• Radiation Oncology Journal
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• v.28 no.3
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• pp.166-176
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• 2010

Purpose: To determine the appropriate prostate planning target volume (PTV) margins for 3-dimensitional (3D) conformal radiotherapy (CRT) and intensity-modulated radiation therapy (IMRT) patients treated with an endorectal balloon (ERB) under our institutional treatment condition. Materials and Methods: Patients were treated in the supine position. An ERB was inserted into the rectum with 70 cc air prior to planning a CT scan and then each treatment fraction. Electronic portal images (EPIs) and digital reconstructed radiographs (DRR) of planning CT images were used to evaluate inter-fractional patient's setup and ERB errors. To register both image sets, we developed an in-house program written in visual $C^{++}$. A new method to determine prostate PTV margins with an ERB was developed by using the common method. Results: The mean value of patient setup errors was within 1 mm in all directions. The ERB inter-fractional errors in the superior-inferior (SI) and anterior-posterior (AP) directions were larger than in the left-right (LR) direction. The calculated 1D symmetric PTV margins were 3.0 mm, 8.2 mm, and 8.5 mm for 3D CRT and 4.1 mm, 7.9 mm, and 10.3 mm for IMRT in LR, SI, and AP, respectively according to the new method including ERB random errors. Conclusion: The ERB random error contributes to the deformation of the prostate, which affects the original treatment planning. Thus, a new PTV margin method includes dose blurring effects of ERB. The correction of ERB systematic error is a prerequisite since the new method only accounts for ERB random error.

• Journal of the Korean Magnetics Society
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• v.12 no.1
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• pp.1-6
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• 2002

Al$\^$3+/ substituted garnet Y$_3$Fe$\_$5-x/Al$\_$x/O$\_$12/ (x=0.0, 0.25, 0.5, 0.75, 1.0) was fabricated by sol-gel method. The crystallographic and magnetic properties of Y$_3$Fe$\_$5-x/Al$\_$x/O$\_$12/ have been studied with Mossbauer spectroscopy, x-ray diffraction (XRD), thermogravimetry analysis (TGA), differential thermal analysis (DTA), and vibrating samples magnetometer (VSM). The crystal structure of Y$_3$Fe$\_$5/O$\_$12/ is found to be a cubic with the lattice constant a$\_$0/= 12.381$\pm$0.005 $\AA$. The lattice constants a$\_$0/ decreases linearly from 12.381 to 12.304 A as the Al concentration (x) increases from x=0.0 to 1.0. Mossbauer spectra of measured at Y$_3$Fe$\_$5-x/A1$\_$x/O$\_$12/ various absorber temperatures of 13 to 600 K. Mossbauer spectrum for x = 0.0 is consist of well resolved two sets of six line patterns. While with increasing Al concentration outer sextet patters, which is originating from octahedral sites, broadens widely. These phenomena are interpreted in terms of random probability distributions of Fe$\^$3+/ and Al$\^$3+/ in tetrahedral site.

• Proceedings of the Korean Society of Near Infrared Spectroscopy Conference
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• 2001.06a
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• pp.1621-1621
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• 2001

The quality of sugarcane grown on the NE Australian tropical coast ($16^{\circ}$15'- $18^{\circ}$15' S Lat.) has declined markedly in the past seven years. This has been linked to dilution of mill-supply cane with increasing levels of non mature-stalk material consisting of leaves and sucker culms. The prime research objective was to examine the transition from the pre-harvest, in-field crop to harvested material sent for processing, in terms of quality and crop fraction proportions. A secondary objective was to quantify the effects of preharvest-season crop habit and culm condition on crop quality. Ten quadrat samples from each of 54 random crop sites (17 in 1999 and 37 in 2000), covering a wide range of variables (cultivar, crop class, and edaphic, topographic, climatic, and temporal factors) were collected immediately before harvest. Samples were partitioned into four fractions:- sound and unsound mature stalks (culms), sucker culms, and extraneous matter (leaves). Material harvested from each site was sampled and partitioned into four fractions:- sound and unsound billets (culm pieces), culm-spindle pieces, and leaf. In 2000, before harvest, 14 additional sites were sampled monthly, on three occasions, from March - June. Erect and non-erect culms were divided into sound and unsound classes. All samples were disintegrated and presented to a remote reflectance module of a scanning spectrophotometer using the BSES large cassette module. Near infra-red spectroscopic (NIS) analyses were developed for the rapid determination of quality components (Brix, commercial cane sugar (CCS), fibre, moisture, and polariscope reading). Calibrations for three material groups (culm (n = 639), non-culm (n = 496), and combined) were developed for all components using the 1999 data set. Two sub-sets (n = 178, and 190) of about 10% of the preharvest-season and harvest populations scanned in 2000 also were subjected to full routine laboratory analyses. The 1999 combined calibrations were excellent, but the culm calibrations produced consistently lower standard errors. Non-culm calibrations were marginally better than the combined for only CCS and pol. reading. Analysis of the 2000 culm data with calibrations using all 1999 and 2000 culm data resulted in better predictions relative to the 1999 culm calibrations. This also was true for the combined calibrations. Assessment of quality components in pre- and post-harvest sugarcane using NIS calibrations was more cost effective than using routine laboratory techniques. Outcomes from this NIS-facilitated research will have important economic consequences for the Australian sugarcane industry. Potential CCS present in mature culms is being discounted by dilution with leaves and sucker culms, threatening farm viability. The results question the efficacy of current harvesting technology. The CCS of harvested cane is improved only marginally over that of the in-field crop. Current harvesting technology requires either supplementary, innovative pre-mill processing or a design revolution to improve mill-supply cane quality, and therefore whole of industry economics. NIS-facilitated analyses, before the harvest season, highlighted the benefits of growing erect, sound crops. Loss of CCS then, can be minimized only by a combination of crop improvement and agronomic solutions, applied as part of sound on-farm management.

• Proceedings of the Korean Society of Near Infrared Spectroscopy Conference
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• 2001.06a
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• pp.1131-1131
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• 2001

To develop a nondestructive quality evaluation technique of fruits, a K-mean algorism is applied to near infrared (NIR) spectroscopy of apples. The K-mean algorism is one of neural network partition methods and the goal is to partition the set of objects O into K disjoint clusters, where K is assumed to be known a priori. The algorism introduced by Macqueen draws an initial partition of the objects at random. It then computes the cluster centroids, assigns objects to the closest of them and iterates until a local minimum is obtained. The advantage of using neural network is that the spectra at the wavelengths having absorptions against chemical bonds including C-H and O-H types can be selected directly as input data. In conventional multiple regression approaches, the first wavelength is selected manually around the absorbance wavelengths as showing a high correlation coefficient between the NIR $2^{nd}$ derivative spectrum and Brix value with a single regression. After that, the second and following wavelengths are selected statistically as the calibration equation shows a high correlation. Therefore, the second and following wavelengths are selected not in a NIR spectroscopic way but in a statistical way. In this research, the spectra at the six wavelengths including 900, 904, 914, 990, 1000 and 1016nm are selected as input data for K-mean analysis. 904nm is selected because the wavelength shows the highest correlation coefficients and is regarded as the absorbance wavelength. The others are selected because they show relatively high correlation coefficients and are revealed as the absorbance wavelengths against the chemical structures by B. G. Osborne. The experiment was performed with two phases. In first phase, a reflectance was acquired using fiber optics. The reflectance was calculated by comparing near infrared energy reflected from a Teflon sphere as a standard reference, and the $2^{nd}$ derivative spectra were used for K-mean analysis. Samples are intact 67 apples which are called Fuji and cultivated in Aomori prefecture in Japan. In second phase, the Brix values were measured with a commercially available refractometer in order to estimate the result of K-mean approach. The result shows a partition of the spectral data sets of 67 samples into eight clusters, and the apples are classified into samples having high Brix value and low Brix value. Consequently, the K-mean analysis realized the classification of apples on the basis of the Brix values.

• The Korean Journal of Zoology
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• v.31 no.4
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• pp.327-333
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• 1988

계절에 따른 초파리 집단내 역위다형 현상의 변동상을 알기 위하여 전주근교의 과수원에서 1983년 1월부터 11월까지 격월로 여섯번 채집한 집단 표본을 분석하였다. 총 1071마리에서 얻은 15개형의 역위는 모두 편동원체역위(paracentric inversion)였으며, 이 중 7개형은 세계형91위(cosmopolitan inversion)였고, 나머지 8개형은 지역형역위(endemic inversion)였다. 개체당 역위의 평균 보유수는 0.639이고 역위를 보유한 개체의 빈도는 0.465였다. 7개의 세계형역위에 대한 표본집단을 분석한 결과 격월 집단간에서 유의한 차이를 보이는 반면 1월과 1 1월 표본간에서는 그 성황이 오히려 비숫해짐으로서 집단내 총역위빈도는 주기적으로 변동하고 있음이 암시된다. 역위와 환경변수와의 다중상관분석에서는 기온, 습도, 강수량이 역위빈도에 유의한 영향을 미치는 것으로 나타났고 역위 중 In(2L)t가 상기한 환경변수 모두에 대하여 유의한 상관관계를 보인 반면, In(3R)C와 In(3R)P는 어느 것과도 상관성을 보이지 않았다. 염색체내 그리고 염색체간의 연관 또는 조합의 검정결과 연관불평형혈상을 1월, 5월, 그리고 7월 표본의 제3염색체에서, 그리고 비균일조합은 1월과 7월 표본에서 역시 제3염색체에서만 산출 되었다. Seasonal changes of inversion frequencies in Chonju 0. melanogaster populations were studied. A total of 1071 males were collected six times with ho months intewal from January through November in 1983. to analyse diploid sets of chromosomes carried by males, each male was mated to several virgin females homoBvgous for cytologically standard sequence in all chromo-somes. From each mating, more than seven FL larvae were selected in random and tested to find chromosomal aberrations. In the present study, 15 different inversions were found and identified to be paracentric only In both second and third chromosomes; seven were cosmopolitan and the rest eight endemic types. The average frequency of inversions was 0.465 and the mean number of inversions carried by a single male was 0.639. The linkage disequilibria were detected between the leK and right arms of third chromosomes from the samples of January, May and Julv, Whereas nonrandom associations appeared also in the third chromosomes only in January and Julv samples. In multiple regression analysis among frequencies of inversions and environ-mental variables it appeared that mean temperature, relative humidity and total precipitation for a month skipped over 30 days before collected affect to change to frequencies of particular inver-sions. With respect to the behavior of inversions in the present samples, it is suggested, with the Friedman's analysis of variance by ranks of inversion frequency orders, that the frequencies of inversions change cyclically year to year.

• Horticultural Science & Technology
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• v.28 no.4
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• pp.638-647
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• 2010

The genetic relationships in 5 species of $Ligularia$ were investigated using RAPD (Randomly Amplified Polymorphic DNA) and ITS (Internal Transcribed Spacer) sequences analyses. In RAPD analysis, sixty three of 196 arbitrary primers showed polymorphism. The amplified fragments ranged from 0.2 to 1.6 kb in size. The dendrogram was constructed by the UPGMA clustering algorithm based on genetic similarity of RAPD markers. A total of 16 accessions were classified into 5 major groups corresponding each species at the similarity coefficient value of 0.77. In the ITS sequence analysis, the size of ITS 1 was varied from 248 to 256 bp, while ITS 2 was varied from 220 to 222 bp. The 5.8S coding region was 164 bp in lengths. Forty nine sites (10.2%) of the 478 nucleotides were variable, and the G+C content of ITS region ranged from 49.4 to 53.5%. In the ITS tree, five species of $Ligularia$ were monophyletic, and $L.$ $taquetii$ was the first branching within the clade. $Ligularia$ $intermedia$ formed a clade with $L.$ $fischeri$ var. $spiciformis$ (BS=79), and $L.$ $stenocephala$ and $L.$ $fischeri$ were also claded. Two data sets were congruent, except of the position of $L.$ $fischeri$ var. $spiciformis$.

• Journal of Korean Elementary Science Education
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• v.32 no.3
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• pp.285-297
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• 2013

The purpose of this research is to find the effect of the lesson using open-inquiry report Lubric on open-inquiry standard and science process skill; to find the change of cognition on open-inquiry for elementary school 5th grade students. Two classes (elementary school 5th grade) were selected which located in a small and medium-sized city for this research and they were separated as an experimental group and a comparative group. Open-inquiry lesson was done by referring teaching method which introduced through the curriculum. The procedure was understanding about open-inquiry, making open-inquiry subject, planning, and performing inquiry, mid-term, performing inquiry, making a report, presentation, and evaluation. Open-inquiry report Lubric which developed by Sook-Kyung Kim et al. (2010) was provided to the experimental group. Comparative group was instructed by using open-inquiry report which introduced to the elementary school 5th grade science text book. Interview paper was developed in order to check out the effect of the research by using a test paper of science process skill. The following could be found out through the research. After open-inquiry lesson, 10 open-inquiry reports(5 reports from experimental group, 5 reports from comparative group) have been drawn at random as samples from the total 62 sets (30 reports from experimental group, 32 reports from comparative group) and evaluated by a researcher and two elementary school teachers who have master degree. The reliability of the 3 scorers was 0.923 of mean correlation coefficient. And then the researcher evaluated all open-inquiry reports. The average score of open-inquiry report was 66.78 for experimental group, 54.27 for comparative group, respectively. And there was a significant difference at p<0.05 level as a result of the t-test. The experimental group rated high at p<0.05 level according to the analysis of post-science process skill test. According to the result of survey, both experimental group and comparative group had understood open-inquiry activity. It was especially rated high for experimental group on understanding scientific inquiry process, interest and satisfaction in open-inquiry and re-participation rate. By interviewing experimental group, it is recognized that the students utilized Lubric very well through the overall process. Finally, self-evaluation was done during open-inquiry activity and it was reported that the students gained more knowledge about science and changed to positive about science. As a result, the lesson using open-inquiry report Lubric was effective for students to improve writing skill of an open-inquiry report and science process skill and finally changed the cognition to positive about open-inquiry lesson.

• Journal of agricultural medicine and community health
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• v.24 no.2
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• pp.369-385
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• 1999

This is carried out to study on the general consciousness for medical ethics of Korean local and hospital clinicians from March to May, 1999. The subjects are 288 respondents out of 1,500 those who selected by systemic random sampling method from the list of physicians published on 1997. An adequate questionnaire with 21 questions made by author was distributed through mail for those. The characteristics of respondents are as follows. Women are 15%. For like this questionnaire, those who were graduated from. The national universities were more actively concerned than those graduated from the private universities. Christian was 35.4%, Catholic was 28.5% and buddhist was 14.9% and 17.4% had no religion. Now a day in generally, it is clearly confusing status between an ideal thinking and actuality in medical ethical aspects in Korea. They want more developed medical delivery system. The most of physicians are improving on four mind-sets, the mind of love, pity, joy and abandonment as much as they are cognizing that the pains of patients are themselves pains. But they do not want to be the ministry. On the problems of the easy to die, it seems that they have somewhat different opinions according to their religions, respectively;- christians are more responsible than others to keep to the terminal point of life of patients.

• The Korean Journal of Mycology
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• v.26 no.4 s.87
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• pp.466-477
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• 1998

Twenty-two Phellinus strains were characterized using colony morphologies and polymerase chain reaction (PCR) to divide into Phellinus linteus. There were some differences in mycelial growth and colony shapes among the strains when they were grown on various media such as PDA, MCM, MEA and YM. Phellinus linteus was slowly growing, formed golden-yellow colony, and produced blue pigment on PDA media. When the regions of internal transcribed spacer (ITS) were amplified from ribosomal RNA (rRNA) coding genes of P. igniarius and P. linteus strains by means of PCR, two types of band (700 bp and 800 bp) were appeared, respectively. For the amplified intergenic region I (IGRI), P. igniarius strains showed a different band among 500, 600, 700 and 800 bp according to the strains, whereas P. linteus strains did one specific band of 700 bp. By polymorphism analysis after digesting the amplified products with 6 different restriction enzymes, a band specific to P. linteus was generated when the products for ITS region were digested with HaeIII, suggesting that the enzyme digestion could provide effective method to distinguish between P. igniarius and P. linteus. And also, the analysis of genetic relationship showed that the genetic similarities were 89% and 95% in P. igniarius and P. linteus strains, respectively. Random amplification polymorphic DNA (RAPD) analysis using multiple primer sets and arbitrarily primed PCR (AP-PCR) with ITS3 primer could also result in a reproducible way to identify P. linteus strains.

• Environmental and Resource Economics Review
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• v.14 no.2
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• pp.337-379
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• 2005

This choice experiments study values the non-market benefits of water quality improvements in Paldang Reservoir and Han River, located in Korea. A fractional factorial orthogonal design was used to produce four different choice sets per respondent, before employing choice examples to screen out irrational responses. The panel mixed logit model (with normal distributions for the attributes) fit the data best, indicating that allowing for both heterogeneous preferences across households and correlation between repeated choices may represent actual choice behaviors best of all the estimated models. The significant standard deviations of the random attributes suggest that the taste for each attribute may vary considerably in the population. The annual benefits to the Seoul Metropolitan area for a small (large) enhancement of the clarity of water, a gradual removal of unpleasant waters, and a gradual improvement in biodiversity, were estimated to be some 1.5 trillion (1.7 trillion) Won, 2 trillion Won, and 1.7 trillion Won, respectively, with 1.8~2.6 trillion Won for at least two of them occurring together. The study also discusses potential biases germane to choice experiments studies of this type.