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Allium hookeri Extract Improves Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus in C57BL/KSJ Db/db Obese Mouse via Regulation of Hepatic Lipogenesis and Glucose Metabolism (삼채 추출물의 인슐린 저항성 개선 효과 및 기전 탐색)

  • Kim, Ji-Soo;Heo, Jin-Sun;Choi, Jong-Won;Kim, Gun-Do;Sohn, Kie-Ho
    • Journal of Life Science
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    • v.25 no.10
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    • pp.1081-1090
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    • 2015
  • Diabetes has been one of major health risks in industrialized countries. Allium hookeri is a wild herb distributed in India and Myanmar. The root of the plant has been used as food and medicine in Southeast Asia. We investigated Allium hookeri extract improves type 2 diabetes mellitus in C57BL/KSJ db/db obese mouse. C57BL/KSJ db/db obese mouse arise out of Type 2 diabetes and we treated Allium hookeri methanol extract 400 mg/kg (AH 400), 800 mg/kg (AH 800), positive control group (thiazolidinedine;TZDs) were administered orally for 8weeks. AH treated group normalized lipid enzyme system (triglyceride, total cholesterol, HDL-cholesterol and LDL-cholesterol) and serum glucose, HbA1c and plasma insulin level. AH treated group recovered β-cell damage by hyperglycemia and fatty liver disease. AH treated group significantly up regulated expression of Peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma (PPAR-γ), pyruvate dehydrogenase kinase4 (PDK4), Sterol regulatory element-binding protein 1c (SREBP 1) and fork head box O1 (FOX 01) proteins in C57BL/KSJ db/db obese mouse liver. And we found that AH treated group decreased hepatic malondialdehyde formation in C57BL/KSJ db/db obese mouse liver. These results indicate that Allium hookeri methanol extract might be a potential anti-diabetic agent and could be useful in the treatment of type 2 diabetes mellitus.

Protective effects of Gastrodia rhizoma and steamed & fermented Gastrodiae rhizoma with anti-oxidant efficacy and suppression of NFκB signaling pathway on LPS-induced liver injury (LPS로 유발한 간손상 마우스에서 항산화 및 항염증 효능을 통한 천마와 증숙 발효 천마의 간보호 효과)

  • Kim, Hyoung-Jin;Kwon, O Jun;Lee, Ah Reum;Roh, Seong-Soo;Seo, Young-Bae
    • Journal of Applied Biological Chemistry
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    • v.59 no.3
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    • pp.179-188
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    • 2016
  • This study is aimed to evaluate the protective effect of Gastrodiae rhizoma and steamed, dried & fermented Gastrodiae rhizoma on Lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-induced hepatic injury in the mice model. Sample was selected to GR0F0 (not processed gastrodia rhizome) and GR6F4 (fermented with Saccharomyces cerevisiae before steamed and dried 6 times) based on 1,1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl, 2,2'-azinobis-3-ethyl-benzothiazoline-6-sulfonic acid, and High-performance liquid chromatography analysis. Mice were randomly divided into 4 groups - Normal group, vehicle group (LPS treated), GR0F0 group (fed GR0F0 before LPS treated) and GR6F4 group (fed GR6F4 before LPS treated) with 6 mice in each group. GR0F0 group and GR6F4 group were fed each extract 200 mg/kg/day during 8 days. LPS 20 mg/kg injected to the experimental groups as abdominal injection. We measured aspartate aminotransferase, alanine amino-transferase in serum. GR0F0 and GR6F4 showed a significant decrease compared to the vehicle group. As a result of measuring the ROS, GR6F4 group showed a significant reduction in both the serum and liver tissues compared to the vehicle group. GR0F0 group showed a significant reduction only in the liver tissues. Activator protein-1, cyclooxygenase-2, and Inducible nitric oxide synthase were significantly decreased GR0F0 group and GR6F4 group. But tumor necrosis factor alpha only showed a significant reduction in GR6F4 group. GR0F0 and GR6F4 groups against liver damage in mice with LPS. That showed significant effects on anti-oxidant and anti-inflammatory action. The effects of GR6F4 group showed superior results compared to GR0F0 group. Therefore, Steamed, dried & fermented Gastrodia rhizoma was might have a protective effect on liver injury.

Studies of Soybean Improvement by γ-ray and Chemical Mutagens -I. Comparison of the effects of EMS, Ei, and γ-rays in soybean(preliminary report) (돌연변이 유기에 의한 대두 품종개량연구 -I. 대두에 대한 EMS, EI 및 γ선처리효과비교(예보))

  • Shin-Han Kwon;Kun-Hyuk Im;Cheong-Yeol Sohn;Jong-Sun Eun
    • KOREAN JOURNAL OF CROP SCIENCE
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    • v.7 no.1
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    • pp.139-144
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    • 1969
  • 1. In order to obtain useful mutants such as early maturity, resistance to lodging, high protein and oil content, and capability of high yield, dormant seeds of two soybean varieties, Jang Dan Baik Mok and Clark, were treated with γ-ray, Ethyl Methane Sulfonate(EMS), Ethylene Imine(EI)and combinations of γ-ray and EMS or EI. 2. The germination rate and survival rate in a variety Jang Dan Baik Mok were significantly decreased with γ-ray treatment while it was not the same in the Clark variety. A significant decrease for seedling height measured at 14 and 21 days after sowing was found with the increase of γ-ray dose in both varieties. 3. Germination rates in both varieties were significantly decreased as EI concentration increases, particularly severe damage in germination was observed at 0.008 Mo. concentration. Germination rate damages were found with EMS concentration increases in the variety Jang Dan Baik Mok while no regular responses in seedling height were observed in the variety Clark. 4. Germination rate was significantly lowered with the combined treatment of EMS and γ-ray 24KR than that of EMS alone. In the treatments of γ-ray with three levels of EI concentration, the combined treatments except 24KR+EI 0.002 Mol. resulted in better germination than of EI alone. In both varieties, significant reduction in seedling height was observed in the combined treatments of γ-ray with various concentrations of EMS, whereas stimulation effect on seedling height was found with treatment of γ-ray EI +0.08Mol. 5. Germination rate, survival rate, and plant height as criteria of radio sensitivity, variety Jang Dan Baik Mok is moze sensitive to γ-ray, EMS, and EI than the variety Clark, and the varietal difference in responsibility to mutagen may be due to the genetic-constitution of the varieties.

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Effect of Herbricide Treatments on Botanical Composition and Dry Matter Yields in Ladino Clover Dominated Pasture Mixtures (Ladino clover가 우점된 혼파초지에서 제초제 처리가 식생구성 및 초지생산성에 미치는 영향)

  • Kim, J.G.;Lee, S.B.;Seo, S.;Lee, J.Y.
    • Journal of The Korean Society of Grassland and Forage Science
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    • v.6 no.2
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    • pp.71-77
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    • 1986
  • The field experiment was conducted to evaluate the effect of herbicide treatment (Banvel: 100, 200, U-46: 150, 300, Hedonal: 150, 300, Simazin: 100, 200g/10 a) on change in the botanical composition and dry matter productivity of ladino clover (Trifolium repens L.) dominated pasture mixtures. The experiment was laid down as a randomized block design with 4 replications at experimental field of Livestock Experiment Station in Suweon from 1983 to 1985. The results obtained are summarized as follows: 1. Against ladino clover in mixie grass-clover swards Banvel, U-46 and Hedonal gave good control. The percentage of ladino clover under herbicide tratment decreased to about 1-2%(Banvel), 11-18%(U-46) and 22-31%(Hedonal), respectively, while it increased to 71% in untreated pastures. However, in the second year this trend stated to reverse and occurred clover dominance again in U-46 and Hedonal application, while those remained approximately constant until end of the years under Banvel treatment. Simazin is to be not recommended. 2. The best time for herbicide treatment was found to be late summer before autumn sown 20-25 days. When it applied in early summer weed infestigation by Digitaria spp., Echinochloa spp. and other species was a severe problem. 3. Emergence and early development of introduced pastures were less satisfactory, if it oversown immediatley after herbicide treatments due to its phytotoxical damage. Residual chemicals remained about 7-10 days in topsoils. Perennial ryegrass and orchardgrass were slightly less tolerant than the other species. 4. In dry matter, taken as average of three year results, Banvel applied pastures produced the remarkably high yield of 1023 kg/10 a, which is as much as 44% higher than that of untreated plot. Dry matter yields under U-46 and Hedonal treatment were 842 and 811 kg/10 a, respectively. 5. Weender components and net energy concentration were affected by change in the botanical composition. Crude protein and NEL value were slightly higher in clover dominance than those in herbicide treatments. Total yields of net energy lactation, however, were the highest in Banvel application with 5401 MJ and the lowest in untreatment with 3889 MJ-NEL/10 a DM.

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Microtubule-damaging Chemotherapeutic Agent-mediated Mitotic Arrest and Apoptosis Induction in Tumor Cells (미세소관-손상 항암제 처리에 의한 세포주기의 정지 및 에폽토시스 유도)

  • Jun, Do Youn;Kim, Young Ho
    • Journal of Life Science
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    • v.26 no.3
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    • pp.376-386
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    • 2016
  • Apoptosis induction has been proposed as an efficient mechanism by which malignant tumor cells can be removed following chemotherapy. The intrinsic mitochondria-dependent apoptotic pathway is frequently implicated in chemotherapy-induced tumor cell apoptosis. Since DNA-damaging agent (DDA)-induced apoptosis is mainly regulated by the tumor suppressor protein p53, and since more than half of clinical cancers possess inactive p53 mutants, microtubule-damaging agents (MDAs), of which apoptotic effect is mainly exerted via p53-independent routes, can be promising choice for cancer chemotherapy. Recently, we found that the apoptotic signaling pathway induced by MDAs (nocodazole, 17α-estradiol, or 2-methoxyestradiol) commonly proceeded through mitotic spindle defect-mediated prometaphase arrest, prolonged Cdk1 activation, and subsequent phosphorylation of Bcl-2, Mcl-1, and Bim in human acute leukemia Jurkat T cells. These microtubule damage-mediated alterations could render the cellular context susceptible to the onset of mitochondria-dependent apoptosis by triggering Bak activation, Δψm loss, and resultant caspase cascade activation. In contrast, when the MDA-induced Bak activation was inhibited by overexpression of anti-apoptotic Bcl-2 family proteins (Bcl-2 or Bcl-xL), the cells in prometaphase arrest failed to induce apoptosis, and instead underwent mitotic slippage and endoreduplication cycle, leading to formation of populations with 8N and 16N DNA content. These data indicate that cellular apoptogenic mechanism is critical for preventing polyploid formation following MDA treatment. Since the formation of polyploid cells, which are genetically unstable, may cause acquisition of therapy resistance and disease relapse, there is a growing interest in developing new combination chemotherapies to prevent polyploidization in tumors after MDA treatment.

Anti-inflammatory properties of chloroform extracts from GW10-45, a new cultivar derived from Pleurotus ferulae, in RAW264.7 murine macrophages. (아위느타리 신품종 GW10-45 클로로포름 추출물의 항염증 효과)

  • Choi, Hyung-Wook;Kim, Eun-Joo;Kim, Keun-Ki;Shin, Pyung-Gyun;Kim, Gun-Do
    • Journal of Mushroom
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    • v.14 no.4
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    • pp.220-224
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    • 2016
  • Chronic inflammation, which results from continuous exposure to antigens, is one of major reasons for tissue damage and diseases such as rheumatoid arthritis and type 2 diabetes. In this study, we investigated the anti-inflammatory effects of extracts (hexane, CHCl3, MeOH, MeOH/H2O, and H2O) from GW10-45, which is our new cultivar of an edible mushroom Pleurotus ferulae (ASI 2803 and ASI 2778), in RAW264.7 murine macrophages. None of the extracts showed cytotoxicity in RAW264.7 cells and the hexane, CHCl and H extracts reduced nitric oxide (NO) production, an important inflammatory marker, in lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-stimulated RAW264.7 cells. Particularly, the extract (CG45) inhibited NO production more than the other extracts did. To elucidate the effects of CG45 on molecular targets involved in pro-inflammatory responses, we performed western blot analysis. Expression of inducible nitric oxide (iNOS) significantly decreased in LPS and CG45 co-incubated cells compared to that in LPS only-treated cells. Additionally, another protein thatplays a critical role in inflammation, was down-regulated in cells treated with both LPS and CG45. In the nuclear factor (NF)κB pathway, phosphorylation of IκBα decreased in RAW264.7 cells treated with both LPS and CG45. Furthermore, CG45 inhibited the phosphorylation of NFκB in LPS-stimulated RAW264.7 cells. Conclusively, CG45 could suppress pro-inflammatory responses in LPS-stimulated RAW264.7 cells by down-regulating not only the phosphorylation of NFκB and IκBα but also the expression of iNOS and COX-2 without any cytotoxicity.

Clinical Significance of Pyuria in Pediatric Patients with Febrile Urinary Tract Infection (발열성 소아 요로감염에서 농뇨의 임상적 의의)

  • Choi, Lim;Cho, Sea-Eun;Yim, Hyung-Eun;Yoo, Kee-Hwan;Hong, Young-Sook;Lee, Joo-Won
    • Childhood Kidney Diseases
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    • v.15 no.1
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    • pp.66-75
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    • 2011
  • Purpose: Early diagnosis and treatment of febrile urinary tract infection (UTI) in children is important to prevent kidney damage. This study aims to evaluate the relationship between the presence of pyuria, the severity, and underlying genitourinary anomalies in patients with UTI. Methods: We retrospectively reviewed 293 patients with febrile UTI who were admitted to Korea University Guro Hospital during the period from June, 2007 until January, 2010. We divided the patients into two groups, one with the finding of pyuria at admission, and the other without, and compared the fever duration, white blood cell counts (WBC) and C-reactive protein (CRP) in peripheral bloods, hydronephrosis, cortical defects, vesicoureteral reflux and admission period. Results: Among the 293 patients with febrile UTI, 189 patients showed findings of pyuria whereas 104 patients did not. Patients with pyuria showed an increment of WBC (14,694±485.2 vs. 11,374±451.2/uL, P <0.05) and CRP (46.9±3.9 vs 17.1±3.6 mg/L, P <0.05) in peripheral blood sample. The presence of cortical defects (21.7 Vs 5.8%, P <0.05) and vesicoureteral reflux (15.9 Vs 6.7%, P <0.05) was also increased in patients with pyuria compared to patients without pyuria. There were no specific differences in fever duration, admission period, and hydronephrosis. Within the group with pyuria, CRP in peripheral blood sample increased proportionally with the increment of pyuria (P <0.05). Conclusion: In patients with febrile UTI, the increment of WBC in the urine sample can be a helpful predictor for increased CRP in peripheral blood and acute pyelonephritis.

The Physio-ecological Characteristics of Golden Apple Snails (Pomacea canaliculata) and the Cause of Their Massive Death used for Weed Control in Wet Rice Paddies (왕우렁이(Pomacea canaliculata)의 생리·생태학적 특성 및 논 잡초방제용으로 투입된 왕우렁이의 집단패사 원인)

  • Lee, Sang-Beom;Lee, Sang-Min;Ko, Byong-Gu;Lee, Cho-Rong;Kim, Jin-Ho
    • Korean Journal of Organic Agriculture
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    • v.26 no.2
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    • pp.297-316
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    • 2018
  • The golden apple snail (GAS, Pomacea canaliculata) is an invasive freshwater snail. The GAS was introduced in Korea without prior studies on the possibility of crop damage or its impact on the natural ecosystem. The freshwater apple snails can be found typically in ponds, rice paddies, irrigation canals, roadside ditches or slower portions of streams. In this study, we were carried out to investigate the assessment of physiological and ecological characteristics, environmental characteristics inhabited area in winter season and cause of massive death at one time of golden apple snails used for weed control in wet rice paddies. The GAS was introduced from Japan to Korea for commercial production as a dietary protein supplement. The golden apple snail was also used a recently for weed control in wet rice cultivation. The species of freshwater Pomacea snails is belonging to the genus Pomacea, family ampulariidae, order mesogastropoda, subclass pulmonata, class gastropoda, phylum mollusca. The GAS spread into irrigation ditches and natural waterways. It is now distributed in ponds and canals near rice fields of southern parts of the country and has overwintered. It increases its cold hardiness before winter. However, the physiological mechanism of cold hardiness in molluscs is poorly understood, especially in freshwater molluscs. Our results on physio-ecological characteristics of the Pomacea apple snail showed that the ratio of males to females was 1: 1.99~2.33. The daily growth was 87.7 mg in weight, 0.31 mm in height and 0.33 mm in width of the their shell. On the other hand, the golden apple snails were very high to resistance on drying condition and survived rate about 80% up to 3 months. The inhabitation of GAS was no statistical significant impacts on the water quality. An important property of aqueous solutions is agricultural water quality because it affects chemical and biochemical properties such as chemical reactions, equilibrium conditions, and biological toxicity. The death rate of weed control apple snails by Ostracoda (Stenocypris hislopi) was only 2.86% and 5.71% depending on the density. Therefore, GAS was not a direct death caused by Ostracoda (Stenocypris hislopi).

The Occurrence of Renal Scarring in Children with Unilateral Vesicoureteral Reflux (일측성 방광 요관 역류 환아에서 신반흔의 발생)

  • Lee, Tae Ho;Son, Mi Ran;Byun, Soon Ok;Moon, Jung Woong
    • Clinical and Experimental Pediatrics
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    • v.48 no.9
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    • pp.998-1003
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    • 2005
  • Purpose : We evaluated the occurrence of renal scarring in children with unilateral vesicoureteral reflux(VUR), and the relationships between renal scar formation and risk factors such as VUR, duration of fever, acute-phase reactant, age, and sex. Methods : We retrospectively analyzed the data of 35 children newly diagnosed with unilateral vesicoureteral reflux after urinary tract infection(UTI) in Wallace Memorial Baptist Hospital between January 1996 and December 2004. Ultrasonography, Erythrocyte sedimentation rate(ESR), and C-reactive protein(CRP) were performed initially. Voiding cystourethrography(VCUG) was performed 1 to 3 weeks after treatment with UTI. 99mTc-dimercaptosuccinic acid(DMSA) scan was performed 4 to 6 months after treatment. Results : Scintigraphic renal damage was present in 29 percent of the refluxing and in 3 percent of the nonrefluxing kidneys(P<0.05). The severity of VUR was significantly correlated with renal scar formation(P<0.05). The duration of fever before treatmen(5.0±1.3 vs 2.6±1.3) and prolonged fever of over 5 days were significantly different between renal scar group and non-renal scar group(P<0.05). ESR(56.3±23.8 vs 27.9±18.1mm/hr, P<0.05) and CRP(12.8±7.3 vs 3.9±3.8mg/dL, P<0.05) at the diagnosis of UTI in the renal scar group were higher, compared to those of the non-renal scar group. There were no significant differences in age and sex between the two groups. Conclusion : The presence and grade of VUR, the duration of fever before treatment, prolonged fever over 5 days, ESR, and CRP were risk factors for renal scarring, irrespective of age and sex. Diagnosis and management of VUR, in children with UTI, is important to prevent renal scars.

Usefulness of serum procalcitonin test for the diagnosis of upper urinary tract infection in children (소아 상부 요로감염의 진단을 위한 혈청 procalcitonin 검사의 유용성)

  • Kim, Dong Wook;Chung, Ju Young;Koo, Ja Wook;Kim, Sang Woo;Han, Tae Hee
    • Clinical and Experimental Pediatrics
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    • v.49 no.1
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    • pp.87-92
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    • 2006
  • Purpose : It is difficult to make a distinction between lower urinary tract infection(UTI) and acute pyelonephritis(APN) during the acute phase of febrile UTI due to nonspecific clinical symptoms and laboratory findings, especially among young children. We measured the serum procalcitonin(PCT) in children with UTI to distinguish between acute pyelonephritis and lower UTI, and to determine the accuracy of PCT measurement compared with other inflammatory markers. Methods : Serum samples were taken from children who admitted with unexplained fever or were suspected of having UTI. 51 children(mean 12.2±11.4 months) were enrolled in this study. Leukocyte counts, erythrocyte sedimentation rates(ESR) and C-reactive protein(CRP) were also measured. Renal parenchymal involvement was assessed by 99mTc DMSA scintigraphy in the first 7 days after admission. PCT was measured by immunoluminometric assay. Results : PCT values were significantly correlated with the presence of renal defects in children with UTI(n=16)(5.06±12.97μg/L, P<0.05). However, PCT values were not significantly different between children with UTI without renal damage(n=18) and children without UTI(n=17). Using a cutoff of 0.5μg/L for PCT and 20 mm/hr for ESR, 20 mg/L for CRP, sensitivity and specificity in distinguishing between UTI with and without renal involvement were 81.3 percent and 88.9 percent for PCT 87.5 percent and 72.2 percent for ESR, and 87.5 percent and 55.6 percent for CRP, respectively. Positive and negative predictive values were 86.7 percent and 84.2 percent for PCT and 60.9 percent and 81.8 percent for CRP, respectively. Conclusion : In febrile UTI, PCT values were more specific than CRP, ESR and leukocyte count for the identification of patients who might develop renal defects.