• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• v.27 no.8
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• pp.1131-1140
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• 2014

This research focused on the effects of different doses of Bacillus subtilis KN-42 on the growth performance, diarrhea incidence, faecal bacterial flora, and the relative number of Lactobacillus and Escherichia coli in faeces of weaned piglets to determine whether the strain can serve as a candidate antimicrobial growth promoter. A total of 360 piglets (initial body weight $7.14{\pm}0.63$ kg) weaned at $26{\pm}2$ days of age were randomly allotted to 5 treatment groups (4 pens per treatment with 18 pigs per pen) for a 28-day trial. Dietary treatments were basal diet without any antimicrobial (negative control; NC), basal diet supplemented with 120 mg/kg feed of neomycin sulfate (positive control; PC) and basal diet supplemented with $2{\times}10^9$ (L), $4{\times}10^9$ (M) and $20{\times}10^9$ (H) CFU/kg feed of B. subtilis KN-42. During the overall period, average daily gain and feed efficiency of piglets were higher in groups PC, M, and H than those in group NC (p<0.05), and all probiotics and antibiotics groups had a lower diarrhea index than group NC (p<0.05). The 16S rDNA gene-based methods were used to analyze faecal bacterial flora on day 28 of experiment. The result of denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis analysis showed that supplementation of B. subtilis KN-42 to the diet changed the bacterial communities, with a higher bacterial diversity and band number in group M than in the other four groups. Real-time polymerase chain reaction analysis showed that the relative number of Lactobacillus were higher in groups PC and H than in group NC (p<0.05), and the supplemented B. subtilis KN-42 to the diet also reduced the relative number of E. coli (p<0.05). These results suggest that dietary addition of B. subtilis KN-42 can improve the growth performance and gastrointestinal health of piglets.

• The Plant Pathology Journal
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• v.31 no.3
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• pp.259-268
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• 2015

This study investigated the chemical characteristics and microbial population during incubation of four kinds of aerated compost teas based on oriental medicinal herbs compost, vermicompost, rice straw compost, and mixtures of three composts (MOVR). It aimed to determine the effects of the aerated compost tea (ACT) based on MOVR on the growth promotion of red leaf lettuce, soybean and sweet corn. Findings showed that the pH level and EC of the compost tea slightly increased based on the incubation time except for rice straw compost tea. All compost teas except for oriental medicinal herbs and rice straw compost tea contained more ${NO^-}_3-N$ than ${NH^+}_4-N$. Plate counts of bacteria and fungi were significantly higher than the initial compost in ACT. Microbial communities of all ACT were predominantly bacteria. The dominant bacterial genera were analyzed as Bacillus (63.0%), Ochrobactrum (13.0%), Spingomonas (6.0%) and uncultured bacterium (4.0%) by 16S rDNA analysis. The effect of four concentrations, 0.1%, 0.2%, 0.4% and 0.8% MOVR on the growth of red leaf lettuce, soybean and sweet corn was also studied in the greenhouse. The red leaf lettuce with 0.4% MOVR had the most effective concentration on growth parameters in foliage part. However, 0.8% MOVR significantly promoted the growth of root and shoot of both soybean and sweet corn. The soybean treated with higher MOVR concentration was more effective in increasing the root nodule formation by 7.25 times than in the lower MOVR concentrations Results indicated that ACT could be used as liquid nutrient fertilizer with active microorganisms for culture of variable crops under organic farming condition.

• Journal of Animal Science and Technology
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• v.54 no.2
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• pp.133-139
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• 2012

A bacterium, identified as $Bacillus$ $amyloliquefacies$, CNL-90 using 16S rDNA analysis, was isolated from malt grain. The optimal activities of its ${\alpha}$-amylase and protease were observed at pH 6 and $60^{\circ}C$, and at pH 6 and $50^{\circ}C$, respectively although their activities remained stable at pH 7 and $40^{\circ}C$for ${\alpha}$-amylase and at pH 7 and $50^{\circ}C$ for protease. After solid-state fermentation of $B.$ $amyloliquefacies$, CNL-90 on wheat bran for 72hr or 144hr, the ${\alpha}$-amylase and protease activities were 170,000 and 290,000 units/kg, and 290,000 and 310,000 units/kg, respectively. The viable bacterial cell counts were $1.5{\times}10^9$ CFU/g and $2.2{\times}10^9$ CFU/g at 72hr and 144hr of the solid-state fermentation, respectively. A feeding trial with a total of 127 piglets was also conducted. The animals were divided into two groups: an experimental group fed with the fermented product (63 piglets) and a control group (64 piglets). The growth rate of the experimental group was 6.66% higher than that of the control group (P<0.05). The results of this study indicate that the ${\alpha}$-amylase and protease from $B.$ $amyloliquefacies$, CNL-90 can be used for industrial applications due to their activity in production of carbohydrate hydrolysates.

• Journal of Life Science
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• v.22 no.7
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• pp.970-980
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• 2012

Native halophytes, such as Suaeda maritima, Limonium tetragonum, S. japonica, Zoysia sinica, and Phragmites australis were collected from the Muan salt marsh. Ninety endophytic fungi were isolated from the roots of the collected halophytes. Molecular insights inferred by internal transcribed spacer containing ITS1, 5.8s, and the ITS2 region showed that all the fungal strains belong to ten orders, i.e., Capnodiales (4.44%), Cystofilobasidiales (1.11%), Dothideales (3.33%), Eurotiales (53.33%), Glomerellales (3.33%), Hypocreales (8.89%), Mucorales (1.11%), Pleosporales (15.56%), Sordariales (1.11%), and Trichosphaeriales (1.11%). The rest (6.67%) of all fungal isolates were not identified. Ninety fungal strains were confirmed at the genus level, containing Acremonium, Alternaria, Aspergillus, Aureobasidium, Cephalosporium, Chaetomium, Cladosporium, Colletotrichum, Cryptococcus, Didymella, Dothideomycete, Emericellopsis, Epicoccum, Eupenicillium, Fusarium, Gibberella, Gongronella, Macrophoma, Microsphaeropsis, Nigrospora, Paecilomyces, Paraconiothyrium, Penicillium, Phaeomyces, Phoma, Pleosporales, Purpureocillium, and Talaromyces. Of all the endophytic fungi identified from the various halophytes, Aspergillus and Penicillium of Eurotiales had the highest abundance.

• The Korean Journal of Mycology
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• v.41 no.4
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• pp.218-224
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• 2013

Of 1,100 yeast strains which were isolated from various Korean fermented foods, screened for phosphate solubilization, five strains showed the ability to solubilize tricalcium phosphate. The 26S rDNA domain D1-D2 sequence analysis revealed the identification of strain Y393 and Y524 as Pichia anomala (99.8 and 100% identity, respectively), Y669 as Pichia farinosa (100% identity), Y901 as Candida versatilis (100% identity), and Y1101 as Pichia subpelliculosa (100% identity). All the phosphate solubilizing strains showed mesophilic characteristics. The temperature range for growth of 4 strains was $20{\sim}35^{\circ}C$ and P. farinosa Y669 was able to grow up to $45^{\circ}C$. The strain C. versatilis Y907 was able to grow at pH range of 5.0~6.0 and showed halophilic characteristics with tolerance to 15% of NaCl concentration. The Phosphate solubilizing yeast strains were survived well in bed soil for 8 weeks which were maintained densities of $10^7{\sim}10^8$ cfu/g. The highest phosphate solubilizing activity was observed in P. subpelliculosa Y1101. It solubilized 697.2 ug/mL of phosphorus from tricalcium phosphate with decrease in pH from 6.8 to 4.37 after 11 days of inoculation.

• The korean journal of orthodontics
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• v.36 no.4
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• pp.263-274
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• 2006

Objective: The purpose of this study was to evaluate clinical and microbiological changes in periodontal tissue around the banded molars after debanding. Methods: This study included 17 young adult patients treated with fixed orthodontic appliances including bands on the last molars more than 1 years. Probing depth and bleeding frequency were measured and plaque samples were collected from the last banded molars in all quadrants of each patient. All the data were collected immediately after debanding and 4 weeks after debanding. Results: Using polymerase chain reaction based on 16S rDNA, the presence of Porphyromonas gingivalis, Tannerella forsythia and Treponema denticola was detected. After debanding, probing depth, bleeding frequency, and prevalance of periodontopathogens were reduced. Probing depth and bleeding frequency were most decreased in the buccal site of the mandibular left molar and were least decreased in the lingual site of the maxillary right molar. Conclusion: The results of this study indicated that proper management of oral hygiene after debanding can recuperate unfavorable periodontal condition caused by orthodontic treatment.

• KSBB Journal
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• v.29 no.5
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• pp.316-322
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• 2014

Xylanase have been used to convert the polymetric xylan into fermentable sugars from the production of ethanol and xylitol from plant biomass. The aim of this study was to isolate and identify xylanolytic bacterium from herbivore feces and was to used the xylanase for enzymatic hydrolysis of biomass. Xylanolytic strains were isolated from 59 different feces of herbivores from Seoul Grand Park located in Gwacheon Gyeonggi-do. The xylanolytic strains were selected by congo red staining and DNS method. Total 67 strains isolated from the herbivores feces were tested for xylanase activity. Among the strains, H10-1, which has the highest xylanase activity, was isolated from feces of Ceratotherium simum. The H10-1 strain was identified as Bacillus pumilus based on its morphological/biochemical characteristics and partial 16S rDNA gene sequences. Culture conditions of B. pumilus H10-1 such as initial medium pH, incubation temperature and incubation time were optimized for maximum xylanase production. And also xylanase produced by B. pumilus H10-1 was applied for the saccharification of Miscanthus sacchariflorus cv. 'Geodae 1', which was pretreated with 1.5M NaOH. The optimized culture conditions of B. pumilus H10-1 were pH 9, $30^{\circ}C$ incubation temperature, and 7 day incubation time, respectively. This xylanase activity under the optimized conditions was $20.4{\pm}3.3IU$. The crude xylanase produced by B. pumilus H10-1 was used for the saccharification of xylan derived from pretreated 'Geodae 1'. The saccharification conditions were $50^{\circ}C$, 200 rpm, and 5 days. Saccharification efficiency of pretreated 'Geodae 1' by B. pumilus H10-1 was 8.2%.

• Food Science of Animal Resources
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• v.38 no.1
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• pp.189-202
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• 2018

This study was conducted to evaluate the effects of fermenting temperature on the applicability of Lactobacillus plantarum for production of fermented sausages as starter cultures, and its applicable efficiency was also compared with those inoculated with commercial starter culture or non-inoculated control. The L. plantarum isolated from a naturally-fermented meat, identified by 16S rDNA sequencing and again identified by de novo Assembly Analysis method was used as a starter culture. Six treatments: 3 with L. plantarum at different fermenting temperatures (20, 25 and $30^{\circ}C$), and other 3 treatments (1 with commercial starter culture, 1 with its mixture with L. plantarum and 1 non-inoculated control) fermented under the same conditions ($25^{\circ}C$) were prepared. Results revealed that the fermenting temperature considerably affected the pH change in samples added with L. plantarum; the highest pH drop rate (1.57 unit) was obtained on the samples fermented at $30^{\circ}C$, followed by those at $25^{\circ}C$ (1.3 unit) and $20^{\circ}C$ (0.99 unit) after 4 days fermentation. Increasing the temperature up to $30^{\circ}C$ resulted in significantly lower spoilage bacteria count (5.15 log CFU/g) and lipid oxidation level in the products inoculated with L. plantarum. The sensory analysis also showed that the samples added with L. plantarum at $30^{\circ}C$ had significantly higher odor, taste and acceptability scores than those fermented at lower temperatures. Under the same processing condition, although the L. plantarum showed slightly lower acidification than the commercial starter culture, however, it significantly improved the eating quality of the product.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• v.30 no.6
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• pp.819-827
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• 2017

Objective: Four lactic acid bacteria (LAB) strains isolated from common vetch, tall fescue and perennial ryegrass on the Tibetan Plateau were characterized, and their effects on the fermentation quality of Italian ryegrass (Lolium multiflorum Lam.) silage were studied. Methods: The four isolated strains and one commercial inoculant (G, Lactobacillus plantarum MTD-1) were evaluated using the acid production ability test, morphological observation, Gram staining, physiological, biochemical and acid tolerance tests. The five LAB strains were added to Italian ryegrass for ensiling at three different temperatures ($10^{\circ}C$, $15^{\circ}C$, and $25^{\circ}C$). Results: All isolated strains (LCG3, LTG7, I5, and LI3) could grow at $5^{\circ}C$ to $20^{\circ}C$, pH 3.0 to 8.0 and NaCl (3.0%, 6.5%). Strains LCG3, LTG7, I5, and LI3 were identified as Lactobacillus plantarum, Pediococcus acidilactici, Lactobacillus paraplantarum, and Lactobacillus casei by sequencing 16S rDNA, respectively. All LAB inoculants significantly (p<0.05) increased lactic acid (LA) contents and ratios of lactic acid to acetic acid, and reduced pH and ammonia nitrogen/total nitrogen (AN/TN) compared with uninoculated silages at various temperatures ($10^{\circ}C$, $15^{\circ}C$, and $25^{\circ}C$). Compared to the commercial inoculant G, I5, and LI3 showed similar effects on improving the silage quality of Italian ryegrass at $10^{\circ}C$ and $15^{\circ}C$, indicated by similar pH, LA content and AN/TN. Conclusion: All inoculants could improve the silage fermentation quality at various temperatures ($10^{\circ}C$, $15^{\circ}C$, and $25^{\circ}C$). At the temperature of $10^{\circ}C$ and $15^{\circ}C$, strain I5 and LI3 had similar effects with the commercial inoculant G on improving the silage quality of Italian ryegrass.

• Food Science of Animal Resources
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• v.37 no.5
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• pp.735-742
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• 2017

This study was conducted to isolate and characterize Paenibacillus sp. MBT213 possessing ${\beta}$-glucosidase activity from raw milk, and examine the enzymatic capacity on the hydrolysis of a major ginsenoside ($Rb_1$). Strain MBT213 was found to have a high hydrolytic ability on ginsenoside $Rb_1$ by Esculin Iron Agar test. 16S rDNA analysis revealed that MBT213 was Paenibacillu sp. Crude enzyme of MBT213 strain exhibited high conversion capacity on ginsenoside $Rb_1$ into ginsenoside Rd proven by TLC and HPLC analyses. The API ZYM kit confirmed that Paenibacillu sp. MBT213 exerted higher ${\beta}$-glucosidase and ${\beta}$-galactosidase activity than other strains. Optimum pH and temperature for crude enzyme were found at 7.0 and $35^{\circ}C$ in hydrolysis of ginsenoside $Rb_1$. After 10 d of optimal reaction conditions for the crude enzyme, ginsenoside $Rb_1$ fully converted to ginsenoside Rd. Ginseng roots (20%) were fermented for 14 d, and analyzed by HPLC showed that amount of ginsenoside $Rb_1$ significantly decreased, while that of ginsenoside Rd was significantly increased. The study confirmed that the ${\beta}$-glucosidase produced by Paenibacillus sp. MBT213 can hydrolyze the major ginsenoside $Rb_1$ and convert to Rd during fermentation of the ginseng. The ${\beta}$-glucosidase activity of this novel Paenibacillus sp. MBT213 strain may be utilized in development of variety of health foods, dairy foods and pharmaceutical products.