• Journal of Korea Technology Innovation Society
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• v.7 no.2
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• pp.257-281
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• 2004

In this paper we： (1) analyze the relationship among public R＆D investment, private R＆D investment, and GDP by employing the Clangor causality test; (2) examine if there is any country-specific pattern in the relationship by testing the cases of Korea, the U.S. and Japan. We found some common results for the above countries as follows： (i) GDP causes Public R＆D, not vice versa; (ii) Private R＆D causes GDP; and (iii) Public R＆D does not cause Private R＆D. For the bivariate model of GDP and total R＆D, the results show the existence of one-way causality running from total R＆D to GDP f3r both U.S. and Japan. We also found bidirectional causal relationship between GDP and total R＆D for Korea, which could be interpreted as a typical pattern for newly industrialized countries.

• Proceedings of the Korea Technology Innovation Society Conference
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• 2004.05a
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• pp.77-97
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• 2004

In this paper we: (1) analyze the relationship among public R&D investment, private R&D investment, and GDP by employing the Granger causality test; (2) examine if there is any country-specific pattern in the relationship by testing the cases of Korea, the U.S. and Japan. We found some common results for the above countries as follows: (i) GDP causes Public R&D, not vice versa; (ii) Private R&D causes GDP; and (iii) Public R&D does not cause Private R&D. For the bivariate model of GDP and total R&D, the results show the existence of one-way causality running from total R&D to GDP for both U.S, and Japan. We also found bidirectional causal relationship between GDP and total R&D for Korea, which could be interpreted as a typical pattern for newly industrialized countries.

• Journal of Technology Innovation
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• v.19 no.3
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• pp.57-83
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• 2011

We suggested industry-specific priorities of R&D investment with R&D investment elasticity to GDP calculated from the ripple effect of 28 large-sized industry R&D investment, using a Computable General Equilibrium(CGE) Model. Priority orders apply to only 12 industries, because 16 industries with less than 1% of total investment have been excluded. First, R&D investment elasticity to GDP says that priorities are ordered as Basic metal products, Chemicals, drugs and medicines, Food, beverages and tobacco products, Electronic and electrical equipment, Transportation equipment, Precision instruments, Electrictity, gas, steam and water supply, General machinery and equipment, Communications and broadcasting, Construction, Other services, and Real estate and business services. These priorities show the status quo of Korean industry structures well. The GDP growth rate to 2030 year reference equilibrium, which is an auxiliary index, says a similar priority to results from R&D investment elasticity to GDP. In the end, two criteria of priority order can be functioned as a good index for National Science and Technology Commission deciding what industry to invest and what budget to allocate.

• Journal of Korea Technology Innovation Society
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• v.19 no.3
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• pp.658-685
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• 2016

In technology economic theory, technology innovation through R&D is regarded as a core element of economic growth. This research analyzes how R&D input factor (R&D as a percentage of GDP, total number of researchers, the proportion of science and engineering degree) affects GDP, economic outcome variable, through mediating variable (S&T papers, patent registration). The most effective variable among R&D activity variables is following order: the number of S&T papers (0.967), the total number of researchers (0.373), the proportion of R&D expenditure (0.191), the number of patent registration (0.049), the proportion of science and engineering degree (0.007). It is that the proportion R&D expenditure and the total number of researchers shows greater indirect impact through S&T papers and patent than the direct impact on GDP. This implies the importance of high-quality human resources training and the necessity of maintaining the scale of R&D fund or the importance on GDP. Moreover, S&T papers turns out to have the greatest effect on GDP and implies new outcome and value by sharing and expanding new knowledge and technology created by R&D

• Journal of Technology Innovation
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• v.10 no.1
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• pp.65-82
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• 2002

This paper inquires into the causal relationship between R&D investment and GDP (Gross Domestic Product) in Korea. We apply the method of unit-root test, co-integration test, and Hsiao version of the Granger causality test to find the evidence of bi-directional causality between R&D and GDP. However, it is interesting to observe no significant directional effect between government funded R&D and GDP while private sector funded R&D turns out to affect GDP significantly. Utilizing the previous study results on bi-directional relationship between government and private sector funded R&D, we draw the following conclusion: In order to increase GDP, government funded R&D needs to induce private sector to fund more R&D in an effective manner. In this way, government is expected to indirectly participate in the development for better economy in Korea.

• BMB Reports
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• v.41 no.7
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• pp.555-560
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• 2008

The interaction of the rod GTP binding protein, Transducin ($G_t$), with bleached Rhodopsin ($R^*$) was investigated by measuring radiolabeled guanine nucleotide binding to and release from soluble and/or membrane-bound Gt by reconstituting $G_t$ containing bound GDP ($G_t$-GDP) or the hydrolysis-resistant GTP analog guanylyl imidodiphosphate ($G_t$-p[NH]ppG) with $R^*$ under physiological conditions. Release of GDP and p[NH]ppG from $G_t$ occurred to the same extent and with the same light sensitivity both in the presence and absence of added GTP. Significant amounts of $G_t$ without bound nucleotide ($G_{t^-}$) were generated. When ROS containing bleached rhodopsin ($R^*$) were centrifuged in low ionic strength buffer, $G_{t^-}$ remained associated with the membrane fraction, whereas $G_t$-GDP remained in the soluble fraction. These results suggest that $G_t$-GDP and $G_t$-p[NH]ppG have similar affinities for $R^*$. The results also suggest that $G_{t^-}$, rather than $G_t$-GDP, is the moiety which exhibits tight, "light-induced" binding to rhodopsin.

• Environmental and Resource Economics Review
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• v.21 no.2
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• pp.371-416
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• 2012

This study has developed Computable General Equilibrium (CGE) model reflecting endogenous growth economic theory, with the aim of analyzing double dividend hypothesis. This study analyzes possibility of economic growth and environmental improvement at the same time when government recycles the revenue of carbon tax to reduce existed taxes such as consumption tax, labor income tax, corporate tax. It also assesses the case of subsidy on R&D investment of renewable energy. With new and renewable generation technology adopted and disseminated, GDP loss would be lessened to a great degree. Tax recycling would provide economic gain by reducing distortion existed in the existing fiscal structure. The magnitude of economic gains from carbon tax recycling is biggest for recycling into corporate tax, and labor income tax, and then consumption tax in this order. It is also shown that double dividend effects occur in dynamic terms when government uses a carbon tax revenue to subsidize on R&D investment. At the end of the analysis period, emissions reduction would not result in GDP loss but in GDP gain. In particular, recycling into R&D increase would produce the largest and fastest GDP gain. Thus, implementing emissions reduction target would require careful consideration of economic effects by various policy instrument, including carbon tax.

• Proceedings of the Korea Technology Innovation Society Conference
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• 2015.05a
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• pp.226-240
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• 2015

The purpose of this study is to establish a proper evaluation system for R&D performance by analyzing relationships between quantitative results of science& technology and national wealth. We analyzed 193,474 research papers in multi-disciplinary fields from SCOPUS database and explored co-relations between HCP production by section and national wealth. This research found a significant relationship between the number of HCP papers and GDP & GDP per capita by nation. Also, results from this study indicate that top 30 to 40 percent of researches should be reflected in the performance evaluation while these numbers could be flexible in accordance with the direction of national policy. In terms of future research, this study provides basis for designing more effective R&D performance evaluation systems.

• Journal of Distribution Science
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• v.14 no.3
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• pp.39-44
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• 2016

Purpose - The purpose of this research is to investigate whether Korea's economic growth can be explained by the endogenous growth theory. Specifically, we test whether R&D expenditure has a positive and significant effect on the economic growth. Research design, data, and methodology - We hypothesize that R&D expenditure has a positive effect on the economic growth after adding control variables in the growth equation. Korean annual data from 1963 to 2011 from Science and Technology Annual of the Ministry of Education, Science and Technology, the Bank of Korea, etc. are used. We estimate the growth equation by GMM in addition to OLS. Results - We found that R&D expenditure has a positive and significant effect on the economic growth after adding the ratio of investment to GDP, the ratio of FDI to GDP, the ratio of government expenditure to GDP, inflation and the ratio of trade openness to GDP as control variables in the growth equation. Conclusions - Our results show that Korea's rapid economic growth for the past five decades can be explained by the R&D-based endogenous economic growth theory. Our results suggest that the policy attention of the Korean government be paid to R&D promotion.

• Journal of the military operations research society of Korea
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• v.34 no.1
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• pp.79-98
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• 2008

The purpose of this paper is to find the desirable R&D policies in defense area by analyzing causality between GDP and R&D investments in government, private, defense sectors. We have five variables which are composed of GDP, total R&D investment, R&D investments in government, private and defense sectors to figure out the causality between R&D investment in defense sector and other components. In the course of analysis on causality, we took the unit root test of variables to prevent spurious regression. Also we need to take cointegration test about non-stationary variables before the causality test. According to these test results, we took the causality test using ECM(Error Correction Model) for the models which have cointegrating relations. And we took ordinary Granger causality test for model which doesn't have a long-run stationary relationship. As a result of the causality test, it was shown that there exists the long-nu causality to GDP and R&D investments in government and private sectors from other variables. However, there doesn't exist the causality to defense R&D investment from other variables. We found that there doesn't exist the causality between R&D investments in defense and private sectors, and that they are independent.