• 제목/요약/키워드: psychological types

검색결과 756건 처리시간 0.027초

운전 중 실내 소음의 유형 및 강도에 따른 주관적 속도감에 관한 연구 (A Driving Study on Driver's Subjective Speed Estimation as a Function of the Vehicle Noise Types and Intensity)

  • 공대호;이준범;이재식
    • 한국심리학회지 : 문화 및 사회문제
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    • 제11권2호
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    • pp.31-46
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    • 2005
  • 본 연구는 운전 중 발생하는 청각 자극의 유형 및 정도가 운전자가 지각하는 주관적 속도감에 어떠한 영향을 미치는지를 알아보고자 수행되었다. 본 연구에서 사용된 청각 자극은 엔진 소음과 음악 소리였으며 전자는 자동차의 속도에 따라 함께 변하는 청각 단서인 반면 후자는 자동차의 속도와는 무관하게 변화하는 비단서 소음으로 사용되었다. 엔진 소음의 강도만 조작되어 제시된 실험 1에서는 엔진 소음의 크기에 따라 운전자가 느끼는 주관적 속도감이 다르게 나타나 운전자들은 엔진 소음이 작을수록 기준속도보다 더 빨리 주행한 반면 엔진 소음이 클수록 더 천천히 주행하는 것이 관찰되었다. 실험 2에서는 엔진 소음과 음악 소리를 모두 들려주었는데, 그 결과 엔진 소음의 크기변화에 따른 주관적 속도감의 차이는 여전히 나타났으나 음악 소리의 크기변화에 따른 속도감의 차이는 보이지 않았다. 또한 실험 1과 2를 통합하여 음악 소리의 유무효과를 분석해 본 결과 음악 소리가 엔진 소음을 차폐시킬 만큼 크고 엔진 소음이 작을 경우에는 음악 소리가 없는 경우보다 속도를 더 내는 것으로 나타났다. 이는 음악 소리가 속도감에 영향을 주는 직접요인은 아니지만 간접적으로 영향을 미친다는 가능성을 시사한다.

독거노인의 자아존중감과 우울 (Self-Esteem and Depression of the Elderly People Living Alone)

  • 서경현;김영숙
    • 한국심리학회지 : 문화 및 사회문제
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    • 제9권1호
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    • pp.115-137
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    • 2003
  • 본 연구는 독거노인의 자아존중감 및 우울과 관련된 변인들을 탐색하고 그 변인들간의 관계를 밝혀내는데 목적을 두고 있다. 연구 참여자는 서울에 거주하고 있는 평균 연령 76.17(SD=7.60)세인 676명의 남녀 노인들이었으며, 그들 중에 독거노인은 378명이었다. 자아존중감 척도(Rosenberg's Self-Esteem Scale), 자기평가 우울척도(Zung's Self-Rating Depression Scale), 생활활동 수행 목록(The Index of Activities of Daily Living), 및 사회적 지원 목록(Social Support Index)을 참여자에게 주었다. 주요 통계분석은 2(성별) × 2(거주형태) 이원공변량분석과 상관분석, 그리고 회귀분석이었다. 분석 결과, 독거노인은 동거노인에 비해 자신의 건강이 좋지 못하다고 평가했고 경제 수준이 낮았으며 사회적 지원을 받지 못하는 것으로 나타났다. 남성 노인들은 여성 노인들보다 자녀가 있으면서도 혼자 사는 경향이 있고 사회적 지원은 덜 받는 것으로 나타났으며, 남녀 독거노인 사이에는 독거 이유에도 차이가 있었다. 여성 독거노인의 자아존중감 수준이 남성 독거노인의 자아존중감 수준보다 낮았으며, 독거노인이 동거노인보다 더 우울해하고 있었다. 자아존중감과 우울에는 성별과 거주형태의 유의한 상호작용이 존재해 독거노인의 경우에서만 자아존중감의 유의한 성차가 있고, 여성에서만 거주형태별로 우울 수준에 차이가 있었다. 회귀분석 결과, 신체기능 수준과 건강지각이 독거노인의 자아존중감을 예언할 수 있는 변인으로 나타났고, 신체기능 수준과 건강지각, 그리고 사회적 지원이 독거노인의 우울을 예언할 수 있는 유의한 변인으로 밝혀졌다. 이런 결과는 노인의 자아존중감과 우울에 대한 신체기능 수준과 건강지각, 그리고 사회적 지원의 역할을 재확증하는 것이고 한국 독거노인의 삶의 질에는 성이 결정적인 변인이라는 것을 밝혀낸 것이다.

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지속적 관여도 및 인지된 위험이 소비자의 온라인 상인선택 프로세스에 미치는 영향에 관한 연구: 요구신뢰 수준 개념을 중심으로 (How Enduring Product Involvement and Perceived Risk Affect Consumers' Online Merchant Selection Process: The 'Required Trust Level' Perspective)

  • 홍일유;이정민;조휘형
    • Asia pacific journal of information systems
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    • 제22권1호
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    • pp.29-52
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    • 2012
  • Consumers differ in the way they make a purchase. An audio mania would willingly make a bold, yet serious, decision to buy a top-of-the-line home theater system, while he is not interested in replacing his two-decade-old shabby car. On the contrary, an automobile enthusiast wouldn't mind spending forty thousand dollars to buy a new Jaguar convertible, yet cares little about his junky component system. It is product involvement that helps us explain such differences among individuals in the purchase style. Product involvement refers to the extent to which a product is perceived to be important to a consumer (Zaichkowsky, 2001). Product involvement is an important factor that strongly influences consumer's purchase decision-making process, and thus has been of prime interest to consumer behavior researchers. Furthermore, researchers found that involvement is closely related to perceived risk (Dholakia, 2001). While abundant research exists addressing how product involvement relates to overall perceived risk, little attention has been paid to the relationship between involvement and different types of perceived risk in an electronic commerce setting. Given that perceived risk can be a substantial barrier to the online purchase (Jarvenpaa, 2000), research addressing such an issue will offer useful implications on what specific types of perceived risk an online firm should focus on mitigating if it is to increase sales to a fullest potential. Meanwhile, past research has focused on such consumer responses as information search and dissemination as a consequence of involvement, neglecting other behavioral responses like online merchant selection. For one example, will a consumer seriously considering the purchase of a pricey Guzzi bag perceive a great degree of risk associated with online buying and therefore choose to buy it from a digital storefront rather than from an online marketplace to mitigate risk? Will a consumer require greater trust on the part of the online merchant when the perceived risk of online buying is rather high? We intend to find answers to these research questions through an empirical study. This paper explores the impact of enduring product involvement and perceived risks on required trust level, and further on online merchant choice. For the purpose of the research, five types or components of perceived risk are taken into consideration, including financial, performance, delivery, psychological, and social risks. A research model has been built around the constructs under consideration, and 12 hypotheses have been developed based on the research model to examine the relationships between enduring involvement and five components of perceived risk, between five components of perceived risk and required trust level, between enduring involvement and required trust level, and finally between required trust level and preference toward an e-tailer. To attain our research objectives, we conducted an empirical analysis consisting of two phases of data collection: a pilot test and main survey. The pilot test was conducted using 25 college students to ensure that the questionnaire items are clear and straightforward. Then the main survey was conducted using 295 college students at a major university for nine days between December 13, 2010 and December 21, 2010. The measures employed to test the model included eight constructs: (1) enduring involvement, (2) financial risk, (3) performance risk, (4) delivery risk, (5) psychological risk, (6) social risk, (7) required trust level, (8) preference toward an e-tailer. The statistical package, SPSS 17.0, was used to test the internal consistency among the items within the individual measures. Based on the Cronbach's ${\alpha}$ coefficients of the individual measure, the reliability of all the variables is supported. Meanwhile, the Amos 18.0 package was employed to perform a confirmatory factor analysis designed to assess the unidimensionality of the measures. The goodness of fit for the measurement model was satisfied. Unidimensionality was tested using convergent, discriminant, and nomological validity. The statistical evidences proved that the three types of validity were all satisfied. Now the structured equation modeling technique was used to analyze the individual paths along the relationships among the research constructs. The results indicated that enduring involvement has significant positive relationships with all the five components of perceived risk, while only performance risk is significantly related to trust level required by consumers for purchase. It can be inferred from the findings that product performance problems are mostly likely to occur when a merchant behaves in an opportunistic manner. Positive relationships were also found between involvement and required trust level and between required trust level and online merchant choice. Enduring involvement is concerned with the pleasure a consumer derives from a product class and/or with the desire for knowledge for the product class, and thus is likely to motivate the consumer to look for ways of mitigating perceived risk by requiring a higher level of trust on the part of the online merchant. Likewise, a consumer requiring a high level of trust on the merchant will choose a digital storefront rather than an e-marketplace, since a digital storefront is believed to be trustworthier than an e-marketplace, as it fulfills orders by itself rather than acting as an intermediary. The findings of the present research provide both academic and practical implications. The first academic implication is that enduring product involvement is a strong motivator of consumer responses, especially the selection of a merchant, in the context of electronic shopping. Secondly, academicians are advised to pay attention to the finding that an individual component or type of perceived risk can be used as an important research construct, since it would allow one to pinpoint the specific types of risk that are influenced by antecedents or that influence consequents. Meanwhile, our research provides implications useful for online merchants (both online storefronts and e-marketplaces). Merchants may develop strategies to attract consumers by managing perceived performance risk involved in purchase decisions, since it was found to have significant positive relationship with the level of trust required by a consumer on the part of the merchant. One way to manage performance risk would be to thoroughly examine the product before shipping to ensure that it has no deficiencies or flaws. Secondly, digital storefronts are advised to focus on symbolic goods (e.g., cars, cell phones, fashion outfits, and handbags) in which consumers are relatively more involved than others, whereas e- marketplaces should put their emphasis on non-symbolic goods (e.g., drinks, books, MP3 players, and bike accessories).

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인터넷 의류구매에서의 관계혜택지각이 관계몰입과 충성도에 미치는 영향 (The Influence of Perceived Relational Benefits on Relational Commitment and Customer Loyalty in Internet Clothing Purchase)

  • 지혜경;김용주;손미영
    • 한국의류학회지
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    • 제32권12호
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    • pp.1927-1938
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    • 2008
  • 소비자와의 장기적 관계 관리가 강조되는 현 시점에서, 소비자들이 인터넷 쇼핑몰에서 의류제품을 구매할 때 지각하는 관계혜택에 초점을 두고, 소비자들의 관계혜택지각이 쇼핑몰에 대한 관계몰입 및 충성도에 미치는 영향을 규명하고자 하였다. 본 연구를 위해 인터넷 의류구매 경험이 있는 20대 및 30대 남녀 소비자 343명에게 설문조사하였다. 연구결과, 인터넷 의류구매에서의 관계혜택지각은 쇼핑몰에 대한 관계몰입 및 충성도에 유의한 영향을 미쳐, 관계혜택지각이 클수록 쇼핑몰에 대한 관계몰입 및 충성도가 높은 것으로 나타났다. 또한 관계혜택지각 차원에 따라 소비자들을 유형화한 결과, 소비자들은 '사회적 혜택지각 집단', 경제/쇼핑편이성 혜택지각 집단', '쇼핑편이성 혜택지각 집단', '고객화 혜택지각 집단', '정보적 혜택지각 집단', '심리적 혜택지각 집단'으로 구분되었으며, 이들의 쇼핑몰에 대한 관계몰입 및 충성도에도 유의한 차이가 있는 것으로 나타났다. 본 연구는 인터넷 기업이 고객과의 관계를 결속시키고 나아가 쇼핑몰에 대한 충성도를 높이는데 도움을 줄 수 있을 것으로 본다.

한국형 아유르베다(Āyurveda) 체질유형 검사지의 개발을 위한 기초연구 (A Development of the Korean Version of the constitutions in Ayurveda Questionnaire)

  • 정미숙;임애라
    • 한국산학기술학회논문지
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    • 제17권12호
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    • pp.62-70
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    • 2016
  • 이 연구는 한국형 아유르베다 체질을 측정할 수 있는 도구를 개발하기 위한 기초 작업으로 검사지의 신뢰도와 타당성을 검증하는 것이다. 각 대상자는 63문항에 대하여 자기-기입식 설문지를 작성하였다. 아유르베다 체질을 7체질로 개념화하고 우선 271명을 대상으로 실시한 체질 검사의 신체 특성인 41문항에 대한 내적 일관성 신뢰도(Cronbach's ${\alpha}$)는 0.757로, 심리에 대한 질문 22문항에 대한 내적 일관성 신뢰도는 0.616으로, 그리고 전체 63문항의 내적 일관성 신뢰도는 0.840으로 유의미한 수준이었다. 신체에 대한 질문 4번과 심리 9번 문항의 경우 문항 총점과의 상관(item-total correlation)이 음의 값으로 응답의 일관성(신뢰도)이 떨어지는 것으로 나타났다. 그리고 순수 바따, 삣따, 까파 유형 대상으로 신체 4번, 심리 9번을 삭제 한 나머지 61문항의 신뢰도는 0.864로 나타났다. 위의 결과는 복합체질을 제외한 순수체질만을 대상으로 했기 때문에, 응답의 일관성을 나타내는 내적 일관성 신뢰도가 더 높게 나타났다. 그리고 타당도에서는 아유르베다 전문가의 판단과 검사지 응답의 문항점수 간의 일치도 카파(kappa) 계수는 0.619로 유의미한 수준이다. 따라서 본 연구는 한국형 아유르베다 체질 검사지의 개발을 위한 기초자료가 될 것이다.

민간경비원의 스트레스 대처방식이 직무소진에 미치는 영향 (The Influence of Private Security Guard's Stress Coping on Job Burnout)

  • 이만종;임유석
    • 시큐리티연구
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    • 제34호
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    • pp.209-232
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    • 2013
  • 현대 사회에서 발생하는 범죄의 다양성은 시간이 흐를수록 사회적으로도 심각한 문제가 되고 있는 실정이며, 경찰의 부족한 치안공백을 보충하기 위하여 민간경비원의 역할이 증대되고 있다. 그러나 민간경비원들은 실제 업무를 수행할 때에 각종 위기상황에 노출되어 다양한 스트레스를 경험하고 있으며, 이는 민간경비의 직무소진에 영향을 미칠 수가 있기 때문에 민간경비원에 대한 철저한 관리가 이루어져야 한다. 이 연구는 민간경비원이 업무현장에서 겪게 되는 스트레스 대처에 따른 직무소진의 정도를 실증적으로 파악하기 위한 연구이다. 분석결과는 첫째, 민간경비원의 스트레스 대처방식 중 문제중심 대처는 직무소진의 신체적 심리적 소진에 부적(-) 영향을 미치고, 소망사고 대처는 정적(+) 영향을 미치는 것으로 나타났다. 둘째, 민간경비원의 스트레스 대처방식은 직무소진의 비인간화에 영향을 미치지 않는 것으로 나타났다. 셋째, 민간경비원의 스트레스 대처방식 중 문제중심 대처는 직무소진의 성취감 결여에 정적(+) 영향을 미치는 것으로 나타났다. 따라서 민간경비업무 수행과정에서 발생하는 각종의 스트레스는 민간경비원의 신체적 소진, 심리적 소진, 성취감 결여 등으로 나아갈 수가 있기 때문에 민간경비산업에 종사하는 관리자는 직무소진을 발생시킬 수 있는 다양한 요인들을 사전에 조율하여 직무소진을 감소시킬 수 있는 관리방안에 대해 집중해야 한다.

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Analysis of Human Body Suitability for Mattresses by Using the Level of PsychoPhysiological Relaxation and Development of Regression Model

  • Min, Seung Nam;Kim, Jung Yong;Kim, Dong Joon;Park, Yong Duck;Kim, Seoung Eun;Lee, Ho Sang
    • 대한인간공학회지
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    • 제34권3호
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    • pp.199-215
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    • 2015
  • Objective: The purpose of this study is to find the level of physical relaxation of individual subject by monitoring psychophysiological biofeedback to different types of mattresses. And, the study also aims to find a protocol to make a selection of the best mattress based on the measured information. Background: In Korea, there are an increasing number of people using western style bed. However, they are often fastidious in choosing the right mattress for them. In fact, people use their past experience with their old mattress as well as the spontaneous experience they encounter in a show room to finally decide to buy a bed. Method: Total five mattresses were tested in this study. After measuring the elasticity of the mattresses, they were sorted into five different classes. Physiological and psychological variables including Electromyography (EMG), heart rates (HR), oxygen saturations (SaO2) were used. In addition, the peak body pressure concentration rate was used to find uncomfortably pressured body part. Finally, the personal factors and subjective satisfaction were also examined. A protocol was made to select the best mattress for individual subject. The selection rule for the protocol considered all the variables tested in this study. Results: The result revealing psychological comfort range of 0.68 to 0.95, dermal comfort range of 3.15 to 6.07, back muscle relaxation range of 0.25 to 1.64 and personal habit range of 2.0 to 3.4 was drawn in this study. Also a regression model was developed to predict biofeedback with the minimal use of biofeedback devices. Moreover results from the proposed protocol with the regression equation and subjective satisfaction were compared with each other for validation. Ten out of twenty subjects recorded the same level of relaxation, and eight subjects showed one-level difference while two subjects showed two-levels difference. Conclusion: The psychophysiological variables and suitability selection process used in this study seem to be used for selecting and assessing ergonomic products mechanically or emotionally. Application: This regression model can be applied to the mattress industry to estimate back muscle relaxation using dermal, psychophysiology and personal habit values.

노인의 의미에 대한 주관성 연구 (A Subjectivity Study on the Meaning of Aging for Elders)

  • 이금재;박인숙;김분한
    • 기본간호학회지
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    • 제7권2호
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    • pp.271-286
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    • 2000
  • This study is designed to investigate what elders think about the meaning of aging. We have used Q-methods to identify meaning of aging from elders, and developed self-referenced surveys to analyze characteristics In this study, we used a non-structured method to select Q sampling. From 183 Q populations, we selected 36 Q sampling. A total of 32 persons sixty-years or older were randomly selected for P samples, When the Q-sorting was complete, we interviewed the participants at both end of the extremes(agree or disagree), and documented their responses. We used PC QUANL to process the data and used principal component analysis for Q factor analysis. There were five subjective types for the meaning of aging by elders. Of the 32 P-samples of elders, 11 were identified as Type 1, 7 as Type 2, 2 as Type 3, 8 as Type 4, and 4 as Type 5. Type 1 : 'Matured elders' Elders wished the well being of their children, thought older persons should maintain good health, worried about becoming senile, and dependent God believing in life after death. Type 2 : 'Assertive-Rights' Elders categorized as Assertive-Rights insisted on their rights to life as a person. Type 2 elders characterized themselves as people who should keep themselves healthy, become weak and lack sexual desires, act selfish like a child, need to be protected, and be financially independent. Type 3 : 'Passive-Dependents' Elders characterize themselves as those who pray for their children's well being, worry about the children even after their death. and becoming senile. Type 4 : 'Hopeless' The 'Hopeless' type of elders characterized aging as a time to pray for their children, insignificant beings, thoughts were selfish and child-like, poor, worried about going senile, regret their life overall, and preferred to die than to live as an old person. Type 5 : 'Attached-Present' The 'Attached-Present' type of elders thought elderly characterized themselves as acting selfish and child-like, wiser, anxious, regret their life, stand aloof of greed and worldly things, being a model for the society, and deserving to be treated with filial respect. Thus far, Korean elders seemed to have a positive and negative meaning of aging due to the current changes in the society, value system, and family structures. The above five subjective meanings of aging confirm that we need to approach and nurse the elderly differently. Years of aging are a part of and a natural process of life with various physical, psychological, and sociological changes. Nurses need to assist elderly to find the positive meaning of their life by providing appropriate physical, psychological, and social support at an earlier stage in nursing. Based on this study, we could derive the following two implication from the perspectives of science of nursing to care for elders. 1) Based on the studies investigating the type of meaning of aging, we could develop tools to assist in nursing intervention programs for elderly. 2) Based on research on the meaning of aging for different developmental stages of life, we could develop a model for roles for different family members in nursing and caring for the elders.

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암 환자의 삶의 질에 영향을 미치는 재정 관련 어려움 요인 (Financial Hardship Factors affecting the Cancer Patient's Quality of Life)

  • 이영선;김수연;박정환
    • 한국산학기술학회논문지
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    • 제21권10호
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    • pp.299-307
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    • 2020
  • 연구목적: 본 연구는 암 환자의 삶의 질에 영향을 미치는 재정 관련 어려움 요인을 찾고자 수행하였다. 방법: 연구대상은 항암, 방사선 치료 경험이 있는 암 환자이며, 종속변수는 삶의 질, 독립변인은 인구사회학적 요소, 의료적 상황, 재정관련 어려움(암 치료비로 인한 물질적 상황, 심리적 반응, 대처행동)을 변인으로 하여 모형을 구성하였다. 자료수집은 자기기입식 설문지를 활용, 5개 요양병원에서 수집하였으며, 422부의 설문지를 분석에 사용하였다. 분석방법은 인구사회학적, 의료적 변인과 함께, 세 유형으로 분류한 재정관련 어려움 변인을 각각 단계적으로 투입하여 5단계로 위계적 다중 회귀분석 하였다. 결과: 삶의 질에 가장 영향력이 큰 요인은 평소처럼 일할 수 없거나, 가계에 도움이 될 수 없다는 좌절감이었으며, 신체활동수행정도가 나쁠수록, 동반질환이 있는 경우, 여자인 경우, 암 치료비에 대한 심리적 부담감이 클 경우, 치료비용에 대한 의료진과 의사소통 만족도가 낮을 경우, 경제적 상황에 대해 잘 관리되고 있다고 느끼지 못하는 경우, 삶의 질이 나쁜 것으로 나타났다. 결론: 본 연구결과가 암 환자 삶의 질 향상을 위한 실천 현장의 중재 프로그램 개발, 임상적 개입방안 및 관련 정책 방안 마련을 위한 근거로 활용되길 기대한다.

운동중재에 관한 국내 간호학 논문 분석 (The Analysis of Exercise Therapy in Nursing Research)

  • 전점이
    • 대한간호학회지
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    • 제30권2호
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    • pp.319-330
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    • 2000
  • This study is aimed at analyzing the trend of research on the use of exercise in nursing research, through suggesting directions for future research and implementation of the various exercise therapies. Research studies were taken from dissertations and theses selected from the Academic Society Journals of nursing science, Journals from universities, medical and nursing schools, research institutes in various universities, the Central Journal of Medicine, and the New Medical Journal. The research published between 1970 and 1997 in Korea were analyzed, 51 research were selected. The research are analyzed according to: published time, source of the research, research design, subjects, sample size, dependant variables, exercise therapy, and effect of exercise therapy. The results were as follows: 1. Research on exercise therapy increased rapidly in the 1990's. At this time, 88.2% of research was published. 2. Research areas included: 54.9% non- degree research, 27.5% Doctoral theses, and 17.6% Master's theses. 3. The experimental design included: 66.7% non- equivalent control group pre-test/ post-test design and 29.4% one group pre-test/post- test design. 4. Out of the Subjects: 52.9% were patients with various health problems, and 47.1% were healthy individuals. 5. Sample size included: 52.9% with above 31 subjects, 11.8% with 11~15 and 26~30. 6. Exercise therapy was analyzed by type, intensity, frequency, duration, and period. 1) The Types: Aerobic exercise at 60.8% was the most common, active exercise for muscle strengthening and building made up 21.6%. 2) Exercise with 40~65% intensity comprised 25.5%, 70~85% with 7.8%, and no description of the intensity was 66.7%. 3) Frequency of 3~5 per week was the most common at 78.4%. 4) Duration: 15~60 minutes was the most common length of time at 76.5%. 5) Periods: More than 5 weeks at 82.3% were the most common in their categories. 7. Dependant variables: Psychological response was measured as a dependant variable in 92.2%, Cardio-pulmonary function 88.2%, Body Composition was 86.3%, Physical Response was 60.8%, Lipid Metabolism was 58.8%, Physical Strength was 49.0%, Glucose Metabolism was 25.5%, Activities of Daily Living was 17.6% and others added to be 3.9%. 8. The effect of Exercise Therapy was categorized into 'positive', 'partially positive', and 'no effect' according to dependant variables: Having a positive effect - Glucose Metabolism (93.3%), Physical Response (85.0%), Activities of Daily Living (81.8%), Psychological Response (71.6%), Lipid Metabolism (67.6%), Cardio- pulmonary Function (63.6%), Physical Strength (68.1%), and Body Composition (56.4%). The following suggestions can be made on the above findings: 1. Research findings on Exercise Therapy as a Nursing Intervention need to be described by their elements of type, intensity, frequency, duration and period. 2. Toproperly study the positive effects of Exercise Therapy, there needs to be ⑴ appropriate research design, ⑵ selection criteria for the subjects ⑶ contents of exercise prescription to individuals or groups ⑷ measurement criterion for the dependent variables. 3. Meta-analysis on exercise therapy also needs to be done to analyze and integrate the various results.

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