• Journal of Preventive Medicine and Public Health
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• 제17권1호
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• pp.25-29
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• 1984

작업장소음(作業場騷音)에 의한 실제 근로자혈압변화(勤勞者血壓變化)의 양상을 파악(把握)하기 위하여 1983년 6월 8일부터 2주간 모(某) 섬유업체의 기숙사에서 생활(生活)하는 건강(健康)한 여성(女性) 근로자(勤勞者)들 중에서 기직공(機織工) 70명(名)과 가공공(加工工) 70명(名)을 대상(對象)으로 작업(作業) 전(前)과 30분(分) 후(後)의 혈압(血壓), 연령(年齡), 근무년수(勤務年數), 신장(身長), 체중(體重) 그리고 작업장소음(作業場騷音)에 대해 조사(調査) 분석(分析)하였다. 작업환경(作業環境)의 소음(騷音)은 가공부(加工部)에서 평균 80dB(A), 기직부(機織部)에서 평균99dB(A)였다. 일반적 특성에 있어 연령(年齡)은 가공공(加工工) 17.7세(歲), 기직공(機織工) 18.6세(歲)로 유의한 차(差)가 있으나(p<0.05), 신장, 체중 그리고 근무년수는 양 군(群)사이에 유의한 차(差)가 없었다. 수축기와 이완기의 평균혈압(平均血壓)은 각각 가공공(加工工)에서 108.9mmHg, 67.8mmHg, 기직공(機織工)에서 112.5mmHg, 71.6mmHg로 양 군(群)사이에 유의한 차(差)를 보였다(p<0.05). 작업(作業) 전(前)과 30분(分) 후(後)의 혈압변화(血壓變化)가 가공공(加工工)에서는 통계적으로 유의하지 않았으나, 기직공(機織工)에서는 수축기 3.2mmHg, 이완기 2.5mmHg의 유의한 증가(增加)를 보였다.(p<0.05) 혈압(血壓)에 대한 이원변량분석에서는 소음(騷音)에 의한 영향만이 유의하였고(p<0.05), 연령(年齡)과 이들의 상호작용(相互作用)에 의한 영향은 유의하지 않았다. 소음(騷音)이 근로자(勤勞者)들의 혈압증가(血壓增加)에 중요한 역할을 할 것이므로 소음작업(騷音作業) 근로자(勤勞者)들의 건강관리(健康管理)를 위해서는 작업장소음(作業場騷音)의 감소, 이보호구(耳保護具)의 사용(使用), 정기적인 혈압변화(血壓變化)의 관찰 그리고 고혈압(高血壓) 소질자(素質者)의 소음작업(騷音作業)의 제한 등의 대책이 필요하리라 생각된다.

• Journal of Preventive Medicine and Public Health
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• 제30권4호
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• pp.764-778
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• 1997

근로자의 요통으로 인한 의료보험 이용 실태를 파악하기 위해 1993년부터 1995년까지 광주의 한 직장 의료보험조합에 소속된 남자 8,783명, 여자 1,400명계 10,153명의 의료보험 급여자료로부터 한국표준질병사인 분류코드상 요통과 관련된 변형성 배병증, 기타 배병증, 요추염좌에 해당되는 질환군의 치료시 이용한 의료보험 급여자료와 연구대상자의 일반적 특성을 결합시켜 분석한 결과는 다음과 같다. 1. 1993년부터 1995년까지 3개년간 연구대상자의 요통으로 인한 수진율은 남자 17.1%, 여자가 19.4%였으며, 요통의 원인중 남녀 모두 '기타 배병증'이 가장 많은 비율 차지하였다. 2. 남녀 모두에서 연령 및 입사시 연령이 높을수록 요통으로 인한 수진율이 증가하는 경향이 있었다(p<0.001). 남녀 모두 근무기간이 길수록 수진율이 증가하는 경향을 보였으나, 통계적 유의성은 없었다. 남자에서는 시멘트 콘크리트제품 제조업 종사자가 유의하게 수진율이 높았으며(p<0.01), 여자에서는 생산직이 사무직보다 유의하게 높았다(p<0.01). 3. 1993년부터 1995년까지 3개년간 요통의 수진율과 요통으로 인한 새로운 수진자의 발생율은 비슷하였지만, 세부적으로 남녀 모두에서 기타 배병증이 증가하는 경향이 있었다. 4. 수진량에 있어서는 연령별, 근무기간별, 산업별, 소득수준에 따라 수진자 1인당 평균외래수진건수에 있어서 유의한 차이가 있었고(p<0.05), 근무기간별로 수진자 1인당 평균외래방문회수가 유의한 차이를 보였다.(p<0.05). 이상을 종합해보면 매년 요통으로 인한 의료보험 이용자수가 증가하고 있으며, 특히 만성적인 장애를 유발하는 추간판탈출증을 포함하고 있는 '기타 배병증'이 현저하게 증가하고 있는 경향을 볼 때 산업장에서 효과적인 요통예방 및 관리 사업이 요구된다 하겠다.

• Journal of Preventive Medicine and Public Health
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• 제26권2호
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• pp.251-267
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• 1993

연폭로의 정도와 자각증상과의 관계를 알아보기 위하여 435명의 연폭로 남자 근로자와 212명의 일반 사무직 남자 근로자를 대상으로 연폭로 지표가 되는 혈중 연, 혈중 Zinc Protoporphyrin(ZPP), 요중 Delta-aminolevulinic acid(DALA), 혈색소, 혈구 용적 측정을 위한 혈액 시료 및 소변 시료를 채취하여 분석하였고, 연관련 자각증상 조사는 14개의 증상 조사 항목을(표 3 및 별첨 1) 피검자가 응답 하도록하여 상담 의사의 면접을 통한 확인을 거쳐 수집 하였다. 수집된 각 항목은 인체 조직계 증상군별로 1) 위장관계 증상 2) 신경과 근육 및 관절계 증상 3) 일반 체질적 증상 4) 정신과적 증상으로 구분하여 연폭로 지표 수준과 연폭로 작업 여부에 따른 자각증상 호소율을 비교 조사하여 얻은 결론은 다음과 같다. 1. 연폭로군에서 대조군보다 유의하게 높은 자각증상 호소율을 보인 증상군은 신경과 근육 및 관절계 증상으로 "손이나 발이 저리거나 쥐가 잘난다", "관절이 아프거나 쑤신다", "손가락, 손, 발 등에 힘이 없다", "근육통을 느낀다" 순 이었다. 2. 연폭로군과 대조군의 자각증상 호소율에 가장 큰 차이를 보인 증상 항목은 "손이나 발이 저리거나 쥐가 잘 난다"였으며, 전체 조사 대상에서 가장 높은 증상 호소율을 보인 증상 항목은 일반 체질적 자각 증상군의 "전보다 피곤감을 느낀다"였다. 3. 전체 조사 대상의 혈중 연과 혈중 ZPP 수준에 따른 연폭로량의 증가와 자각증상 호소율의 증가를 보인 증상 항목은 신경과 근육 및 관절계 증상군의 "손이나 발이 저리거나 쥐가 잘난다", "관절이 아프거나 쑤신다", "손가락. 손 발 등에 힘이 없다", "근육통을 느낀다"와 위장관계 증상군의 "아랫배가 아파서 고생한 적이 있다"였다. 4 연폭로군에서 혈중 연과 혈중 ZPP 수준에 따른 연폭로량의 증가와 자각증상 호소율의 증가를 보인 증상 항목은 신경과 근육 및 관절계 증상으로 혈중 연의 증가에 따라 증상 호소율이 증가하였다. 5. 연폭로군에서 39세 이하 와 40세 이상 연령군으로 나누어 비교시 39세 이하 군의 증상 호소율이 40세 이상 군보다 높게 나왔으며. 신경과 근육 및 관절계 증상이 39세이하 군에서 혈중 연의 증가와 함께, 40세 이상 군에서 혈중 ZPP의 증가와 함께 자각증상 호소율의 증가를 나타냈다. 6. 연폭로 지표에 따른 폭로수준과 증상 호소율과의 관계를 알아보기 위하여 대조군에 대한 폭로군, 연폭로군의 저농도 폭로군에 대한 고농도 폭로군의 교차비를 산출한 결과 신경과 근육 및 관절계 증상군의 "손이나 발이 저리거나 쥐가 잘난다", "관절이 아프거나 쑤신다", "손가락, 손, 발 등에 힘이 없다", "근육통을 느낀다"와 위장관계 증상군의 "아랫배가 아파서 고생한 적이 있다"가 연폭로량의 증가에 따른 교차비의 증가를 보여 양-반응의 관계를 추정할 수 있었다.

• 한국환경보건학회지
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• 제48권2호
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• pp.59-65
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• 2022

Background: Since people move through microenvironments rather than staying in one place, they may be exposed to both indoor and outdoor PM_2.5 concentrations. Objectives: The aim of this study was to assess the exposure level of each sub-population group and evaluate the contribution rate of the major microenvironments. Methods: Exposure scenarios for sub-population groups were constructed on the basis of a 2019 Time-Use survey and the previous literature. A total of five population groups were classified and researchers wearing MicroPEM simulated monitoring PM_2.5 exposure concentrations in real-time over three days. The exposure contribution for each microenvironment were evaluated by multiplying the inhalation rate and the PM_2.5 exposure concentration levels. Results: Mean PM_2.5 concentrations were 33.0 ㎍/m³ and 22.5 ㎍/m³ in Guro-gu and Wonju, respectively. When the exposure was calculated considering each inhalation rate and concentration, the home showed the highest exposure contribution rate for PM_2.5. As for preschool children, it was 90.8% in Guro-gu, 94.1% in Wonju. For students it was 65.3% and 67.3%. For housewives it was 98.2% and 95.8%, and 59.5% and 91.7% for office workers. Both regions had higher exposure to PM_2.5 among the elderly compared to other populations, and their PM_2.5 exposure contribution rates were 98.3% and 94.1% at home for Guro-gu and Wonju, respectively. Conclusions: The exposure contribution rate could be dependent on time spent in microenvironments. Notably, the contribution rate of exposure to PM_2.5 at home was the highest because most people spend the longest time at home. Therefore, microenvironments such as home with a higher contribution rate of exposure to PM_2.5 could be managed to upgrade public health.

• 한국치위생학회지
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• 제18권3호
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• pp.311-321
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• 2018

Objectives: The purpose of this study was to provide basic data on the current status and ways to improve the dental hygiene society by investigating working conditions, working experience, dental institution types among some dental hygienists, and ways to improve the dental hygiene society. Methods: This study conducted an online survey to 450 graduates of the department of dental hygiene in colleges in Gyeonggi, Jeolla and Gangwon Provinces. This study got some help in securing the list of graduates from the heads of the departments. SPSS WIN 23.0 was used to analyze the data. Results: To questions on what is the most important thing in considering to apply for jobs, the highest proportion (39.1%) of respondents designated employee welfare, followed by improvement of clinical dental hygiene (34.0%), of welfare related contents (26.0%), and salary (19.5%). In the relationship between employee welfare and dental institution type and between employee welfare and work experience, employee welfare tend to rise with the increase of work years. In the relationship between the director and staff members, it was found that as work years accumulate, the relationship tends to decrease. The dental clinic with no more than five staff members showed the best relationship between the leader and co-workers, while employee welfare was the highest in the other types of clinics, and the differences were statistically significant. Conclusions: Dental hygienists need to make various efforts to improve their statuses as professionals. In order to secure a part of professionalism, it is necessary for them to make more efforts to realize the health-care professionals being promoted by the Dental Hygienists Association of Korea.

• Asian Pacific Journal of Cancer Prevention
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• 제13권6호
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• pp.2663-2667
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• 2012

Objectives: An attempt was made to understand the nicotine dependence of smokers selected for an ongoing smoking cessation intervention programme in rural Kerala, India. Methods: Data were collected from resident males in the age group of 18 to 60 years from 4 randomly allocated community development blocks of rural Thiruvananthapuram district (2 intervention and 2 control groups). Trained accredited social health activist workers were utilised to collect data from all groups through face to face interview. Nicotine dependence among participants was assessed by means of the six-item Fagerstrom Test for Nicotine Dependence (FTND) translated into the local language. The internal consistency of FTND was computed using Cronbach's alpha coefficient. Criterion validity (concurrent) was assessed by correlations of nicotine dependence scores with age at initiation of smoking and cumulative smoking volume in pack-years. Results: Among the 928 smokers identified, 474 subjects were in the intervention area (mean age = 44.6 years, SD = 9.66 years) and 454 in the control area (mean age = 44.5 years, SD = 10.30 years). The overall FTND score among current daily smokers was 5.04 (SD: 5.05). FTND scores in the control and intervention areas were 4.75 (SD: 2.57) and 4.92 (SD: 2.51) respectively. The FTND scores increased with age and decreased with higher literacy and socioeconomic status. The average FTND score was high among smokers using both bidi and cigarettes (mean 6.10, SD 2.17). Internal consistency analysis yielded a Cronbach's alpha coefficient of 0.70 in a subsample of 150 subjects, a moderate result. The association of the scale was strongest, with the number of pack-years smoked (rho = 0.677, p < 0.001). Conclusion: A moderate level of nicotine dependence was observed among smokers in the current study. Tobacco cessation strategies could be made more cost effective and productive if a baseline assessment of nicotine dependence is completed before any intervention.

• Asian Pacific Journal of Cancer Prevention
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• 제13권8호
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• pp.4169-4172
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• 2012

Background: The majority of women in rural India have poor or no access to cervical cancer screening services, although one.quarter of all cervical cancers in the world occur there. Several large trials have proven the efficacy of low-tech cervical cancer screening methods in the Indian context but none have documented the necessary components and processes of implementing this evidence in a low-resource setting. Methods: This paper discusses a feasible model of implementation of cervical cancer screening programme in low-resource settings developed through a pilot research project carried out in rural Tamilnadu, India. The programme used visual inspection of cervix after acetic acid application (VIA) as a screening tool, nurses in the primary care centres as the primary screeners and peer educators within Self-Help Women groups to raise community awareness. Results: The uptake of screening was initially low despite the access to a screening programme. However, the programme witnessed an incremental increase in the number of women accessing screening with increasing community awareness. Conclusions: The investigators recommend 4 key components to programme implementation in low-resource setting: 1) Evidence-based, cost-effective test and treatment available within the reach of the community; 2) Appropriate referral pathways; 3) Skilled health workers and necessary equipment; and 4) Optimisation of health literacy, beliefs, attitudes of the community.

• Journal of Preventive Medicine and Public Health
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• 제47권3호
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• pp.144-149
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• 2014

Objectives: Nicotine is a natural alkaloid and insecticide in tobacco leaves. Green tobacco sickness (GTS) is known as a disease of acute nicotine intoxication among tobacco farmers. Until now, GTS has been recognized globally as a disease that results from nicotine absorption through the skin. However, we assumed that GTS might also result from nicotine inhalation as well as absorption. We aimed to measure the airborne nicotine concentrations in various work environments of Korean tobacco farmers. Methods: We measured the nicotine concentrations in the tobacco fields, private curing barns, and joint curing barns of farmers from July to October 2010. All sampling and analyses of airborne nicotine were conducted according to the National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health manual of analytic methods. Results: The airborne nicotine concentrations (geometric mean [geometric standard deviation]) in the tobacco field were $83.4mg/m^3$ (1.2) in the upper region and $93.3mg/m^3$(1.2) in the lower region. In addition, the nicotine concentration by personal sampling was $150.1mg/m^3$. Similarly, the nicotine concentrations in the private curing barn, workers in curing barns, the front yard of the curing barn, and in the joint curing barn were $323.7mg/m^3$(2.0), $121.0mg/m^3$(1.5), $73.7mg/m^3$(1.7), and $610.3mg/m^3$(1.0), respectively. Conclusions: The nicotine concentration in the workplaces of tobacco farmers was very high. Future studies should measure the environmental concentration of nicotine that is inhaled by tobacco farmers.

• 대한치과기공학회지
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• 제22권1호
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• pp.153-178
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• 2000

Dental prosthetic restoration shows a big difference of cost per itemized unit depending on the size of dental labs, facility standard, manpower, and performance. Even the same dental labs have distinctive cost according to manufacturing performance, inflation, and the number of workers. However, in apite of such a change of circumstances, it appears to be quite stable in the relative cost per itemized unit unless the manufacturing trend of particular item changes dramatically. Therefore, if the relative number of cost per itemized unit, which is produced by costing, is indicated, we are able to utilize it effectively as a standard wage estimate. If the wage of dental prosthetic restoration is determined on the basis of cost, it is desirable that the relative value of cost and that of wage are identical. But, by means of comparative analysis, since the relative value of wage reveals mostly lower than that of cost depending on an item, it is considered that the wage is not reflecting the cost approproately. Due to the subdivision and the profession of medical technology, the new development of wage items for dental prosthetic restoration is required. This means that the need for the establishment of new wage items should be presented as the general concept of dental prothetic restroation changes and the level of pathologic technology increases. The current wage structure has differences in the degree of difficulty accroding to unit items and in the cost factors. Nevertheless, the differences are not reflected enough to the wage, so there is potential to lower the medical quality through the use of low-proce materials to avoid the increase of cost and the work process which skips a manufacturing step. The new items of dental prosthetic restoration also increases, but the development of proper numerical value system is not supported. Thus, the right proce is set mostly by applying to the wage of a similar item. Since most wages are established by an individual agreement between the dental clinic institute and the dental labs, the propriety of wage level lacks. Therefore, it is urgent to provide and promote the system of a fair work charge by a standard cost which can be applied to all medical institute.

• 보건행정학회지
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• 제15권3호
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• pp.1-16
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• 2005

This study was planned to investigate the relationship between development levels of learning organization and organization effectiveness in Hospital. Data were collected from 285 respondents who have participated in 'Learning Organization Project'(response rate =$50.5\%$). Structured questionnaire were applied by self administrated survey for two weeks since 2003 May. Main results were as follows; In the result of factor analysis, four factor were created and almost questionnaire items were classified into as same categories as theoretical concepts. Cronbach's a coefficient also showed over 0.7 in all categories. This result means that measurement tool to evaluate the development level of learning organization is valid and reliable. In the comparison of the development level of learning organization by participants' specialties, managerial workers perceived the lowest construction level, while medical technicians evaluated it as the highest level. In regression analysis, the perception levels of work environment, task and human aspect showed positive relationship with job competency significantly. For job satisfaction, levels of task and human aspects had positive relationship significantly. In addition, for organizational commitement, levels of organization and human aspect were positive predictors. Finally, for the satisfaction about experience of learning organization project, levels of environment, task and hmm aspects were related positively. We concluded from these result that the positive relationship between construction levels of learning organization and organization effectiveness was extended to hospital, besides industrial fields. We recommend the introduction and facilitation of learning organization project in various settings to improve the competency of knowledge management in individual and organizational levels.