• Journal of Microbiology and Biotechnology
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• 제22권7호
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• pp.990-999
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• 2012

The microbial biosynthesis of fatty acid of lipid metabolism, which can be used as precursors for the production of fuels of chemicals from renewable carbon sources, has attracted significant attention in recent years. The regulation of fatty acid biosynthesis pathways has been mainly studied in a model prokaryote, Escherichia coli. During the recent period, global regulation of fatty acid metabolic pathways has been demonstrated in another model prokaryote, Bacillus subtilis, as well as in Streptococcus pneumonia. The goal of this study was to increase the production of long-chain fatty acids by developing recombinant E. coli strains that were improved by an elongation cycle of fatty acid synthesis (FAS). The fabB, fabG, fabZ, and fabI genes, all homologous of E. coli, were induced to improve the enzymatic activities for the purpose of overexpressing components of the elongation cycle in the FAS pathway through metabolic engineering. The ${\beta}$-oxoacyl-ACP synthase enzyme catalyzed the addition of acyl-ACP to malonyl-ACP to generate ${\beta}$-oxoacyl-ACP. The enzyme encoded by the fabG gene converted ${\beta}$-oxoacyl-ACP to ${\beta}$-hydroxyacyl-ACP, the fabZ catalyzed the dehydration of ${\beta}$-3-hydroxyacyl-ACP to trans-2-acyl-ACP, and the fabI gene converted trans-2-acyl-ACP to acyl-ACP for long-chain fatty acids. In vivo productivity of total lipids and fatty acids was analyzed to confirm the changes and effects of the inserted genes in E. coli. As a result, lipid was increased 2.16-fold higher and hexadecanoic acid was produced 2.77-fold higher in E. coli JES1030, one of the developed recombinants through this study, than those from the wild-type E. coli.

• Journal of Nutrition and Health
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• 제27권9호
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• pp.910-923
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• 1994

The effects of individual fatty acids, differing in their degree of unsaturation(18:0, 18:1, 18:2 and 18:3) on the biosynthesis and secretion and lipids were investigated in Hep-G2 cells. Synthesis of apolipoprotein was measured by the incorporation of 3H-leucine into apolipoprotein(d<1.21g/ml) and synthesis of lipids was measured by the incorporation of 3H-glycerol and 14C-acetate into various lipid classes. Inclusion of 1.0mM of each fatty acids into the culture medium significantly increased the synthesis of total apolipoprotein and Apo B(p<0.05). However, addition of fatty acid did not affect the synthesis of cellular and medium protein. Among different fatty acids tested, oleic acid had the greatest effect on Apo B synthesis. While stearic, linoleic and linolenic acid, all had similar effects. The secretion of triglyceride into the medium markedly increased in all fatty acid groups being 5-6 times over the albumin control. The triglyceride secretion was the highest int he oleic acid group. The secretion of phospholipid and cholesterol also increased with triglyceride output. A positive relationship existed between the output of lipoprotein-triglyceride and Apo B. Since the synthesis of Apo B was significantly increased when various fatty acids were included into the culture medium, part of the apparently stimulated synthesis of the apolipoprotein may be in response to the increased formation and secretion of lipoprotein lipids.

• 대한수의학회지
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• 제36권3호
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• pp.577-598
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• 1996

This study was conducted to identify the effects of caffeine or combinations of caffeine and iron or vitamin E on the lipid and protein components or blood chemistry levels of the serum as well as the total homogenate, mitochondrial and microsomal fraction of the rat(Sprague-Dawley, female) liver. Chronic test were conducted to determine those effects. The chronic test was conducted by dividing rats into 5 groups according to the type of drugs and dosages administrated as follows; the control(group A), and group B was given 25mg/kg caffeine orally once daily for 30 days, group C was given 50mg/kg caffeine orally once daily for 30 days, group D was given 25mg/kg caffeine and orally ferric chloride once daily for 30 days and group E was given 25mg/kg caffeine and 25mg/kg vitamin E once daily for 30 days. The concentrations of glucose, urea nitrogen, uric acid, creatinine, total protein, albumin, A/G ratio, triglyceride, total cholesterol, HDL-cholesterol, free fatty acid, phospholipid as well as the activities of alanine aminotransferase(ALT), aspartate aminotransferase(AST) and alkaline phosphatase(ALP) were measured in the serum of each experimental groups. The concentrations of the carbonyl group and malondiaidehyde(MDA) and the patterns of the SDS-PAGE(Sodium Dodecyl Sulfate - Polyacrylamide Gel Electrophoresis) and fatty acid compositions in free fatty acids and phospholipids were analyzed to determine the oxidative damages and metabolic changes on the lipid and protein components in the serum, and total homogenate, mitochondrial and microsomal fractions of the rat liver. The results obtained from this study were summarized as follows; 1. Body weights of groups B, C, D and E were significantly decreased(p < 0.01) in comparison with that of the control in the chronic test. 2. The concentrations of serum glucose in groups B(124.5mg/dl), C(130.1mg/dl), D(122.1mg/dl), E(119.3mg/dl) were significantly higher(p < 0.01) in comparison to that of the control(101.5mg/dl). But, there were no significant differences in the concentrations of urea nitrogen, uric acid, creatinine, total protein, albumin and A/G ratio in comparison to that of the control. 3. The concentrations of total cholesterol and HDL-cholesterol in serum of groups B(69.6, 53.4mg/dl), C(73.0, 56.3mg/dl), D(68.9, 51.1mg/dl) and E(68.2, 51.3mg/dl) were significantly higher(p < 0.01) in comparison to that of the control(52.6, 38.8mg/dl). On the other hand, the concentrations of triglyceride in serum of groups B(45.0mg/dl), C(40.4mg/dl), D(33.8mg/dl) and E(47.2mg/dl) were significantly lower(p < 0.01) in comparison to that of the control(66.2mg/dl). There were no significant differences in the activities of ALT, AST and ALP in comparison to that of the control. 4. The concentrations of free fatty acid and phospholipid in serum of groups B(45.7, 154.4mg/dl), C(50.0, 167.2mg/dl), D(52.5, 148.4mg/dl) and E(41.1, 159.2mg/dl) were higher(p < 0.01) in comparison to that of the control(35.2, 125.3mg/dl). And the concentrations of the carbonyl group and malondialdehyde in serum of group D(1.82, 0.52nM/mg protein) were significantly higher(p < 0.01) in comparison to the control(1.53nM/mg protein). 5. The concentrations of carbonyl group in total homogenate, mitochondrial and microsomal fraction of group D(1.45, 0.94, 1.67nM/mg protein) were significantly higher (p < 0.01) in comparison to the control(1.16, 0.66, 1.27nM/mg protein). And the concentrations of malondialdehyde in the total homogenate, mitochondrial and microsomal fraction of group D(6.70, 6.10, 1.36nM/mg protein) were significantly higher(p < 0.01) in comparison to the control(5.17, 3.64, 0.68nM/mg protein). 6. As the analytical results of the fatty acid compositions of free fatty acid in serum, the proportions of stearic acid and arachidonic acid of groups B(16.52, 12.62%), C(17.52, 15.18%), D(19.73, 13.47%) and E(17.62, 13.28%) were significantly higher(p < 0.01) in comparison to the control(14.75, 7.88%), but the proportions of oleic acid and linoleic acid of groups B(12.97, 32.59%), C(10.88, 31.23%), D(12.37, 30.66%) and E(11.95, 32.41%) were significantly lower(p < 0.01) in comparison to the control(16.44, 35.12%). Otherwise, as the results of the fatty acid compositions of phospholipid in serum, the proportions of stearic acid and arachidonic acid of groups B(39.37, 16.39%), C(40.63, 17.83%), D(42.73, 15.39%) and E(39.16, 15.70%) were significantly higher(p < 0.01) in comparison to the control(37.74, 14.24%), but the proportions of oleic acid and linoleic acid of groups B(4.03, 14.38%), C(3.54, 12.38%), D(4.52, 11.68%) and E(4.29, 13.64%) were significantly lower(p < 0.01) in comparison to the control(5.53, 16.14%). 7. As the analytical results of the fatty acid compositions of free fatty acid in total homogenate, mitochondrial and microsomal fraction of liver, the proportions of oleic acid of groups B(7.8**, 8.73**, 6.88%) and C(6.89**, 7.75**, 6.58%) were lower(**:p < 0.01) in comparison to the control(8.67, 10.08, 7.81%), but the proportions of arachidonic acid of group C(22.62, 19.79, 23.71%) were significantly higher(p < 0.01) in comparison to the control(20.93, 18.47, 22.24%). And the proportions of palmitic acid of group D(25.95**, 26.16, 26.34**%) were significantly higher(**:p < 0.01) in comparison to the control(24.43, 25.42, 23.34%). In addition, the proportions of linoleic acid of group D(23.43, 25.02, 23.95%) were also significantly higher(p < 0.01) in comparison to the control(22.17, 23.75, 21.26%). The proportions of stearic acid of group D(19.87, 19.76**%) in mitochondrial and microsomal fraction were lower(**:p < 0.01) in comparison to the control(21.01, 24.18%), and the proportions of stearic acid of group E(16.71*, 19.65**%) in mitochondrial and microsomal fraction were significantly lower(**:p < 0.01, *:p < 0.05) in comparison to the control(21.01, 24.18%), and the proportions of linoleic acid of group E(25.04, 29.20, 26.48%) in total homogenate, mitochondria and microsome were significantly higher(p < 0.01) in comparison to the control(22.17, 23.75, 21.26%). 8. As the results of the fatty acid compositions of phospholipid in total homogenate, mitochondrial and microsomal fraction of liver, the proportions of palmitic acid of group D(17.58**, 18.78*, 18.23%**) were significantly higher(**:p < 0.01, *:p < 0.05) in comparison to the control(16.28, 17.22, 16.38%), and the proportions of stearic acid of group D(36.41, 37.23, 39.53%) were also significantly higher(p < 0.01) in comparison to the control(34.18, 34.16, 36.04%). But the proportions of oleic acid(3.41*, 3.11**, 3.12**%) and linoleic acid (18.03**, 15.79**, 14.74**%) of group D were significantly lower(**:p < 0.01, *:p < 0.05) in comparison to the control(oleic : 3.63, 3.72, 3.79%, linoleic : 20.03, 18.71, 18.48%). 9. In order to determine the oxidative damages to the protein in serum, mitochondrial and microsomal fraction of the rat liver, the patterns of the SDS-PAGE were identified, but the results of SDS-PAGE were not significantly different between the control and experimental groups.

• 생명과학회지
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• 제11권3호
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• pp.254-258
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• 2001

The biochemical change during regeneration of perilla callus were investigated by comparing total protein and lipid contents, protein band pattern in SDS-PAGE, and fatty acid composition in the calli cultured for various period(0, 1, 3, 5 and 6 weeks) Calli were induced from cotyledon and hypocotyl explants of peplants of perilla on perilla on MS medium containing BA(0.5 mg/L) and NAA(0.5mg/L). The protein contents reached the peak at 3 weeks after induction of calli, and then was decreased. Total lipid contents was decreased as the culture period increased. The band pattern of polypeptides showed that 30KD and 45KD polypeptides and 22KD and 45KD polypetides were major proteins in the cotyledon and hypocotyl explants, respectively. However increase of culture period only 30KD protein was highly accumulated.

• Preventive Nutrition and Food Science
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• 제16권1호
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• pp.55-61
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• 2011

A survey aiming to find out the chemical and textural properties of commercial fermented soy bean curd called sufu was conducted. Sixteen brands of plain sufu produced in the Northern or the Southern part of China were collected and examined for their crude protein, crude fat, texture profiles, free amino acids, and free fatty acid contents. Twenty-one free amino acids were extracted and derivatized using a commercial kit followed by separation and analyzed by the gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS). Similarly, ten free fatty acids were extracted using alumina, eluted, separated and analyzed. The content ranges of crude fat and protein were 22~36% and 31~38%, respectively. In texture profile analysis, ranges of the texture parameters were 131~493 g (hardness), 0.4~0.5 (cohesiveness), -137 to -50 gs (adhesiveness), 0.6~1 (springiness), 47~220 g (gumminess) and 32~177 g (chewiness). Twenty-one different free amino acids, especially alanine, glycine, $\alpha$-aminobutyric acid, valine, leucine, allo-isoleucine, aspartic acid, glutamic acid and lysine in large amount, as well as ten fatty acids in total, notably linoleic acid (9-octadecanoic acid), oleic acid (9,12-octadecadienoic acid), linolenic acid (9,12,15-octadecadienoic acid), hexadecanoic acid and octadecanoic acid were found. This information provides important quality reference ranges for product developers and manufacturers to optimize and produce the plain sufu.

• 한국식품영양학회지
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• 제6권3호
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• pp.143-157
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• 1993

This research aims to find the information concerning nutritional status and food intake in Korean dirt betic men. Thus, the survey was made on 202 NIDDM patients over 35 age at University Hospital. The data were analysed using F-test and mutiple comparison in SAS package program. Main results were as follows : Incidence of diabetes is high in their forties and fifties. Most of them are salary men, administrators, and professionals in middle class, who reside in metropolitan area including Seoul. They used to take light exercise and were founded NIDDM by subjective symptoms. 36.6% of them have other diseases simultaneously such as hypertension, cancer, etc. Food intake pattern prior to incidence was that intake frequency of grains, sugars, protein foods, and liking foods was higher than of processed foods. Amounts of calorie intake were shown to be lower than normal persons, so that it seemed to be controlled by doctors. In addition, the calorie ratio derived from fat was lower than RDA. Thus protein and carbohydrate ratio was relatively higher than RDA. Total moan fatty acid intake was 32.15g and it is no significance among weight groups in various fatty acid intakes. With respect to the physical standards of the diabetic men, weight, PIBW BMI, BMM, 757, arm circumference, and waist /hip ratio were higher than in normal. Therefore it seemed that these factors would be related to the diabetics. From now on, it is required to research the correlations of fatty acid intakes on the diabetes and their influence to serum lipid profiles.

• 생명과학회지
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• 제26권7호
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• pp.758-763
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• 2016

본 연구에서는 C2C12 근육 세포의 분화 과정에 있어 IGF-I이 지방산의 수송을 담당하는 지방산 수송체인 FAT/CD36의 mRNA 및 단백질 발현에 미치는 영향에 대해 알아보았다. 그 결과 근육세포의 분화 과정에 있어 FAT/CD36의 단백질과 mRNA 발현이 분화 시간 의존적으로 유의하게 증가하였으며, IGF-I의 처리에 의해서도 유의하게 조절되었음을 알 수 있었다. 이는 IGF-I이 골격근 세포의 성장 및 분화를 촉진하여 근육 관련 유전자들의 발현을 조절하는 기능뿐만 아니라, 골격근의 주요 에너지원으로 사용되는 지방산의 수송을 담당하는 FAT/CD36의 발현에도 영향을 미친다는 것으로 해석할 수 있겠다. 향후 IGF-I이 골격근 세포에서 FAT/CD36의 발현에 영향을 미침으로써 골격근의 지방산 흡수와 산화율을 조절하는지, 그에 따라 지방대사에 어떠한 영향을 미치는지에 대한 연구가 필요할 것이며, 이와 관련된 신호전달 체계 및 기전에 대한 연구도 진행 되어야 할 것이다.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• 제17권7호
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• pp.995-999
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• 2004

Fabrea salina is a hypersaline ciliate having importance as a live food source for juvenile stages of aquatic animals including smaller invertebrates. The analysis of this ciliate for proximate and biochemical composition was carried out. The moisture, protein, fat, carbohydrate and ash content of F. salina from natural sources were 86.66$\pm$0.380, 56.66$\pm$0.494%, 36.66$\pm$0.614%, 1$\pm$0.073% and 4$\pm$0.182%, respectively. Gas chromatographic analysis (percent area below the curve) revealed that the presence of oleic acid was higher over other fatty acids in both natural and cultured F. salina. The absolute content of oleic acid was higher in natural (18.91% area) than in the cultured (10.74% area) F. salina. Linoleic and linolenic acids were also among major fatty acids with the percentage area of 16.29 and 14.58, respectively. The number of fatty acids in cultured Fabrea was less as compared to the natural ones and the oleic acid was followed by palmitic acid, palmitoleic acid, linoleic acid and stearic acid.

• 한국미생물·생명공학회지
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• 제12권4호
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• pp.271-276
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• 1984

배양액 중에 탄소원과 질소원의 농도를 조절하여 C/N 비가 Rhodotorula sp.의 균체생육과 지질생성에 미치는 영향을 조사하고 생성된 지질의 지방산조성을 분석하여 다음과 같은 결과를 얻었다. 배양액의 질소농도가 높을수록 균체지방 함량은 감소하고 대신 단백질 함량이 증가하며 질소가 과소할 경우에는 지질 함량은 높으나 균체 생육이 부진하였다. 지질생산의 최적 C/N 비는 45∼50 (48) 이었으며 질소의 기준량은 질소동화율(Nitrogen digestion rate)과 밀접한 관계가 있었다. 생육 과정에서 체단백질의 합성과 지질의 집중적인 축적간에는 시간적인 구분 현상이 뚜렷하여 단백질은 배양초기에 주로 합성되고 지질은 중반 이후에 집중적으로 합성 축적되었다. 그리고 총지방산의 함량은 지질생성량이 가장 많은 조건, 즉 최적 C/N 비에서 가장 높았다. C/N 비가 증가할수록 포화지방산의 함량이 증가하고 불포화지방산의 함량은 감소하였으며 이것은 주로 palnitic acid와 oleic acid사이의 상호 증감에 기인되는 것이었다.

• International Journal of Industrial Entomology and Biomaterials
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• 제25권1호
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• pp.93-98
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• 2012

Nutrition value of mealworm, Tenebrio molitor was analyzed due to increasing demand of usage as a protein source for domestic animals and even further for human consumption. The purpose of the present work was to determine the chemical compostion of the Tenebrio molitor larvae, adult that were maintained under standard condition for further usage of mass-rearing system and its exuvium, and excreta. Tenebrio molitor, larvae, adult, exuvium and excreta contained 46.44, 63.34, 32.87, and 18.51% protein respectively, suggested that even excreta could be used as an additional supplement in food recycling process. This protein was also rich in amino acids such as Isoleucine, leucine and Lysine which all met the nutritional value recommended by the Food and Agriculture Organization. Fatty acid composition was detected with high component of oleic acid (C18:1), along with linoleic acid (C18:2) and palmitic acid (C16) in all adult, larvae, exuvium and excreta. These oleic acid (C18:1), linoleic acid (C18:2) and palmitic acid (C16) components were the same or even highly contained in excreta of mealworm 22.29, 47.19 and 19.17% respectively. Longer chains of unsaturated fatty acids consisted of two to three double bonds are known as healthy product was recognized in large amount. These results show new ways to consume mealworms and its waste for animal and human consumption.