Airborne Nicotine Concentrations in the Workplaces of Tobacco Farmers |
Yoo, Seok-Ju
(Department of Preventive Medicine, Dongguk University College of Medicine)
Park, Sung-Jun (Department of Preventive Medicine, Dongguk University College of Medicine) Kim, Byoung-Seok (Department of Preventive Medicine, Dongguk University College of Medicine) Lee, Kwan (Department of Preventive Medicine, Dongguk University College of Medicine) Lim, Hyun-Sul (Department of Preventive Medicine, Dongguk University College of Medicine) Kim, Jik-Su (Jinbo Tobacco Growers Cooperative Association) Kim, In-Shik (Department of Health Promotion Center, Dong-A University Hospital) |
1 | Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations. Food and agricultural commodities production-tobacco, unmanufactured [cited 2014 Mar 13]. Available from: http://faostat.fao.org/site/339/default.aspx. |
2 | Korea Tobacco Growers Organization. In 2013, the status of tobacco leaf contract in Korea [cited 2013 Nov 25]. Available from: http://ktgo.or.kr/04/07.asp (Korean). |
3 | Hipke ME. Green tobacco sickness. South Med J 1993;86(9): 989-992. DOI ScienceOn |
4 | Ellenhorn MJ, Schonwald S, Ordog G, Wasserberger J. Natural toxins. In: Ellenhorn MJ, editor. Ellenhorn's medical toxicology: diagnosis and treatment of human poisoning. 2nd ed. Baltimore: Williams and Wilkins; 1997, p. 912-917. |
5 | American Conference of Governmental Industrial Hygienists. Documentation of the threshold limit values and biological exposure indices. 7th ed. Cincinnati: American Conference of Governmental Industrial Hygienists; 2007, p. 43. |
6 | Weizenecker R, Deal WB. Tobacco cropper's sickness. J Fla Med Assoc 1970;57(12):13-14. |
7 | Arcury TA, Quandt SA, Preisser JS, Bernert JT, Norton D, Wang J. High levels of transdermal nicotine exposure produce green tobacco sickness in Latino farmworkers. Nicotine Tob Res 2003;5(3):315-321. DOI ScienceOn |
8 | Ghosh SK, Gokani VN, Doctor PB, Parikh JR. Intervention studies against "green symptoms" among Indian tobacco harvesters. Arch Environ Health 1991;46(5):316-317. DOI ScienceOn |
9 | Park SJ, Kim JS, Kim JS, Lee K, Lim HS. Airborne nicotine concentrations in harvesting and the processing of tobacco leaves. J Korean Soc Occup Environ Hyg 2010;20(1):47-52 (Korean). |
10 | Kim HC, Lee KS, Chae HS, Park YS, Min KD. A research on airborne nicotine exposure during harvest and weaving tasks in tobacco farms. J Korean Soc Occup Environ Hyg 2012;22(3): 217-223 (Korean). |
11 | National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health (NIOSH). NIOSH Manual of Analytical Methods (NMAM), 4th edition. Nicotine: methods 2551, issue 1 [cited 2014 Mar 13]. Available from: http://www.cdc.gov/niosh/nmam/pdfs/2551.pdf. |
12 | Trikunakornwongs A, Kongtip P, Chantanakul S, Yoosook W, Loosereewanich P, Rojanavipart P. Assessment of nicotine inhalation exposure and urinary cotinine of tobacco processing workers. J Med Assoc Thai 2009;92 Suppl 7:S121-S127. |
13 | Karaconji IB. Facts about nicotine toxicity. Arh Hig Rada Toksikol 2005;56(4):363-371. |
14 | Jeong KT, Kim SB, Cho SH, Bock JY, Lee JR. Effect of soil factors, cultural practices and climatic conditions on some chemical components of flue-cured tobacco. J Korean Soc Tobacco Sci 2006; 28(1):17-22 (Korean). |
15 | Willers S, Skarping G, Dalene M, Skerfving S. Urinary cotinine in children and adults during and after semiexperimental exposure to environmental tobacco smoke. Arch Environ Health 1995;50(2):130-138. DOI ScienceOn |
16 | Soloway SB. Naturally occurring insecticides. Environ Health Perspect 1976;14:109-117. DOI ScienceOn |
17 | Park YS, Roh Y, Kim CN. Urinary cotinine concentration by passive smoking in the PC game room. Korean J Environ Health Soc 2002;28(1):11-20 (Korean). |
18 | Ellingsen DG, Fladseth G, Daae HL, Gjolstad M, Kjaerheim K, Skogstad M, et al. Airborne exposure and biological monitoring of bar and restaurant workers before and after the introduction of a smoking ban. J Environ Monit 2006;8(3):362-368. DOI ScienceOn |
19 | Swinker M, Meredith JT. A seizure in the tobacco field. Green tobacco sickness. N C Med J 2000;61(1):390-392. |
20 | Higgins J, Ewing PL, McGuigan HA. The effect of evaporation and radiation on nicotine solutions. J Pharmacol Exp Ther 1931; 42(2): 213-216. |
21 | Benowitz NL. Cotinine as a biomarker of environmental tobacco smoke exposure. Epidemiol Rev 1996;18(2):188-204. DOI ScienceOn |
22 | Lim HS, Lee K. Cases of green tobacco sickness: occupational nicotine poisoning in tobacco harvesters in Korea. Korean J Rural Med 2001;26(2):7-14 (Korean). |
23 | Lim HS, Lee K. Green tobacco sickness on tobacco harvesters in a Korea village. Korean J Epidemiol 2002;24(1):29-36 (Korean). |
24 | Lee K, Lim HS. Proposal of the global network for the study of green tobacco sickness. Cien Saude Colet 2013;18(6):1859-1860. DOI |
25 | Lee JS, Bae SH, Lim HS, Lee K. Epidemiological characteristics and changes of prevalence for green tobacco sickness among Korea tobacco harvesters. Korean J Epidemiol 2004;26(1):39-49 (Korean). |
26 | Lim HS, Lee K, Nam SH. Prevalence and risk factors of green tobacco sickness among Korean tobacco harvesters. Korean J Prev Med 2004;37(1):37-43 (Korean). |
27 | Lee K, Lim HS. Prevalence and risk factors of green tobacco sickness among Korean tobacco harvesters, 2003. Korean J Epidemiol 2005;27(1):129-139 (Korean). |
![]() |