• Genomics & Informatics
• /
• v.19 no.3
• /
• pp.29.1-29.10
• /
• 2021

In our previous studies, we have demonstrated the association of certain variants of the thyroid-stimulating hormone receptor (TSHR), thyroid peroxidase (TPO), and thyroglobulin (TG) genes with congenital hypothyroidism. Herein, we explored the mechanistic basis for this association using different in silico tools. The mRNA 3'-untranslated region (3'-UTR) plays key roles in gene expression at the post-transcriptional level. In TSHR variants (rs2268477, rs7144481, and rs17630128), the binding affinity of microRNAs (miRs) (hsa-miR-154-5p, hsa-miR-376a-2-5p, hsa-miR-3935, hsa-miR-4280, and hsa-miR-6858-3p) to the 3'-UTR is disrupted, affecting post-transcriptional gene regulation. TPO and TG are the two key proteins necessary for the biosynthesis of thyroid hormones in the presence of iodide and H₂O₂. Reduced stability of these proteins leads to aberrant biosynthesis of thyroid hormones. Compared to the wild-type TPO protein, the p.S398T variant was found to exhibit less stability and significant rearrangements of intra-atomic bonds affecting the stoichiometry and substrate binding (binding energies, ΔG of wild-type vs. mutant: -15 vs. -13.8 kcal/mol; and dissociation constant, K_d of wild-type vs. mutant: 7.2E^-12 vs. 7.0E^-11 M). The missense mutations p.G653D and p.R1999W on the TG protein showed altered ΔG(0.24 kcal/mol and 0.79 kcal/mol, respectively). In conclusion, an in silico analysis of TSHR genetic variants in the 3'-UTR showed that they alter the binding affinities of different miRs. The TPO protein structure and mutant protein complex (p.S398T) are less stable, with potentially deleterious effects. A structural and energy analysis showed that TG mutations (p.G653D and p.R1999W) reduce the stability of the TG protein and affect its structure-functional relationship.

• Journal of fish pathology
• /
• v.35 no.1
• /
• pp.41-46
• /
• 2022

Since viral haemorrhagic septicaemia virus (VHSV) was first reported in European rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss) in the 1930s, it has caused high prices in freshwater and saltwater fish around the world, causing enormous economic damage to the aquaculture industry. We have been seeking required countermeasures against viruses because of economic damage to the aquaculture industry. However, commercial vaccines have the limitations of being costly to use in farms and being effective to only one pathogen. The aquaculture industry these days is taking on new alternatives to vaccines, antibiotics and chemicals. In this study, the suitability of antiviral effects against VHSV was evaluated in vitro for various plant extracts to judge their effectiveness. Atriplex gmelinii, Ixeris repens, Arctium lappa, and Sargassum coreanum were tested to know the correlation between the amount of virus and the concentration of extract investigates if these extracts have antiviral effects. Virus and extracts at various concentrations were inoculated simultaneously as 1:1 ratio into EPC cell lines. There are no antiviral effects with Atriplex gmelinii, Ixeris repens and Arctium lappa. Extract of Sargassum coreanum only has the antiviral activity in a dose-dependent manner. These results show that extract of Sargassum coreanum can be used in aquaculture industry as an antiviral materials.

• Korean Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences
• /
• v.10 no.4
• /
• pp.267-273
• /
• 1977

Rainbow trout were reared in a small indoor aquarium which was equipped with a simple recirculating biofilter combined with a small amount of inflowing water for 199 days from April 25 to November 10, 1977 in Busan where very hot summer air temperature is encountered, and results obtained were promissing as following; 1. The aquarium has dimensions of $1m\;\times\;1m\;\times\;67cm(depth)$, and a bottom center sedimentation chamber of conical type through which out-flowing water is pushing fecal matter and other detritus outward. The conical sedimentation chamber measures 20 cm depth and 20 cm diameter at its upper mouth and tapers to the bottom end which is connected to 4 cm diameter draining pipe. The draining pipe goes through under the tank and then is elevated on the side. The water depth was maintained at about 40 cm depth by adjusting the heigh of draining pipe. The filter bed contained 16 l of $3\~5\;mm$ zeolite gravels, and water circulation rate was about 1030 l/hr. 2. Continuous inflowing water resulted in a good elimination of waste materials through its outflowing water thus reducing waste loading in the filter. 3. Mean temperature of water in the rearing aquarium containing about 400 l water volume was maintained at around 20 to $22^{\circ}C$ by 0.59 l/min of the inflowing well water which usually maintained the temperature of $17^{\circ}C$ during the hot summer season from the first of July to the first of October when the 10-days-mean air temperature ranged from $20^{\circ}\;to\;27.3^{\circ}C$ $(total\;mean\;24.6^{\circ}C) $ and under this condition the fish continued normal growth. 4. The production per 1 l/min of inflowing water with this simple biofilteration reached 30 hg. 5. The total cost including all feed and power during this experimental rearing period fell well within the economic establishment and if the feed and filteration system are improved the benefit-cost ratio will be much increased.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Clothing and Textiles
• /
• v.3 no.1
• /
• pp.1-11
• /
• 1979

This is a study on angels' costumes in religious paintings, especially as this relates to the questions of concepts and theological symbolism. Angels, as spiritual creatures in Christian thought, play the role of praising God's glory, as messengers of God, the role of guarding Israel and the Church, and protecting or punishing human beings. Sometimes the angels appear in incarnate form. They display no sexual differences and are not able to procreate. The angels' funtional classification being thus; nevertheless, they are pictured in various costumes and appearances according to characteristics of the paintings. The angel Michael appears as a man of dignity when pictured as a guard; the angel Gabriel in the annunciation is often portrayed as a woman of mystical beauty. Under the Renaissance, the mighty cherubim and seraphim at Yahweh's throne are degraded as plump child-angels, or winged child-heads looking alike Eros or Cupid. They have become playful and all too obviously non-heavenly chrubs, accepted features of the Temple decorations. However, cherubim are often depicted as naked or wrapped around with a piece of cloth and accompanied with wind, which symbolizes the Glory of God. The angels, costumes without seam are hung over or wrapped around the body, and when sewn they are simple and ample enough that they fall in a great many folds. However, by the 14C. angels are mostly dressed in costumes common to all Europe, and after that angels gradually appear in folk costumes; for example Italian, Flemish, etc. Dalmatic, the typical costume of Byzantine often shows up as angels' dresses even after the period. Originally the dalmatic was the Roman tunic to which Eastern influences added. The Roman clavus on the tunic had gradually lost distinction until, by the Imperial epoch, it was worn by the lowest servants. It was proudly therefore, as 'The servants of God', that the early Christians are shown wearing the clavus on their wide, ungirdled, sleeved dalmatics. In addition to their costume, angels have some other distinct charateristics. First, angels have a halo around their head; this symbolizes their holiness. Second, angels wear a narrow diadem or a queen's crown that seems to denote their glorious status close to God's throne. Third, the cloth band across the breast resembles a priest's stole, which suggests the sacred role of a priest and symbolizes the grace santified. Fourth, lilies in the annunciations are symbols of Mary's virginity. chastity, innocence and heavenly bliss. Angels hold palms or olives in their hands. The former denote prosperity. beauty and the Christians' reward after death; the latter represent peace and amity. the imperial crown made of olives means victory. Fifth, angels in paintings always have a pair of wings, which can be traced to scripture where cherubim and seraphim are described as having pairs of wings. Angels' wings often have colors of the rainbow, and the rainbow is compared to God's glory. Sixth, generally artists paint angels' costumes as white, blue, green, gold and purple. Other colors such as red rarely appear. According, to scriptures it is believed that angels should be depicted 'as white as snow'. According to the biblical expressions of angels as lightning, sun or a pillar of fire, angels should be described as creatures of light. Nevertheless being a form of art, religious paintings may differ in their presentation according to an artist's inspiration and intention. Since religious paintings illustrated above were almost all done before the Reformation, symbols of colors used in the Catholic Church will also be mentioned. The white color symbolizes chastity, purity, brightness, delight and divinity. Green represents new birth, eternal life, spiritual revival and the expectance of the grace of God. Blue, the color of sapphires, denotes chastity and truth. Red, the color of rubies, represents divinity, love and religious passion. Violet is the color of dignity, indicating the sovereign, royal or imperial power and the great Sacrifice of Christ. As mentionad above, angels' costumes were expressed in accordance with contemporary patterns or as indicated in the Bible, and accesories and colors correspond with Christian symbols. Therefore these facts should be taken into consideration when it comes to the study of costume history.

• Journal of fish pathology
• /
• v.25 no.3
• /
• pp.257-262
• /
• 2012

A reverse transcriptase loop-mediated isothermal amplification (RT-LAMP) assay was evaluated to monitor infectious hematopoietic necrosis virus (IHNV) from artificially infected rainbow trout Oncorhynchus mykiss. The cumulative mortalities of fish challenged with IHNV at $10^{6.5}\;TCID_{50}$/fish, $10^{5.5}\;TCID_{50}$/fish and $10^{4.5}\;TCID_{50}$/fish were 40%, 0% and 0%, respectively. Dead fish and survivors at 16 and 28 d post-challenge in each group were employed for IHNV detection by RT-LAMP assay and virus isolation using BF-2 cells. IHNV from $10^{4.3}$ to $10^{6.8}\;TCID_{50}/ml$ was isolated from all the dead fish and also detected in all of the examined dead fish by RT-LAMP assay. In survivors at 16 d, 60% (3/5 fish, $10^{2.8}-10^{5.05}\;TCID_{50}/ml$), 20% (1/5 fish, $10^{1.05}\;TCID_{50}/ml$) and 60% (3/5 fish, $10^{1.05}-10^{4.8}\;TCID_{50}/ml$) were found to be IHNV-positive by virus isolation in fish challenged with IHNV at $10^{6.5}\;TCID_{50}$/fish, $10^{5.5}\;TCID_{50}$/fish and $10^{4.5}\;TCID_{50}$/fish, respectively, while 20% (1/5 fish), 0% (0/5 fish) and 20% (1/5 fish) were IHNV-positive by RT-LAMP assay. No IHNV was detected in the survivors at 28 d and control fish. These results indicate that the RT-LAMP assay is useful for detection of IHNV in diseased fish although it is not enough to monitor virus in IHNV-survivors.

• Korean Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences
• /
• v.32 no.4
• /
• pp.470-475
• /
• 1999

This study was conducted to evaluate the utilization of animal by-product mixture (ABPM) as a dietary animal protein source of fish meal replacer, and to determine the effect of dietary chromic oxide in growing rainbow trout, Oncorhynchus mykiss. ABPM is a mixture of five anmial by-products such as meat and bone meal (MBM) feather meal (FM), squid live, powder(SLP), poultry by-product (PBP) and blood- meal (BM) at a specific weight based ratio. Diet 1 and 2 were formulated on a isonitrogenous and a isocaloric basis of $46.5\%$ crude protein and 16.7 KJ/g diet; diet 1 (WFM 100), $100\%$ of the animal protein source came from white fish meal; diet 2 (ABPM 40), $60\%$ WFM+$40\%$ ABPM as the animal protein source; diet 3 (-Cr) commercial diet without chromic oxide; diet 4 (+Cr), commercial diet with chromic oxide. After eight weeks of feeding trials, fish fed diet 2 had a significantly lower body weight gain (WG) and feed efficiency (FE) than that of fish fed the other diets (P<0.05). When comparing diet 3 with diet 4, no significant differences were found in WG and FE (P>0.05). There were no significant differences on condition factor, hematocrit level, serum phosphorus, bone phosphorus, whole body phosphorus, and bone ash among fish from all four diet groups. Fish fed diet 4 had a significantly higher whole body lipid than that of fish fed the other diets (P<0.05), These results indicated that ABPM could be used less than $40\%$ in growing rainbow trout with a sufficient period of acclimation, In addition, the $0.5\%$ of chromic oxide can be used to determine the apparent digestibility of the nutrients in the feed without any adverse effects on growth and body composition.

• Analytical Science and Technology
• /
• v.28 no.2
• /
• pp.117-124
• /
• 2015

Genetically modified (GM) papaya line 55-1, which is resistant to PRSV infection, has been marketed globally. Prompt and sensitive protocols for specific detections are essential for the traceability of this line. Here, an event- and construct-specific real-time polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) method was established to detect 55-1. Qualitative detection was possible for fresh papaya fruit up to dilutions of 0.005% and 0.01% for the homozygous SunUp and heterozygous Rainbow cultivars, respectively, in non-GM papaya. The method was applied in the qualitative detection of 55-1 in eight types of commercially processed papaya products. Additionally, papaya products were monitored to distinguish GM papaya using the P35S and T-nos RT-PCR detection methods. As expected, detection capacity was improved via modified sample preparation and the established RT-PCR detection method. Taking these results together, it can be suggested that a suitable method for the extraction and purification of DNA from processed papaya products was established for the detection of GM papaya.

• Journal of fish pathology
• /
• v.10 no.2
• /
• pp.113-123
• /
• 1997

Concerned to the life cycle of Ichthyophthirius multifiliis, the biological characteristic of the parasites was studied in the rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss) and the Korean catfish (Silurus asotus) Under the experimental condition of $9^{\circ}C$- $28^{\circ}C$, tomitogenesis rate was positively proportional to water temperature, but not at over $28^{\circ}C$. The protomonts showed a high rate of tomitogenesis at $26^{\circ}C$ in comparision with other temperature conditions. Temperature affected tomitogenesis rate which resulted from the various conditions of salinity, pH and formalin concentration. The protomonts showed a high rate of tomitogenesis at pH 6.9 in comparision with other pH conditions at all temperatures tested. This result revealed that the opitimum pH for tomitogenesis was 6.9. The protomont had more tolerance against salinity and formalin concentration at low temperature ($18^{\circ}C$) than at high one ($22^{\circ}C$). Both trophont and protomont were not infective, but theront was infective.

• Journal of fish pathology
• /
• v.20 no.3
• /
• pp.201-209
• /
• 2007

Viral hemorrhagic septicemia (VHS) is one of the most serious viral disease of farmed rainbow trout and some marine fishes in Europe and North America. It has been reported in various marine fish species of Asian countries and induced cause mass mortality in Japanese flounder (Paralichthys olivaceus) culturing in Korea. The aims of this study were to monitor VHSV in wild marine fishes and to give critical information for controling the disease through prophylactic methods. Prevalence of the viral disease, geological distribution and reservoir of the virus were investigated using wild marine fishes captured in southern coast and east china sea for two years. (Reverse Transcriptase Polymerase Chain Reaction) RT-PCR results showed that VHSV were detected in 17 (10.6%) out of 160 fish. G gene sequences of viral strains isolated in this study were closely related to that of a reference strain, KVHS01-1, belonging to VHSV genotype Ⅰ. The results suggest that some of wild marine fishes are VHSV carriers and may spread the pathogen directly to fish farmed in coastal area.

• Journal of fish pathology
• /
• v.24 no.3
• /
• pp.247-254
• /
• 2011

The purpose of this study was to obtain reference data of parameters for hematological health diagnosis in cultured freshwater fish and also evaluate application of automatic dry-type chemistry analyzer (FUJI DRI-CHEM 3000) used to those blood tests. A blood profile of total 200 fish for rainbow trout (Onchorhynchus mykiss), israel carp (Cyprinus carpio), tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus) and eel (Anguilla japonica) cultured in Inland Fisheries Research Institute of NFRDI was determined by hemoglobin (Hb) and plasma chemistry tests: total protein (TP), albumin (ALB), alkaline phosphatase (ALP), blood urea nitrogen (BUN), lactate dehydrogenase (LDH), triglyceride (TG), total cholesterol (TCHO), creatinine (CRE), aspartate aminotransferase (AST), alanine aminotransferase (ALT), glucose (GLU). The values of ALT, TG, LDH, ALB, TCHO, AST and ALP were outside from the minimum and/or maximum of the established detectable range of the analyzer. ALT and TG were not detectable in the range of 67%~61.5%. LDH, ALB and TCHO were not detectable in the range of 36~17%. AST and ALP were not detectable in the range of 5.5~0.5%. However, the values of BUN, CRE, GLU, Hb and TP were below the detectable limits of the analyzer.