• Biomolecules & Therapeutics
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• v.23 no.6
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• pp.590-596
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• 2015

The emergence and use of synthetic cannabinoids have greatly increased in recent years. These substances are easily dispensed over the internet and on the streets. Some synthetic cannabinoids were shown to have abuse liability and were subsequently regulated by authorities. However, there are compounds that are still not regulated probably due to the lack of abuse liability studies. In the present study, we assessed the abuse liability of three synthetic cannabinoids, namely JWH-030, JWH-175, and JWH-176. The abuse liability of these drugs was evaluated in two of the most widely used animal models for assessing the abuse potential of drugs, the conditioned place preference (CPP) and self-administration (SA) test. In addition, the open-field test was utilized to assess the effects of repeated (7 days) treatment and abrupt cessation of these drugs on the psychomotor activity of animals. Results showed that JWH-175 (0.5 mg/kg), but not JWH-030 or JWH-176 at any dose, significantly decreased the locomotor activity of mice. This alteration in locomotor activity was only evident during acute exposure to the drug and was not observed during repeated treatment and abstinence. Similarly, only JWH-175 (0.1 mg/kg) produced significant CPP in rats. On the other hand, none of the drugs tested was self-administered by rats. Taken together, the present results indicate that JWH-175, but not JWH-030 and JWH-176, may have abuse potential. More importantly, our findings indicate the complex psychopharmacological effects of synthetic cannabinoids and the need to closely monitor the production, dispensation, and use of these substances.

• Journal of Preventive Medicine and Public Health
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• v.29 no.3 s.54
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• pp.679-692
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• 1996

This study was performed to find the prevalence and the associated risk factors with low back pain(LBP) of the staffs in a university at Kwang-ju city. The data were collected by a questionnaire including SDS(self - rating depression Scale) battery from September 1st to October 15th, 1996. The results were as follows; 1. The prevalence rate of LBP during lifetime was 73.1%, 53.1% for the last one year, and 23.6% for the last one week. 2. Statistically significant factors related to LBP during lifetime were sex and satisfaction with job. Sex, smoking, alcohol drinking, occupation, work posture, forward bending of trunk and satisfaction with job were selected as significant factors related to LBP during the last one year. The significant determinants related with LBP during the last one week were sex, smoking, alcohol drinking, occupation, forward bending of trunk and satisfaction with job. 3. Through the analysis of self - rating depression scores according to LBP, respondents with LBP had the significantly higher value of physiological disturbances and lower value of psychomotor activities than those without LBP. 4. Through the multivariate logistic regression, significantly associated factors with LBP during lifetime were selected to be female(OR=2.63, 95% CI : $1.08\sim6.40$), dissatisfaction with job(OR=2.16, 95% CI : $1.16\sim4.15$), those for the last one year were chosen to be female(OR=2.30, 95% CI : $1.03\sim5.12$), forward bending of trunk(OR=2.18, 95% CI : $1.26\sim3.79$), dissatisfaction with job(OR=1.84, 95% CI : $1.06\sim3.21$), and those for the last one week were female(OR=3.00, 95% CI : $1.17\sim7.69$), forward bending of trunk(OR=2.85, 95% CI : $1.38\sim5.88$). In conclusion, for effective prevention of the LBP at work site, appropriate improvement of work posture and various psychological factors should be considered.

• Journal of Yeungnam Medical Science
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• v.3 no.1
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• pp.151-160
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• 1986

The authors studied depression using Zung's Self-Rating Depression Scale(SDS), in the subjects of 3,499 male and 1,335 female college freshmen of Yeungnam University. The authors collected the reports of SDS during the periods from January to February, 1986, and applied ANOVA and t-test on depression scores in order to compare them between various psychosocial factors, and sexes. The results are as follows : There was significant difference in the mean averages of total depression scores between male and female students: male students scored 35.68+7.46, female students scored 38.93+7.26(P<0.001). The depression scores relating to the items of indecisiveness, psychomotor retardation, decreased libido, and diurnal variation were relatively higher in both groups. One hundred and sixty-one male students(4.6%) showed seriously high degree depression scores of 50 or higher, while one-hundred and seventeen female students(5.8%) showed the same scores. Female students attending in liberal arts showed higher level of depression scores(P<0.01). There was a strong tendency toward higher depression scores in the student who were dissatisfied with their home atmosphere, colleges, department and familiarity of parents, and those who had pessimistic views of self image in the past, present or future in both groups(P<0.001).

• Journal of Haehwa Medicine
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• v.11 no.1
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• pp.151-162
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• 2002

Objective Many literature-based researches and clinical studies have been thus far reported of wha-byuong in Oriental medicine but acupunctural approaches to it have been little executed, which motivated this study to be conducted through acupunctural treatment. For that purpose, this study carried out incessant treatment on wha-byuong-having outpatients of this hospital who were suffering from gunhwa of wha in the saam acupuncture in order to inquire into the features of wha-byuong represented recently, and thereupon this got some intellect and knowledge out of clinical cases, which led this study to report them. Methodology Two wha-byuong outpatients were taken as subjects for this study who visited this hospital from January 10, 2002 through May 20, 2002. As for the contents of treatment and the administration of medicine, acupuncture utilized size $30{\times}50mm$ needles and the performance of treatment depended upon yuchim for 20 to 40 minutes at one time by means of simseunggyok (eumgok, sohae bo, taebaek, sinmun sa) on both right and left sides of the outpatients. As the case may be, sobu, baekhoi, and pungji were used at the same time. Bosa of simseunegyok took youngsu bosa. In order to evaluate treatment, symptoms were classified with diagrams into physical symptoms, dorgan symptoms, urinogenital organs symptoms, dermatological symptoms, cardiopulmonary symptoms, musculoskeletal symptoms, somnipathy symptoms, caput and sensual organ symptoms, psychomotor activity symptoms, and other symptoms, and then signs and marks were given to indicate the most objective values according to symptoms of the patients perceived in different sessions both prior and posterior to treatment. Conclusion As a result of having conducted treatment on two outpatients who visited this hospital for their wha-byuong from January 10, 2002 through May 20, 2002, conclusions were obtained, as follows: 1. Treatment depended very largely upon simseunggyok of the saam acupuncture, and as the case may be, baekhoi, pungji and sobu were utilized at the same time. 2. Much more effects were produced only when the patients had got rid of the causes of wha-byuong they had. Furthermore, the perceived seriousness of the symptoms presented had not been improved, regardless of their wha-byuong, 3. The main symptoms complained by the patients such as sangyeolgam, anxieties, impatience, hungmin, difficulty in breathing, cardiopalmus, insomnia, digestive troubles, etc. showed for the most part conspicuous therapeutical effects upon the symptoms of wha-byuong. In particular, a high degree of improvement was represented from melancholia and pyrexia.

• Journal of Science Education
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• v.38 no.2
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• pp.401-414
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• 2014

Overexcitability (OE) and social self-concept are the integral affective characteristics of science-gifted students. Overexcitability refers to sensitivity as an internal disposition to give a more often, longer and more intensive reaction to a wide variety of stimuli, and social self-concept refers to the way of behaving in society, especially at school in the case of students. The purpose of this study was to examine the overexcitability and social self-concept of science-gifted and non-gifted elementary school students. The subjects in this study were 135 gifted elementary students belonged to gifted education centers or gifted classes and 91 ordinary elementary students. An overexcitability test and a social self-concept test were conducted to the subjects, and the collected data were analyzed by SPSS. The findings of the study were as follows: First, the score of the science-gifted was significantly higher than that of the ordinary students in all sub-domain of OE (psychomotor OE, sensual OE, emotional OE, intellectual OE, emotional OE) and social self-concept. Second, the science-gifted students who attended gifted education centers and community gifted classes scored significantly higher than the ordinary students in overexcitability. Based on conclusions, implications for teaching the science-gifted were discussed.

• Journal of Oriental Neuropsychiatry
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• v.11 no.2
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• pp.87-102
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• 2000

Depression is a psychiatric syndrom consisting of dejected mood, psychomotor retardation, insomnia and weight loss. sometimes associated with irrational quilt feeling. And it is also similiar to Hwa-byung(火病) symptom in oriental medicine. But it is difficult to diagnose with objective method. Digital Infrared Thermographic Imaging(D.I.T.I.) is one of diagnotic method that measure the changes of skin temperature in body.Specially we checked the skin temperature on depressed patients by using D.I.T.I. and compared with Bell's palsy patients and normal persons group.The results are as follows:Average body temperature of the depressed patient group is 36.62${\cdot}$0.58$^{\circ}C$ , Bell's palsy patients group is 36.59${\cdot}$0.34$^{\circ}C$ and that of the control group is 36.71${\cdot}$0.43$^{\circ}C$ . So there is no meaningful difference. The depressed patient group has higher temperature than the Bell's palsy patients group and control group by $\delta$T〉1.0$^{\circ}C$ at the following acupuncture points in these body parts - upper and lower, left and right, anterior and posterior. When acupuncture points temperature was compared superior and inferior part of the body, depressed patient group have meaningful difference at the GV-4 (Myung-moon) and also in the Bell's palsy patients group and control group.When acupuncture points temperature was compared left and right part of the body. ddpressed patient group have no meaningful difference and also in the Bell's palsy patients group and control group.When acupuncture points temperature was compared in the anterior and posterior part of the body, depressed patient group have meaningful difference at the Gv-4(Myung-moon) and also in the bell's palsy patients group and control group.From this study. we think that D.I.T.I. could be used to diagnose objectively on the depressed patients and useful to another psychoneurogenic diagnosis in oriental medicine.

• Journal of Korean Academy of Fundamentals of Nursing
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• v.6 no.3
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• pp.493-506
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• 1999

The purpose of the study is to evaluate the effectiveness and competence level of trainees of Cardiopulmonary resuscitation training targeted for nursing students. 70 nursing students of Y nursing college are recruited as subjects from Dec. 1st, 1998 through Dec. 8th. 1998. For the pre-test. demographic data related to CPR and knowledge of CPR were evaluated. For the post-test, the next week of pre-test, three difference groups of subjects were tested their knowledge of CPR. CPR training was designed by two components which were 90 mins lecture and demonstration by one professor and individual practice using two educational models with two professors. As the tool of measurement estimating pre or post knowledge of CPR. questionnaires were developed based on self-diagnosis questionnaires of American Heart Association(AHA). The questionnaires were multiple choices (50 questions) and open end questions regarding CPR process. Each multiple choices questions valued 2 points (Score varied min. 0 point to max 100 points.). Collected data were computerized and analyzed by SPSS-WIN. Frequency and percentage of each questions analyzed. The differences of the knowledge and competency level of subjects between pre and post test was analyses by paired t-test. The followings are research outcome. 1. In the pre-test, 95% of subjects answered that they already knew what CPR was. but only 82% described correctly what CPR was. 49% learned CPR before, and 80s5 of them learned at high school. 2. 37 questions scores increases, and 10 questions scores decreased. 3 questions didnt change their score. After getting training, ratio of 80% correct score significantly increased 4 times. 3. In post-test. knowledge level of trainees increased compared to that of pre-test. (t=-15.075, p=.000) 4. Competence level also increased (t=-14.86, p=.00). In result, after getting CPR training, most CPR knowledge increased except open the air tract, toddler CPR, and alternative behavior when the air tract is blocked. CPR training needs to extend the educational scope not only CPR lecture but also psychomotor skill practice. CPR trainees are in need of appropriate feedback as well as enough opportunities of skill practice.

• Journal of Physiology & Pathology in Korean Medicine
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• v.19 no.4
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• pp.982-992
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• 2005

Acupuncture as a therapeutic intervention is widely used for the treatment of many functional disorders such as substance abuse and mental dysfunction. Clinical trials are currently underway to determine the effectiveness of acupuncture in the treatment of drug addiction. Yet, there are still many unanswered questions about the basic mechanism of acupuncture. Studies have shown that both the psychomotor stimulant effects and rewarding properties of addictive drugs, including morphine, are sensitized by repeated drug administration and raised the possibility that both of these effects may De linked to the same or closely overlapping the mesolimbic dopamine systems. Neiguan (PC6) point on the pericardium channel which is associated with the brain and its mental function, has been used to treat mental, psychosomatic disorders and gastroenterological disorders. The present study was designed to investigate the effect of acupuncture on repeated morphine-induced changes in extracellular dopamine levels using in vivo microdialysis and to measure the effect of acupuncture on repeated morphine-induced behavioral changes. Male Sprague-Dawley rats were treated twice a day for three days with increasing doses of morphine (10, 20 and 40 mg/kg, s.c.) or with saline. After 15 days of withdrawal, rats were challenged with morphine hydrochloride (5 mg/kg, s.c.). Acupuncture was applied at bilateral Neiguan (PC6) points for 1min after the morphine challenge. Results showed that acupuncture at the specific acupoint PC6, but not at control points (tail and HE8) significantly decreased both dopamine release, behavior induced by a systemic morphine challenge or a single s.c. morphine injection in the morphine-repeated animals. These results suggest that reduction in sensitization may be one mechanism whereby acupuncture alleviates morphine craving in addicts. Moreover, in a more general sense these results suggest that acupuncture can be used as a therapeutic intervention for correcting reversible malfunction of the body by direction of brain pathway and thus acupuncture can contribute to the biochemical balance in the central nervous system by regulating neurotransmitters.

• Journal of Gifted/Talented Education
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• v.19 no.3
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• pp.585-602
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• 2009

The purpose of this study was to compare the 5 OEs of Korean gifted elementary students and non-gifted and to find out the gender difference in gifted and non-gifted to clarify the best predictor of giftedness in gender group. The total subjects of this study were 372 Korean third, fourth, and fifth grade elementary school children. One hundred sixty six children of them belonged to a gifted group, and 206 were non-gifted group. Two hundreds one out of 372 subjects were boys and 171 were girls. The Overexcitability Questionnaire II(OEQII) used in this study was developed by Falk, Lind, Miller, Piechowski, & Silverman in 1999. The OEQ II is consisted of 50 Likert-type items, classified into five subscale: psychomotor, sensual, imaginational, intellectual, and emotional. And it was translated into Korean. It was administered in group sessions during the winter of 2008. Data were analyzed with SPSSWin 12.0. MANOVA was conducted to determine statistical differences by giftedness and by gender. The results revealed that the level of 5 OEs of gifted elementary children was higher than non-gifted(normal) children. The intellectual OE showed the most powerful explanation among the 5 forms of OEs. This study also found the gender difference within the gifted group as well as with the whole subjects. The mean scores of sensual, imaginational and emotional OEs were higher in girls than in boys. Based on the gender difference within the gifted group and the whole group, it is assumed that imaginational OE may be the best predictor of gifted girls among school-age children.

• Korean Journal of Psychosomatic Medicine
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• v.16 no.2
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• pp.69-74
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• 2008

Delirium is an organic psychiatric syndrome characterized by an acute onset, prominent disturbance of consciousness and cognitive impairment with fluctuating course. Although there is not a clear consensus concerning the optimal classification system for delirium subtypes, Lipowski(1983) firstly classified delirium by psychomotor activity, namely hyperactive, hypoactive, and mixed. According results of several following studies, prevalence of hypoactive delirium were not less than that of hyperactive delirium. But a diagnosis of hypoactive delirium often missed, which is most frequently misdiagnosed as depression and dementia. Hyperactive delirium can be caused by alcohol or benzodiazepine withdrawal, would be related with excessive dopamine and cholinergic deficiency, and is more responsive to high-potency antipsychotics therapy. Hypoactive delirium would be caused by metabolic encephalopathy, and tends to present a less responsiveness to antipsychotics and poorer overall prognosis with a prolonged duration of admission than hyperactive delirium. Delirium is not a homogenous syndrome. Because of different subtypes, it may have dissimilar underlying pathogenetic pathways. So different treatment strategies between various subtypes may be needed.