• YAKHAK HOEJI
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• v.51 no.1
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• pp.56-62
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• 2007

Twelve epoxy and hydroxydiosgenin derivatives (DI-1${\sim}$DI-12) were synthesized from diosgenin (25(R)-5-spirosten-3${\beta}$-ol). Diosgenin was epoxidized with m-chloroperoxybenzoic acid (mCPBA) to oxidize 25(R)-4${\alpha}$,5${\alpha}$-epoxyspirostane (DI-1). Diosgenin was reacted with DDQ to form 25(R)-1,4,6-spirostatrien-3-one (DI-2), which was treated with 30% H$_2$O$_2$ to give 25(R)-1${\alpha}$,2${\alpha}$-epoxy-4,6-spirostadien-3-one (DI-3) and treated with mCPBA to form 25(R)-6${\alpha}$,7${\alpha}$-epoxy-1,4-spirostadien-3-one (DI-7), respectively. DI-3 was reduced with NaBH$_4$ to afford 25(R) -1${\alpha}$,2 ${\alpha}$-epoxy-4,6-spirostadien-3${\beta}$-ol(DI-4) and reacted with Li metal in absolute ethanol to form 25(R)-2-ethoxy-1,4,6-spirostatrien-3-one (DI-5). DI-7 was reduced with NaBH$_4$ to produce 25(R)-3${\beta}$,7${\alpha}$-dihydroxy-4-spirostene (DI-8) and treated with Li metal in liquid ammonia to produce 25(R)-7${\alpha}$-hydroxy-4-spirosten-3-one (DI-9). DI-2 was reduced with NaBH$_4$ to form 25(R) -4,6-spirestadien-3${\beta}$-ol(DI-10), which was stirred with 30% H$_2$O$_2$ to synthesize 25(R)-4,6-spirostadien-3-one (DI-11) and reacted with mCPBA to give 25(R)-4${\beta}$,5${\beta}$ -epoxy-6-spirosten-3${\beta}$-ol (DI-12), respectively. The antinociceptive effects of synthesiz ed compounds were measured by hot plate method and compound DI-7 signifcantly exhibited antinociceptive effect. DI-2 decreased the serum triglyceride and total cholesterol levels in poloxamer P-407 injected rat.

• Proceedings of the Membrane Society of Korea Conference
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• 2004.05a
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• pp.155-160
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• 2004

Permeation experiments of a commercial nanofiltration membrane (nominated as ESNA 1) were carried out with aqueous solutions of various single salts, that is, five chlorides (NH$_4$Cl, NaCl, KCl, MgCl$_2$ and $CaCl_2$), three nitrates $(NaNo_3,\;Mg(No_3)_2\;and\;Ca(NO_3)_2)\;and\;three\;sulfates\;((NH_4)_2SO_4,\;Na_2SO_4\;and\;MgSO_4)$. The experimental results showed that (1) the permeate volume flux of the ESNA 1 membrane increased and decreased with the growth of the applied pressure and the feed concentration of salts, respectively. The real rejection of ESNA 1 membrane to most single salts increased with the growth of the permeate volume flux. (2) The reflection coefficients of ESNA 1 membrane to chlorides, nitrates and sulfates are 0.97, 0.96 and 0.99, respectively. The solute permeability of most salts except for magnesium and calcium salts increased with the growth of feed concentration. (3) The sequence of the rejections of ESNA 1 membrane to anions is $R({SO_4}^{2-})>R(CI)>R(NO_3)$ at the same feed concentration. While the sequence of the rejections to cations is cataloged into two cases: $R(Na^+)>R(K^+)>R(Mg^{2+})>R(Ca^{2+})$ at the concentration of 10 mol/$m^3$ and $R(Mg^{2+})>R(Ca^{2+})>R(Na^+)>R(K^+)$ at the concentration of 100 mol/$m^3$. The separation capability of a NF membrane is usually affected by the electrostatic effect and the steric-hindrance effect. In this case, the electrostatic effect is the major factor at low concentration and the steric-hindrance effect is the major factor at high concentration. Both the specific sorption and the hydration also reasonably influenced the separation performance of NF membrane to salts.

• Journal of Animal Science and Technology
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• v.63 no.4
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• pp.854-863
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• 2021

Weaning induces physiological changes in intestinal development that affect pigs' growth performance and susceptibility to disease. As a posttranscriptional regulator, microRNAs (miRNAs) regulate cellular homeostasis during intestinal development. We performed small RNA expression profiling in the small intestine of piglets before weaning (BW), 1 week after weaning (1W), and 2 weeks after weaning (2W) to identify weaning-associated differentially expressed miRNAs. We identified 38 differentially expressed miRNAs with varying expression levels among BW, 1W, and 2W. Then, we classified expression patterns of the identified miRNAs into four types. ssc-miR-196a and ssc-miR-451 represent pattern 1, which had an increased expression at 1W and a decreased expression at 2W. ssc-miR-499-5p represents pattern 2, which had an increased expression at 1W and a stable expression at 2W. ssc-miR-7135-3p and ssc-miR-144 represent pattern 3, which had a stable expression at 1W and a decreased expression at 2W. Eleven miRNAs (ssc-miR-542-3p, ssc-miR-214, ssc-miR-758, ssc-miR-4331, ssc-miR-105-1, ssc-miR-1285, ssc-miR-10a-5p, ssc-miR-4332, ssc-miR-503, ssc-miR-6782-3p, and ssc-miR-424-5p) represent pattern 4, which had a decreased expression at 1W and a stable expression at 2W. Moreover, we identified 133 candidate targets for miR-196a using a target prediction database. Gene ontology and Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes (KEGG) pathway analyses revealed that the target genes were associated with 19 biological processes, 4 cellular components, 8 molecular functions, and 7 KEGG pathways, including anterior/posterior pattern specification as well as the cancer, PI3K-Akt, MAPK, GnRH, and neurotrophin signaling pathways. These findings suggest that miRNAs regulate the development of the small intestine during the weaning process in piglets by anterior/posterior pattern specification as well as the cancer, PI3K-Akt, MAPK, GnRH, and neurotrophin signaling pathways.

• Communications of the Korean Mathematical Society
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• v.17 no.2
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• pp.221-227
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• 2002

In this paper we will show that the followings ; (1) Let R be a regular local ring of dimension n. Then $A_{n-2}$(R) = 0. (2) Let R be a regular local ring of dimension n and I be an ideal in R of height 3 such that R/I is a Gorenstein ring. Then [I] = 0 in $A_{n-3}$(R). (3) Let R = V[[ $X_1$, $X_2$, …, $X_{5}$ ]]/(p+ $X_1$$^{t1}$ + $X_2$$^{t2}$ + $X_3$$^{t3}$ + $X_4$$^2$+ $X_{5}$ $^2$/), where p $\neq$2, $t_1$, $t_2$, $t_3$ are arbitrary positive integers and V is a complete discrete valuation ring with (p) = mv. Assume that R/m is algebraically closed. Then all the Chow group for R is 0 except the last Chow group.group.oup.

• KOREAN JOURNAL OF CROP SCIENCE
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• v.34 no.4
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• pp.378-383
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• 1989

For selection of mutants two rice varieties, Sangpungbyeo and Seomjinbyeo, were irradiated with 20 kR and 25 kR of gamma rays. One panicle per each plant was harvested in Ml, and single needling per hill was planted for M2 and M3 generations. Mutations for short culm, earliness and the major traits were examined. 1. The mutation rates were varied with the rice varieties and the doses of radiation, higher in Sangpungbyeo and 25kR than in Seomjinbyeo and 20 kR, respectively. 2. The rates in Sangpungbyeo with the 20 kR and 25 kR were 1.10％ and 1.47％. respectively and those of Seomjinbyeo were 0.51％ and 1.25％, respectively. 3. The culm lengths of short-culm mutants derived from Sangpungbyeo and Seomjinbyeo were reduced about 10％ compared to their mother varieties, especially it was possible to select the dwarf mutants reducing 57％ and 40％ of culm length in Sangpungbyeo and Seomjinbyeo, respectively with the dose of 25 kR irradiation. 4. The range of heading date of the mutant ion in the M3 generation was comparatively wide. Many earliness mutants shortened about 7 days were selected as compared with their mother varieties, some mutants of the irradiated group had early matured by 20 days and 30 days, respectively in both Seomjinbyeo and Sangpungbyeo.

• Toxicological Research
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• v.8 no.2
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• pp.235-253
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• 1992

A subacute toxicity study of cis-Malonato[(4R,5R)-4,5-bis(aminomethyl)-2-isopropyl-1,3-dioxolane]platinum(II)(SKI 2053R) was carried out to obtain information on its toxicological profiles, and to determine the maximum tolerated dose in beagle dogs. Four groups of beagle dogs (2M and 2F per group, 0,0.5,1.0,2.0mg/kg/day)were given 15 i.v. injections of SKI 2053R. In order to compare the toxic effects of SKI 2053R with those of cisplatin, one group was treated with cisplatin(0.7mg/kg/day)according to the same treatment schedule. The dosing schedule was divided into 3 courses of 5 consecutive days with 23-day dose-free intervals between each course. After completion of the treatments, remaining dogs were necropsied under established guidelines. Three of four dogs in the high dose group and one of four dogs in the middle dose group treated with SKI 2053R died of hypovolemic shock secondary to hemorrhagic and ulcerative enterocolitis. No toxicity-related mortality occurred in the low dose group of SKI 2053R. No survivor was observed in the group of cisplatin. Clinical signs including vomiting, diarrhea, anorexia and loss body weight were apparent in dogs given either cisplatin or high and middle doses of SKI 2053R. Severe thrombocytopenia and leukocytopenia were observed in the high dose group of SKI 2053R and cisplatin-treatment group, while toxicities as bone marrow suppression were reversible. The significant elevation of serum ALP values in group of SKI 2053R(2.0 mg/kg/day and 1.0mg/kg/day) and cisplatin(0.7mg/kg/day)was observed. Slight proteinuria waa observed in high and middle dose level groups of SKI 2053R. In histopathological examinations, pathological alterations of liver, kidney and spleen were noted dose-dependantly in dogs treated with SKI 2053R, and there was no overt sign of toxicity in low dose group of SKI 2053R. Compared to SKI 2053R, more severe durg-related toxicities occurred in dogs treated with cisplatin. It waw estimated that maximum tolerated dose of SKI 2053R in this treatment schedule was 0.5~0.7mg/kg/day. In conclusion, overall toxic potential of SKI 2053R was approximately 3 times lower than that of cisplatin with respect of lethality.

• Molecules and Cells
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• v.41 no.9
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• pp.830-841
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• 2018

Recent studies have indicated that microRNAs (miRNAs) play an important role in hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) progression. In this study, we showed that miR-766-3p was decreased in approximately 72% of HCC tissues and cell lines, and its low expression level was significantly correlated with tumour size, TNM stage, metastasis, and poor prognosis in HCC. Ectopic miR-766-3p expression inhibited HCC cell proliferation, colony formation, migration and invasion. In addition, we showed that miR-766-3p repressed Wnt3a expression. A luciferase reporter assay revealed that Wnt3a was a direct target of miR-766-3p, and an inverse correlation between miR-766-3p and Wnt3a expression was observed. Moreover, Wnt3a up-regulation reversed the effects of miR766-3p on HCC progression. In addition, our study showed that miR-766-3p up-regulation decreased the nuclear ${\beta}-catenin$ level and expression of Wnt targets (TCF1 and Survivin) and reduced the level of MAP protein regulator of cytokinesis 1 (PRC1). However, these effects of miR-766-3p were reversed by Wnt3a up-regulation. In addition, PRC1 upregulation increased the nuclear ${\beta}-catenin$ level and protein expression of TCF1 and Survivin. iCRT3, which disrupts the ${\beta}-catenin-TCF4$ interaction, repressed the TCF1, Survivin and PRC1 protein levels. Taken together, our results suggest that miR-766-3p down-regulation promotes HCC cell progression, probably by targeting the Wnt3a/PRC1 pathway, and miR-766-3p may serve as a potential therapeutic target in HCC.

• Journal of the Chungcheong Mathematical Society
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• v.24 no.3
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• pp.553-560
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• 2011

We introduce a method to construct some algebras $R{\in}MC_n(k)$ with dim(R) = n and $dim(m_R^2)=1$ for each $n{\geq}3$.

• Natural Product Sciences
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• v.21 no.1
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• pp.20-24
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• 2015

Cyanidin-3-glucoside (C3G) and cyanidin-3-rutinoside (C3R) were isolated by high-performance countercurrent chromatography (HPCCC) using a two-phase solvent system composed of tert-butyl methyl ether/n-butanol/acetonitrile/water/trifluoroacetic acid (1 : 3 : 1 : 5 : 0.01, v/v) to give pure C3G (34.1 mg) and C3R (14.3 mg) from 1.5 g crude mulberry fruit extract. Using the pure C3G and C3R, a reliable high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) method was developed and validated to determine the C3G and C3R contents in mulberry fruit. C3G and C3R were separated simultaneously using an Eclipse XDB-C18 column ($4.6{\times}250mm$ I.D., $5{\mu}m$) coupled with a photodiode array detector (PDA). The gradient elution of the mobile phase consisting of acetonitrile (0.5% formic acid) and water (0.5% formic acid) was applied (1.0 mL/min), and the detection wavelength was 520 nm. The calibration curves of C3G and C3R showed good linearity (both with $r^2=0.9996$) in the concentration range $15.625-500{\mu}g/mL$, and the relative standard deviations (RSD%) of intra- and inter-day variability were in the ranges 2.1 - 8.2% and 4.1 - 17.1%, respectively. The accuracies were ranged 96.5 - 102.6% for C3G and C3R, respectively. The developed HPLC method was used to determine the contents of C3G and C3R in newly harvested mulberry from eight different provinces of Korea.

• Kyungpook Mathematical Journal
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• v.54 no.4
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• pp.607-617
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• 2014

Let S = C(r,m), the finite cyclic semigroup with index r and period m. Each subsemigroup of S is cyclic if and only if either r = 1; r = 2; or r = 3 with m odd. For $r{\neq}1$, the maximum value of the minimum number of elements in a (minimal) generating set of a subsemigroup of S is 1 if r = 3 and m is odd; 2 if r = 3 and m is even; (r-1)/2 if r is odd and unequal to 3; and r/2 if r is even. The number of cyclic subsemigroups of S is $r-1+{\tau}(m)$. Formulas are also given for the number of 2-generated subsemigroups of S and the total number of subsemigroups of S. The minimal generating sets of subsemigroups of S are characterized, and the problem of counting them is analyzed.