forage rape during 9 days. Phloem flows were the smallest among other N flows and were much less influenced by temperature treatment for two species examined. About 2.5% and 0.5% of absorbed N were recycled into roots by phloem transport at $25^{\circ}C$, respectively, for winter rye and forage rape. These proportions increased to 5.2% and 0.9% at $5^{\circ}C$.

• Journal of The Korean Society of Grassland and Forage Science
• /
• v.16 no.3
• /
• pp.215-218
• /
• 1996

This study examines the possibility of early production of forage rape (cv. Akela and Velox) in the period of wintering. Bolting date was Feb. 2 to Feb. 9 in PE film house culture by non-heating and Mar. 3 to Mar. 12 in open field culture. And flowering date was Feb. 24 to Mar. 3 in PE film house culture by non-heating, so it was 30~50 days faster than the open field culture of Apr. 17 to Apr. 22. Fresh matter yield was 8, 356~4, 887 kg/10a in PE film house culture by non-heating, so it was 1, 431~1, 603 kg/10a yield increase than in the open field culture of 7, 253~7, 456 kg/10a Dry matter yield was 953~963 kg/10a in PE film house culture by non-heating, so it was 71~284 kg/10a yield increase than in the open field culture of 669~892 kg/10a.