• The Plant Pathology Journal
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• v.31 no.3
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• pp.245-251
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• 2015

Alternative hosts increase the difficulty of disease management in crops because these alternate hosts provide additional sources of primary inoculum or refuges for diversity in the pathogen gene pool. Agropyron cristatum (crested wheatgrass), Bromus inermis (smooth bromegrass), Pascopyrum smithii (western wheatgrass), Stipa viridula (green needlegrass), and Thinopyrum intermedium (intermediate wheatgrass), commonly identified in range, prairie, verge, and soil reclamation habitats, serve as additional hosts for Pyrenophora tritici-repentis, the cause of tan spot in wheat (Triticum aestivum L.). A. cristatum (five lines), B. inermis (seven lines), P. smithii (four lines), S. viridula (two lines), and T. intermedium (six lines) were tested for their reactions to 30 representative P. tritici-repentis isolates from races 1-5. Plants were grown until the two-three-leaf stage in a greenhouse, inoculated individually with the 30 isolates, held at high humidity for 24 h, and rated after 7 days. All lines developed lesion types 1-2 (resistant) based on a 1-5 rating scale. Also, leaves from an additional plant set were infiltrated with two host selective toxins, Ptr ToxA as a pure preparation and Ptr ToxB as a dilute crude culture filtrate. All lines were insensitive to the toxins. Results indicate that these grass hosts have a limited or nonsignificant role in tan spot epidemiology on wheat in the northern Great Plains. Additionally, the resistant reactions demonstrated by the grass species in this research indicate the presence of resistance genes that can be valuable to wheat breeding programs for improving wheat resistance to P. tritici-repentis.

• Korean Journal of Medicinal Crop Science
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• v.11 no.2
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• pp.102-108
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• 2003

This experiment was conducted to evaluate the diversity and purity of the Korean ginseng (Panax gjnseng) lines developed by the pure line selection using RAPD markers. Four primer (OPA 19, OPM 11, URP 3 and UBC 98) out of the 48 primer tested produced band which showed within-line polymorphisms at least in one line. Within-line polymorphisms were detected in six lines by OPA 19, in four lines by URP 03, in five lines by OPM 11, and in one line by UBC 98 respectively. Five plants obtained from the commercial cultivar 'Cheonpung' were differentiated using the primers OPA 19 and OPM 11. Five plants obtained from the 'Yeonpung were differentiated using the primer OPM 11. Detection of within-line RAPD polymorphisms might be attributed to the fact that cross pollination appear in P. gjnseng and a long period of three to four years required to reach the reproductive stage thereby delay the process to homozygosity.

• Journal of Biosystems Engineering
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• v.31 no.5 s.118
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• pp.395-402
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• 2006

Mixed heat transfer in an indirected NIR (Near Infrared Ray) dry chamber was investigated numerical analysis. It is Important that the miked heat transfer effects on double parameters which the Reynolds number and the position of emit lamp. Reynolds number are based on the outer diameter of the cylinder range from 103 to $30{\times}105$. Four difference heat transfer regimes of behavior are apparent: forced convection and radiation on the outer surface of the cylinder, pure conduction, pure natural convection and radiation between lamp surface and inner surface of the cylinder. The temperature and flow patterns are illustrated by iso-contour lines for the double parameters. Also presented are results on the convective heat transfer flux and the radiative heat transfer flux as increased with Reynolds number.

• Natural Product Sciences
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• v.13 no.2
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• pp.110-113
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• 2007

Five flavonoid derivatives, pinostrobin (1), pinocembrin (2), alpinetin (3), cardamonin (4) and boesenbergin A (5) were isolated from the rhizomes of Boesenbergia pandurata. All compounds were elucidated based on its spectroscopic data and by the comparison with the previous works. 2D NMR technique was used for the structure elucidation of boesenbergin A to complement the data reported previously. The extracts and pure compounds were screened for cytotoxic activity against HL-60 cancer cell lines (human promyelocytic leukemia). Cytotoxic screening showed most of the extracts and pure compounds isolated from the rhizomes of Boesenbergia pandurata were active against HL-60 cancer cell line. The chloroform extract and boesenbergin A showed the most potent cytotoxic activity.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Safety
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• v.12 no.1
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• pp.77-93
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• 1997

The natural convection and combined heat transfer induced by fire in a rectangular enclosure is numerically studied. The model for this numerical analysis is partially opened, it is divided by a vertical baffle projecting from ceiling. The solution procedure Includes the standard k- $\varepsilon$ model for turbulent flow and the discrete ordinates method (DOM ) is used for the calculation of radiative heat transfer equation. In this study, numerical simulation on the combined naturnal convection and radiation is carried out in a partial enclosure filled with absorbed-emitted gray media, but is not considered scattering problem. The velocity vectors, streamlines, and isothermal lines are compared the results of pure convection with those of the combined convection-radiation, the combined heat transfer. Comparing the results of pure convection with those of the combined convection-radiation, the combined heat transfer analysis shows the stronger circulation than those of the pure convection. Three different locations of heat source are considered to observe the effect of heat source location on the heat transfer phenomena. As the results, the circulation and the heat transfer In the left region from heating block are much more influenced than those in the right region. It is also founded that the radiation effect cannot be neglected in analyzing the building in fire.

• Corrosion Science and Technology
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• v.9 no.2
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• pp.98-103
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• 2010

In order to further reduce the cost without reducing the corrosion resistance, a high-manganese austenitic alloy for sink roll or stabilizer roll in continuous hot-dip coating lines was developed. A systematic study of corrosion behavior of the high-manganese austenitic alloy in pure zinc bath at $490^{\circ}C$ was carried out. The results shows that, the high-manganese austenitic alloy shows better corrosion resistance than 316L steel. The corrosion rate of the high-manganese austenitic alloy in pure zinc bath is calculated to be approximately $6.42{\times}10^{-4}g{\cdot}cm^{-2}{\cdot}h^{-1}$, while the 316L is $1.54{\times}10^{-3}g{\cdot}cm^{-2}{\cdot}h^{-1}$. The high-manganese austenitic alloy forms a three-phase intermetallic compound layer morphology containing ${\Gamma$}, ${\delta}$ and ${\zeta}$ phases, while the 316L is almost ${\zeta}$ phase. The ${\Gamma}$ and ${\delta}$ phases of the high-manganese austenitic alloy contain about 8.5 wt% Cr, the existence of Cr improve the stabilization of phases, which slow down the reaction of Fe and Zn, improve the corrosion resistance of the high-manganese austenitic alloy. So substitute the nickel with the manganese to manufacture the high-manganese austenitic alloy of low cost is feasible.

• Proceedings of the Korean Vacuum Society Conference
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• 2000.02a
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• pp.164-164
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• 2000

Since Au-Pt alloys have various atomic structures depending upon composition and annealing temperature, it is very interesting to investigate the electronic structures of alloys. We studied the changes of the electronic structure I the Au-Pt alloys by x-ray absorption near edge spectroscopy (XANES). Two kinds of Au-Pt alloy samples were prepared by arc melting methods and ion-beam-mixing technique. The Pt L2, 3-edge and Au L2, 3-edge X-ray absorption spectra (XPS) were measured with the electron yield mode detector at the 3C1 beam line of the Pohang Light Source (PLS). It was found that there was a substantial decrease in the area of the Pt L2, 3 white lines compared with that of pure Pt. The observed decrease in white line area was attributed to an increase in the number of pure Pt. The observed decrease in white line area was attributed to an increase in the number of 5d-electrons at the Pt site upon alloy formation. However, the Au L2, 3 edge spectra for Au-Pt alloys are all similar to that of pure Au. This implies that the 5d hole count of Au is not changed by alloy formation with Pt.

• Proceedings of the KSR Conference
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• 2010.06a
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• pp.432-436
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• 2010

This paper investigates the productivity growth in Korean railway lines. The productivity growth is calculated by a process of measuring of pure efficiency change index(PECI), scale efficiency change index(SECI), and technical change index(TCI), using Data envelopment analysis (DEA) method. The data cover the period 1990~2007; 1990~2003 are the pre-structural reform years and the post-structural reform years are 2005~2007. The framework for the analysis is Malmquist Productivity Index (MPI) of the to investigate the impacts of structural reform on productivity growth, respectively. The inputs considered are the length of operating line, the number of staff, the number of coach and wagon, and the outputs are the trains movement of passenger and freight, and the traffic of passenger and freight.

• The Bulletin of The Korean Astronomical Society
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• v.35 no.1
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• pp.58.2-58.2
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• 2010

L1251B, which was revealed as a small group of protostars by the Spitzer Space Telescope (SST), presents a great site of studying chemical evolution in gas and ice as well as various dynamical processes associated with star formation (infall, rotation, and outflow). We have mapped L1251B with the Infrared Spectrograph (IRS) aboard the SST to study the chemical distribution in the phases of gas and ice and the dynamical feature related to shock in the region. Various atomic lines and the $H_2$ pure rotational lines, which trace different shock velocities, were detected. In addition, the distribution of the water and $CO_2$ ices hints variety of the ice desorption mechanism in L1251B.

• Journal of architectural history
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• v.6 no.3 s.13
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• pp.145-154
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• 1997

Le Corbusier had developed the Modulor replacing the Regulating Lines in the 1930's and 1940's. The lines can not produce lyrical ideas or creational concept but make plastic dimension pure only to keep in balance. First, the Grid of Proportions was developed and then the Modulor 1. The Modulor originated in one square, double square, the two golden means added or subtracted, the place of the right angle, human dimension, the Fibonacci series and divided Red series and Blue series. He developed the Modulor 2 for a reconciliation between the foot-and-inch system and the metre. As Corbusier devoted himself to a social and industrial problem, he was sure that a transcendental universality be in cosmos including a human being. His dream was to creat a orderly and harmonious utopia. What intrinsic harmony between Cosmos, nature and a human being be realized by mathematic order was the reason he hinted himself to the proportion.