• Journal of the Korean Institute of Landscape Architecture
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• v.43 no.2
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• pp.56-72
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• 2015

This study area for this research was the Taereung of the 2009 World Heritage-listed Royal Tombs of the Joseon Dynasty. The Taereung space was divided into that of the royal tomb space, religious service space, transposition space and entry space. The original vegetation is assumed to have been planted at the right, left and backside of the tomb based on historical research literature. Regarding the original vegetation landscape of Taeneung, it was assumed that Pinus densiflora was distributed around the tomb lines and tomb space, Pinus densiflora was distributed in the religion services space and transposition and Alnus japonica was distributed in the entry space. By the present status of vegetation in Taeneung, the Pinus densiflora forest was the widest area with 50.3% with the broadleaf forest at 33.7%. Quercus aliena, Quercus acutissima, and Quercus mongolica were the main species found in Taeneung. The planting area was 7.9% and Pinus densiflora were the main species planted. To analyze the plant community structure of Taeneung, 108 plots were set and divided into four spaces. The importance of the percentage of those districts was analyzed on a spatial basis and it was found that the current dominant species of the tomb space was Pinus densiflora. However, as Pinus densiflora began dying out, the power of Quercus acutissima increased and an ecological succession from the Pinus densiflora forest to Quercus aliena forest was made. In the spaces of religious services and transposition, Pinus densiflora was decreasing and Quercus spp. was expanded. In the space of entry, the dominant species were Pinus densiflora and Quercus aliena, Pinus densiflora and Quercus aliena. As soil of this area is argillaceous, Pinus densiflora is expected to disappear in the end. The prior vegetation(assumed) and present vegetation of Taeneung were compared and analyzed and a goal of vegetation management and the way in which to manage vegetation were suggested. The goal of vegetation landscape management was to analyze ecological characteristics and vegetation changes, maintain and restore a landscape suitable for historical landscape forests by space. About the space of the tomb, Pinus densiflora forests and Pinus densiflora planting zones forests should be maintained and there should be efforts to restore and manage the Pinus densiflora forests, instead of the Quercus spp. forests. About the space of religious services, Pinus densiflora forests and Pinus densiflora planting zones should be maintained and managed and there should be efforts to restore and manage Pinus densiflora forests to replace Quercus spp. Pinus densiflora forests in the space of transposition should be maintained and managed and Pinus densiflora forests should be restored to replace Quercus spp. trees. Alnus japonica forests should be restored in the space of entry.

• Korean Journal of Environmental Biology
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• v.29 no.3
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• pp.195-201
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• 2011

Today, the weather is changing continually, due to the progress of global warming. As the weather changes, the habitats of different organisms will change as well. It cannot be predicted whether or not the weather will change with each passing day. In particular, the biological distribution of the areas climate change affects constitutes a major factor in determining the natural state of indigenous plants; additionally, plants are constantly exposed to rhizobacteria, which are bound to be sensitive to these changes. Interest has grown in the relationship between plants and rhizopheric microorganisms. As a result of this interest we elected to research and experiment further. We researched the dominant changes that occur between plants and rhizospheric organisms due to global warming. First, we used temperature as a variable. We employed four different temperatures and four different sites: room temperature ($27^{\circ}C$), $+2^{\circ}C$, $+4^{\circ}C$, and $+6^{\circ}C$. The four different sites we used were populated by the following strains: Pinus densiflora, Pinus koraiensis, Quercus acutissima. We counted colonies of these plants and divided them. Then, using 16S rRNA analysis we identified the microorganisms. In conclusion, we identified the following genera, which were as follows: 24 strains of Bacillus, 6 Paenibacillus strains, 1 Pseudomonas strains. Among these genera, the dominant strains in Pinus densiflora was discovered in the same genus. Additionally, those of Pinus koraiensis and Quercus acutissima changed in both genus and strains which changed into the Bacillus genus from the Paenibacillus genus at $33^{\circ}C$.

• Journal of Pharmaceutical Investigation
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• v.41 no.6
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• pp.355-362
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• 2011

This work was performed to investigate the protective effect of ethanol extract (AEx) from acorn (Quercus acutissima CARR.) against allergic mediated responses in asthma model cells and mice. The AEx inhibited antigen-stimulated cytokine production such as interleukin (IL)-4, IL-13 and tumor necrosis factor-${\alpha}$ (TNF-${\alpha}$) and AEx also inhibited intracellular reactive oxygen species (ROS) generation against IgE-mediated allergic response in rat basophilic leukaemia RBL-2H3 cells. The ovalbumin (OVA)-sensitized mice were orally administered with AEx (100 or 300 mg/kg) and authentic tannic acid (75 mg/kg) every day for 15 days. Increased TNF-${\alpha}$ production by OVA-sensitization/challenge was significantly reduced by administration of AEx. The serum triglyceride levels of asthma mice were significantly reduced after feeding for 15 days with tannic acid or AEx. The mice fed with tannic acid or AEx also exhibited a significant reduction in body weights compared to those of asthma control group. The AEx increased the heme oxygenase (HO)-1 mRNA expression in the asthma model mice and showed DPPH radical scavenging activity. These results indicate that AEx protects against IgEmediated allergic and OVA-induced asthmatic responses via direct and indirect antioxidant activities. Reduced triglyceride and body weights may provide additional protective benefits of AEx on allergic asthma.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Environmental Restoration Technology
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• v.20 no.2
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• pp.37-59
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• 2017

The Korean peninsula belongs to the temperate forest biome dominated by many deciduous oaks. We quantitatively and qualitatively studied vertical and horizontal distributions and habitat characteristics on the major oak species such as Quercus mongolica, Q. serrata, Q. variabilis, Q. dentata, Q. aliena and Q. acutissima. A total of 5,278 samples were analyzed with a species coverage and 6 principal environmental variables extracted from public database of nationwide natural environment survey. Correlation analysis was accomplished by the CANOCO using Canonical Correspondence Analysis and the Pearson correlation coefficient using PASW Statistics. The hierarchical distribution tendency of six oaks was finalized using the Goodman-Kruskal lambda coefficient of non-metric multidimensional scaling by SYN-TAX 2000. The utmost factor on the distributional segregation of oak species was the elevation, i.e. temperature. Q. serrata and Q. mongolica show clearly a diametrical distribution patterns with zonal distribution. Q. variabilis was determined as a thermophilic and xerophilous species that is a component of not only natural pseudo-climax forest but also secondary forest. The highest frequency of the dominant forest was found Q. mongolica. Whereas, Q. serrata showed the highest frequency of individual tree but the relatively lower frequency of dominant forest, which is resulted from the original habitat loss. By the benefit of the traditional Soopjeong-E, Q. acutissima dominant forests were remained rather largely. Individuals of Q. dentata occurred horizontally nationwide, but its dominant forest was the poorest. Dominant forest of Q. aliena, which is a natural vegetation, was the most rare due to a limited potential habitat.

• The Korean Journal of Physiology
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• v.12 no.1_2
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• pp.7-13
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• 1978

The present study was undertaken to investigate effects of ethanol extracts of acorn (QAEE) on arterial blood Pressure and respiration, to find out the mechanism of depressor activity of QAEE,. add to determine lethal dosages of QAEE in rabbits and dogs. The results obtained were as follows: 1) After administration of 20 mg/Kg, 30 mg/kg, and 40 mg/kg of QAEE into rabbits the maximum depressor responses observed were respectively $16.3{\pm}1.4\;mmHg$, $28.7{\pm}2.0\;mmHg$ and $45.6{\pm}3.1\;mmHg$, while mean depressor responses following administration of 40mg/kg, 60mg/kg and 80mg/kg of QAEE into dogs were $32.2{\pm}1.6\;mmHg$, $39.5{\pm}1.5\;mmHg$, and $47.0{\pm}1.6\;mmHg$ respectively 2) Genenally depressor responses increased in proportion to dosage of QAEE administered whereas at same dosage of QAEE depressor responses were greater in rabbit than in dog. 3) It is suggested that depressor activity of QAEE resides mostly in its activity to activate vagus nerves and partly in Its activity to block beta-rceptors. 4) The lethal dosages of QAEE were 50 mg/kg to 60mg/kg for rabbi hue 90mg/kg to 100 mg/kg for dogs. 5) After QAEE administration respiratory rates were generally increased in the rabbit and the dog.

• The Korean Journal of Ecology
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• v.25 no.1
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• pp.41-44
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• 2002

Weight loss, N and P dynamics during decomposition of fine roots (<2mm) of alder(Alnus japonica), oak (Quercus acutissima) and pitch pine(Pinus rigida) were studied for 33 months in Kongju, Korea. After 33 months, remaining weight of fine roots of alder, oak and pitch pine was 29.2%, 47.7% and 53.4% of the initial weight, respectively. The decomposition rate constant (k) for alder, oak and pitch pine was 0.448 $yr^1$, 0.269 $yr^1$, 0.228 $yr^1$, respectively. Initial concentration of N and P in fine roots was 10.32mg/g and 0.69mg/g for alder, 6.20mg/g and 0.37mg/g for oak and 7.26mg/g and 0.44mg/g for pitch pine, respectively. Initial concentration of N and P in alder were higher than those in oak and pitch pine. After 33 months, remaining N and P in fine roots was 39.5$\%$ and 31.8$\%$ for alder, 59.4$\%$ and 57.8$\%$ for oak, 63.0$\%$ and 83.4$\%$ for pitch pine, respectively. Decomposition rate and the rate of N released from decomposing fine roots was positively correlated with the initial N concentration of the fine roots.

• The Korean Journal of Ecology
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• v.17 no.4
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• pp.501-511
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• 1994

Dynamics of nutrients, non-polar, water solubles, acid solubles and acid insolubles (lignin) in decomposing litter were investigated for 2 years in the oak, Quercus acutissima, and the pitch pine, Pinus rigida, stands in the vicinity of Kongju, Chungnam Province. Nitrogen and phosphorus conetrations in decomposing litter increased with time elapsed, however, potassium decreased rapidly within three months and then remined constant with time elapsed. Calcium concentration in needle litter during experimental period was lower than that of initial concentration in needle litter during experimental period was lower than that of initial concentration, and showed no significant variation with time elapsed. Calcium concentration in oak litter during the experimental period, however, were higher than that of initial concentration. Magnesium concentration in oak litter decreased repidly during six months, and then remaines constant thereafter. Annual amount of nitrogen, phosphorus, potassium, calcium and magnesium which returned to soil via litter decomposition in the oak and the pitch pine stands was $3.3g/m^2$ and $0.9g/m^2$ for N, $0.03g/m^2$ and $0.01g/m^2$ for P, $1.3g/m^2$ and $0.7g/m^2$ for K, $0.7g/m^2$ and $1.2g/m^2$ for Ca, $0.9g/m^2$ and $0.4g/m^2$ for Mg, respectively. Non-polar, and water- and acid-soluble fractions in decomposing litter decreased and lignin increased with time.

• Journal of the Korean Wood Science and Technology
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• v.29 no.4
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• pp.16-24
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• 2001

Conventional hot-air oven-drying method takes at least four hours to determine the moisture content of wood sample and this method is not always acceptable to wood industry. In this study samples of six different specifications from Paulownia coreana, Pinus densiflora and Quercus acutissima were dried in domestic microwave oven to their oven dry weights to investigate the possibility of rapid moisture content determination technique using microwave-oven drying method. Continuous heating time, cooling time and intermittent heating time were determined by each species and sample specifications. Temperatures of surface and center of samples were also measured during drying. Oven-drying times were reduced to 1/7~1/10 of conventional hot-air oven-drying method. Therefore microwave heating and drying techniques appear attractive for wood industry as a rapid moisture content determination method.

• Journal of Wetlands Research
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• v.11 no.2
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• pp.1-7
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• 2009

In order to select the water flooding-tolerant trees among Korean oaks, we cultivated the sapling of 6 deciduous oak species, Quercus acutissima, Q. mongolica, Q. variabilis, Q. dentata, Q. aliena and Q. serrata, under the water flooding treatment and the control, and analysed the growth difference among them. For comparing the growth between treatment and control, we measured 13 morphological and ecological traits, such as leaf Leaf number, leaf length, leaf width, leaf area, shoot length, stem length, stem diameter, root length, plant length, leaf weight, stem weight, root weight, plant weight. Q. serrata have no growth difference between water flooding treatment and control, but the rest 5 species showed the growth reduction in water flooding treatment. Tolerance of oak species to water flooding was risen in order of Quercus acutissima, Q. mongolica, Q. variabilis, Q. dentata, Q. aliena and Q. serrata. Thus, among Korean deciduous oaks, it is desirable to plant Q. serrata for flood plain restoration of river.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Environmental Restoration Technology
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• v.14 no.2
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• pp.11-20
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• 2011

This study was conducted to suggest appropriate methods for management of urban forest after investigating the present condition and problems of urban forests by analyzing vegetation and soil properties in urban forests in the Daejeon. On the basis of our research, Pinus rigida dominate Gyejoksan and Bomunsan. Pinus densiflora dominate Wolpyeong park and Quercus acutissima dominate Namsun park. On the basis of our result of analysis of soil chemical properties, all investigated areas have low pHs, available phosphates and exchangeable cations. They indicate that the soil of those areas have been acidifying progressively. Soil hardness measurements were conducted to know the conditions of trampled soils and the results of them show that soil hardness in Namsun park was higher than the others. This indicates that human interference affect the health of the urban forest.