• The Korea Journal of Herbology
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• v.27 no.1
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• pp.51-58
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• 2012

Objectives : This study was performed to investigate effect of evodiae fructus on acute reflux esophigitis rat induced by pylorus and forestomach ligation operation. Methods : Twenty-four laboratory rats were divided four groups and each group had six rats ; normal intact group, acute reflux esophagitis (RE) control group, two experiment RE group treated extract of evodiae fructus 600 mg/kg (EEF600) and 300 mg/kg (EEF300). All rats was fasted for 18 hr but free water, we induced RE by pylorus and forestomach ligation operation. Intact group and RE control group rats were orally administered a distilled water and two experiment groups were orally administed with EEF 600 mg/5ml/kg and 300 mg/5ml/kg. One hour after, rats were anesthetized, intact group was cut the abdomen open and sutured with 2.0 silk thread. RE control group and EEF group were cut the abdomen open, ligated pyloric canal and forestomach with 2.0 silk thread and sutured. Six hour after the operation, rats were sacrified, collected bloods in the abdominal vein, disectted a esophagus and stomach. The stomach was washed a 1 ml PBS and the esophagus was cut longitudinally and pictured a innter mucosa area to research damages in esophagus. Results : The esophagic tissue damage percentage of reflux esophagitis rat was increased compared to that of normal intact group. But esophagic damage percentage of EEF 600 were significantly decreased compared to that of RE control group. But there was no difference on gastric juice pH between control RE, alpha-tocopherol administration rat group and EEF administration rat group. In esophagus of RE control rat, gastric damage occurred severely and injury percentage of mucosa were increased, but EEF 600 mucous inflammatory damage percentage was significantly compared to that of RE control group. Proinflammatory cytokines such as TNF-alpha, IL-1beta and IL-6 in serum on RE control group were markedly grew than those of intact rat, those of vechicle group treated with EEF 600 and EEF 300 were remarkably decreased compared to production of proinflammatory cytokine of RE control group. In microscopic observation, intact group rat had no hyperemia, mucous injury and exclusion, ulcer and edema. But it could showed mucosa damages, submucosa edema and ulcer in RE control. However, administration of EEF 600 and EEF 300 made esophagus have less inflammation and injury by gastric acid. Conclusions : The results suggest that antiinflammatory Effect of EEF could attenuate the severity of reflux esophagitis and prevent the esophageal mucosal damage, and validate its therapeutic use in esophageal reflux disease.

• The Journal of Internal Korean Medicine
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• v.31 no.4
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• pp.857-869
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• 2010

Objectives : The aim of this study was to evaluate whether rats with non-obstructive antral dilation could be a useful tool resembling functional dyspeptic patients. We also investigated the effect of Bojoongikki-tang (BJ), and Youngkaechulgam-tang (YK) in antral dilated rats. Methods : Non-obstructive antral dilation was performed by first wrapping a non-absorbable rubber ring (D:6mm, W:4mm, T:1mm) around the 1st portion of the duodenum causing pyloric obstruction (PO). After 12 weeks, except for some PO group rats used for the control, the rubber ring was removed by performing another operation. The antral dilated rats (AD) were then divided into three groups, a non-treatment group (AD-NT), and two herbal medicine groups each given an extract solution containing 125 mg/kg of Youngkaechulgam-tang (AD-YK) or Bojoongikki-tang (AD-BJ) for 4 weeks. Then gastric contractility was evaluated by bowel sound measurement, and afterwards the changes of the weight, and morphologic changes of the stomach were evaluated for each group including the normal intact group (NI). Results : Loss of weight and enlargement of the stomach surface area was seen in the PO group. Decrease of gastric motility index was observed in the AD-NT group, while the increased surface area of the stomach was not significantly different from the PO group. Youngkaechulgam-tang seemed to increase gastric contraction, whereas Bojoongikki-tang showed no effect. Weight gain of rats was observed in both the AD-YK and AD-BJ groups, but there seemed to be no change of the dilated stomach surface area. Conclusions : The non-obstructive antral dilated rat seems to be an experimental pathologic model that reflects the gastric dysmotility similar to functional dyspeptic patients with antral dilation. Therefore patients with dysmotility-like dyspepsia with antral function disorders should be treated efficiently. As Youngkaechulgam-tang is shown to increase both gastric contraction and weight in antral dilated rats, it may be used for treating functional dyspepsia. However, Bojoongikki-tang should be used with caution in patients with gastric dysmotility.

• Korean Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences
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• v.28 no.2
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• pp.219-226
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• 1995

A study was made of the concentration of the naturally occurring radionuclide $^{210}Po$ in seawater, plankton and fishes collected from Yongil Bay, Korea, in summer 1993. The mean value of the $^{210}Po$ concentration in sea water was determined to be about 1.9 mBq/l, with the proportion of the dissolved forms being about $46\%$. The mean $^{210}Po$ concentration factor in the centric diatom Skeletonema costatum, comprises > $95\%$ of the total phytoplankton cell number, was $7.6\times10^4$. Of five species of zooplankton examined, four species (two copepods and two mysids) had $^{210}Po$ concentrations in the range of $^{210}Po$ mBq/g dry weight. A copepod Labidocera bipinnata, however, was exceptional with a particularly high $^{210}Po$ level of 2,070 mBq/g. This indicates that L. bipinnata is primarily a raptorial feeder. The concentration of $^{210}Po$ in the pyloric caecum of pelagic fishes was 2,979-3,811 mBq/g, with the concentration factors of $3.4-4.3\times10^6$. The food chain concentration of $^{210}Po$ occurred as follows: phytoplankton < filter feeding copepods < omnivorous mysids < raptorial copepod < pelagic fishes.

• Journal of Life Science
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• v.8 no.6
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• pp.627-637
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• 1998

In order to utilize tuna pyloric caeca among fish intestines wasted when treated raw fish in fish processing manufactory, a crude enzyme with high proteolytic activity was extracted and its optimum condition were investigated. An immobilized enzymes also were prepared by adsorption method to enhance thermostability of the crude proteinase. The yield of the crude proteinase was approximately 2.7% on dry basis. The proteolytic activity for casein was 0.54 U/mg protein, for BTEE 1.10 U/mg protein, and for BAEE 2.69 U/mg protein. It was almost similar to that of the commercial trypsin purified. Optimum hydrolysis activity of the crude proteinase was about 80%, as the degree of hydrolysis for casein, at pH 10.0 and 45$^{\circ}C$ for 12 hrs. Also, when the crude proteinase was immobilized on DEAE-Cellulose and chitin, the residual activities remained after 7 days of pre-incubation time were maintained about 90% or more and their thermostabilities were enhanced by about 50%, compared with the native enzyme.

• Korean Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences
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• v.31 no.2
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• pp.149-159
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• 1998

To utilize the oyster shell containing a lot of calcium, we investigated the bioavailability of calcium compounds from oyster shell. First, calcium oxide was prepared by burning of oyster shell at $1200^{\circ}C$. Its purity was approximately $98.5\%$. Calcium compounds, $CaCl_2$, and $CaHPO_4$, from the calcium oxide were prepared by chemical reaction. Effect on calcium absorption by the calcium compounds from oyster shell was improved using fish skin gelatin peptides.(FSGP), which was prepared by enzymatic hydrolysis of fish skin gelatin for 4hr with tuna pyloric caeca crude enzyme (TPCCE). in vitro experiment, calcium absorption by addition of FSGP in a mixture solution of calcium and phosphate was higher approximately $70\%$ than that by control. in vivo using calcium deficient rats, a group taken the diets with $3\%$ FSGP and $CaHPO_4$ was significantly improved amount of calcium and ash in femur and strength of femur. These results suggest that calcium compounds from oyster shell and FSGP could be used as an effective dietary calcium source.

• The Journal of Internal Korean Medicine
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• v.21 no.1
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• pp.87-99
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• 2000

Objectives : This is the experimetal paper to evaluate and compare the effects of Bosimgunbitang(補心健脾湯) with those of Jungjungamiyijintang(正傳加味二陳湯) on contraction of isolated organs, anti-ulcer, secretion of gastric juice, secretion of gastrin in serum, transport ability of intestine, analgesic effect and sedative effect Methods : We used mice and rats administered with the extract of the above herbs. Results: Bosimgunbitang and jungjungamiijintang showed the inhibitory effect on the smooth muscle contraction of the isolated ileum induced by acethylcholine chloride and barium chloride in mice. transport ability of intestine. Bosimgunbitang and jungjungamiijintang showed the inhibitory effect on the contraction of the fundus-strip induced by acethylcholine chloride and barium chloride in rats. The preventive effect on pyloric ulcer, indomethacin induced ulcer and ethanol-HCl induced ulcer bf mice was significant. The inhibitory effect of Bosimgunbitang on gastric free acidity, total acidity in Shay rats was significant. The inhibitory effect of on gastrin secretion in serum was significant after only 1 hour when the Bosimgunbitang and jungjungamiijintang was administered. The promoting effect of the jungjungamiijintang on the transport ability of small intestine was significant in the high concentration. The promoting effect of the Bosimgunbitang and jungjungamiijintang on the transport ability of large intestine was significant. The analgesic and the sedative effect were recognized. It meaned that Bosimgunbitang and jungjungamiijintang effected on the C.N.S.. Conclusion : Bosimgunbitang and jungjungamiijintang have the inhibitory effect on the smooth muscle abnormal contraction of the isolated ileum and the anti-ulcer effect to prevent, secretion of gastric juice and gastrin in serum. And they also have to increase a transport ability of intestine, analgesic effect and sedative effect. Jungjungamiijintang especially is eminent for analgesic effect while Bosimgunbitang has excellent sedative effect.

• Korean Journal of Ichthyology
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• v.28 no.1
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• pp.19-27
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• 2016

The RLG (relative length of gut) is 1.52 (n=12) in the sablefish, Anoplopoma fimbria. The digestive tract has five or six pyloric caeca in the posterior region of stomach. Morphology of mucosal fold is unbranched type in the esophagus and stomach, but branched type in the intestine. The histological structure of digestive tract can be divided into mucosal layer, submucosal layer, muscular layer and serous membrane in the cross section. In the esophagus, mucosal epithelial layer is a simple, and consists of ciliated columnar epithelia and mucous cells. In the stomach, gastric gland of mucosal epithelial layer is a tubular, and is composed of chief cell, parietal cell and mucin secreting cell, which is columnar and contained secretory granules of red and blue colors in the AB-PAS (pH 2.5) reaction. In the intestine, mucosal epithelial layer is a simple, and consists of ciliated columnar epithelia and goblet cells. The submucosal layer is composed mainly of collagen fibers, and well developed in the esophagus. And the muscular layer of digestive tract is divided into longitudinal and circular muscle layer, and well developed in the stomach. The liver is composed of numerous lobular structure and bile canaliculi. Stainability of hepatocyte cytoplasm was eosinophilic, and nucleus and nucleolus showed basophilic in the H-E stain. The pancreatic tissue was scattered in the fatty tissue near the digestive tract, and acinar gland consisting of numerous exocrine cells. And cytoplasmic stainability of exocrine cell was basophilic, and contained numerous zymogen granules of eosinophilic in the H-E stain.

• Korean Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences
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• v.37 no.6
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• pp.462-468
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• 2004

In order to evaluate adaptation to the environment in released fish, digestive organ and body composition were compared among 1-year old cultured (CUL), released (REL) and wild (WIL) Black Sea Bream, Acanthopagrus schlegeli. Hepatosomatic index (HSI) of the REL was significantly lower than those of the CUL and WIL fish, but intestine weight index (IWI) of REL was significantly higher than those of the CUL and WIL fish. There were no significant differences in stomach weight index (SWI) and condition facto. (CF) among those different fish groups. The number of pyloric caeca of the REL and WIL fish were 4, but the $30{\%}$ of CUL fish was 3 counts. The moisture content of whole body in the WIL fish was significantly higher than the CUL and REL fish, but significant lowest in the crude lipid of whole body. The content of moisture and crude protein of dorsal muscle were no significant differences among the CUL, REL and WIL fish, but crude lipid content of WIL fish was significantly lower than the CUL and REL fish. Moisture content of CUL fish in the liver was significantly lower than the REL and WIL fish, and crude lipid was significant lowest in the WIL fish. Amino acid content of dorsal muscle in the WIL fish was highest in the total amino acid, EAA and E/A ratio, and CUL fish was highest EAA and E/A ratio in liver. EPA content in dorsal muscle of WIL fish was lower than CUL and REL fish, and the REL fish was highest in DHA content of the fatty acid. EPA content in liver of WIL fish was lower than CUL and REL fish, and DHA content in REL and WIL fish was highest and lowest. Crude protein content of CUL and WIL fish in the scale was significantly higher than REL fish, but there were no significant differences in contents of crude lipid and ash. Ca and P of scale were formed most of mineral and content of P in CUL fish was significantly higher than those of REL and WIL fish. There were no significant differences in Mg, K, Na and S of scale, but CUL fish was significantly lower than REL fish in C1. The results suggest that difference of digestive organs and body composition concluded it from differences of inhabitation environment and feed formulations.

• Korean Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences
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• v.22 no.5
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• pp.241-265
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• 1989

The purpose of present study is to describe the taxonomy and early life history of Korean pomfrets, genus Pampus. Egg diameter varied from $0.83\~1.27mm\;and\;1.05\~1.41mm$ in P. argenteus and P. echinogaster respectively. Larvae of P. echinogaster of 16.5 mm in total length has full number of fin rays and enter the juvenile period. The egg is matured at 185.0 mm in total length in P. argenteus and at 95.5 mm in total length in P. echinogaster. P. echinogaster is ossified from jaw bone at $8.5\~10.0mm$ in to1 length and followed by ossification of vertebrae and visceral skeleton. P. argenteus and P. echinogaster are distinguished by the morphology of jaw, fin and isthmus. In P. argenteus, wavy ridges extends over the upper part of pectoral fin and gill membrane is broadly united to isthmus, while in P. echinogaster the ridges are limited to the base of pectoral fin and gill membrane reaching isthmus. These Pampus spp. are easily distinguished based on internal features, such as number of vertebrae, gill raker, pyloric caeca, epipleural bone, esophageal sat and length of intestine.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Food Science and Nutrition
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• v.29 no.4
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• pp.635-641
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• 2000

In order to utilize the protein source from a fish proessing by-product, cod was hydrolyzed with various enzymes such as tuna pyloric caeca crude enzyme (TPCCE), a-chymotrypsin, trypsin, papain and pronase E. The TPCCE hydrolysate acquired the highest sensory properties on taste, odor and color. The resultant cod rfame protein hydrolysate (CFPH) which was hydrolyzed with TPCCE, was separated through a series of ultrafiltration membranes with molecular weight cut-off (MWCO) of 30, 10, 5 and 1 kDa, and four types of permeates in cluding 30 K (permeate from 30 kDa membrane), 10 K (permeate from 10 kDa membrane), 5 K (permeate from 5 kDa membrane) and 1 K (permeate from 1 kDa membrane) were obtained. The natural sauces were prepared with 30 K, 10 K, 5 K and 1 K hydrolysate, and the sauce prepared with 1 K hydrolysate was the best score in sensory evaluations. In addition the mixed sauce prepared with 1 K hydrolysate and commercial soy sauce was similar to commercial sauce in sensory properties. These results suggest that the mixed sauce would be utilized as the substitute of acid-hydrolysis sauce.