• Journal of Microbiology and Biotechnology
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• v.10 no.3
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• pp.349-354
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• 2000

Abstract A facultative alkalophilic gram-negative Vibrio metschnikovii strain RH530, isolated from the wastewater, produced several alkaline proteases (VAP) including six alkaline serine proteases and a metalloprotease. From this strain, high yielding YAP mutants were isolated by NTG treatment. The isolated mutant KS1 showed nine times more activity than the wild-type after optimization of the culture media. The production was regulated by catabolite repression when glucose was added to the medium. The effects of several organic nitrogen sources on the production of the YAP were investigated to avoid catabolite repression. The combination of 4% wheat gluten meal (WGM), 1.5% cotton seed flour (eSF), and 5% soybean meal (SBM) resulted in the best production when supplemented with 1% NaCl. The YAP showed a resistance to surfactants such as $sodium-{\alpha}-olefin$ sulfonate (AOS), polyoxy ethylene oxide (POE), and sodium dodecyl sulfate (SDS), yet not to linear alkylbenzene sulfonate (LAS). However, the activity of the YAP was restored completely when incubated with LAS in the presence of POE or $Na_2SO_4$. The YAP was stable in a liquid laundry detergent containing 6.6% SLES (sodium lauryl ether sulfate), 6.6% LAS, 19.8% POE, and stabilizing agents for more than two weeks at $40^{\circ}C$, but the stability was sharply decreased even after 1 day when incubated at $60^{\circ}C$. A washing performance test with the YAP exhibited it to be a good washing power by showing 51 % and 60% activity at $25^{\circ}C{\;}and{\;}40^{\circ}C$, respectively, thereby indicating that the YAP also has a good detergency at a low temperature. All the results suggest that the YAP produced from the mutant strain KSI has suitable properties for use in laundry detergents.rgents.

• Toxicological Research
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• v.21 no.2
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• pp.107-113
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• 2005

[ $BARODON^{(R)}$ ] is a multi-purpose, high functional alkali solution made by mixing and liquid-ionizing silicon, calcium, sodium, borax, organic carbon chemicals and silver. In this study, we have investigated the apoptotic potential and mechanistic insights of $BARODON^{(R)}$ in human gastric cancer cell line (AGS cells). In MTT assay, $BARODON^{(R)}$ reduced cell viability in AGS cells. Morphological features of apoptosis with marked cytoplasmic vacuolation and appearance of apoptotic peaks in flow cytometry were observed in AGS cells with$BARODON^{(R)}$ treatment. In addition, $BARODON^{(R)}$ induced apoptosis of stomach cancer cell is related to bax up-regulation, caspase 7 protease activation and subsequent cleavage of poly (ADP-ribose) polymerase (PARP). These results suggest that BARODON can induce the apoptosis of AGS cells through modulation of bcl-2 family and the activation of intrinsic caspase cascades, indicating that it is potentially useful as a anti-cancer agent.

• Korean Journal of Agricultural Science
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• v.44 no.4
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• pp.525-530
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• 2017

Weaning is the most stressful event for nursery pigs because they are moved from familiar to unfamiliar environments. In addition, weaned pigs have immature digestive and immune systems. This situation makes weaned pigs susceptible to diseases and makes the absorption of nutrients from diets difficult. A feed approach, such as dietary enzyme supplementation, can be considered a solution. This study investigated the effects of dietary enzyme cocktail on diarrhea and immune responses of weaned pigs. A total 36 weaned pigs ($5.92{\pm}0.48kg\;BW$; 28 d old) were randomly allotted to 2 dietary treatments (3 pigs/pen, 6 replicates/treatment) in a randomized complete block design. The dietary treatments were a typical diet based on corn and soybean meal (CON) and CON with 0.05% enzyme cocktail (Cocktail; combination of xylanase, ${\alpha}-amylase$, protease, ${\beta}-glucanase$, and pectinase). Pigs were fed their respective diets for 6 wk. Incidence of diarrhea, packed cell volume (PCV), white blood cells (WBC) count, and immunoglobulin content were measured. A significantly lower incidence of diarrhea (p < 0.05) was observed in the Cocktail group as compared with the CON group. The Cocktail group also showed a decreased PCV (p < 0.1) on d 3 after weaning than the CON group. However, no differences were observed for number of WBC and contents of immunoglobulin G, M, and A between the Cocktail and CON groups. Consequently, inclusion of an enzyme cocktail in diets for weaned pigs had a positive influence on gut health by reducing the incidence of diarrhea in the present study.

• Korean Journal of Medicinal Crop Science
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• v.10 no.5
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• pp.399-402
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• 2002

Angiotensin converting enzyme(ACE) belongs to the class of zinc protease and plays an important role in the regulation of blood pressure. In this experiment, we investigated the inhibitory activities of medicinal plant extracts on ACE. Fifty medicinal plants were selected and the extracts were prepared by refluxing with 70% methanol. Among the extracts, eleven medicinal plant extracts such as Sedum sarmentosum Bunge, Petasites japonicus(s.et z.) Max, Rubus coreanus, Morus bombycis Koidz, Acorus calamus var. angustatus, Glycyrhiza glabra, Equisetum hyemale, Portulaca oleracea L., Prunella vulgaris var. lilacina Nakai, Sorbus commixta Hedl, Allium thunbergii showed more than 50% inhibitory activities, and Paeonia suffruticosa Andr., lnula helenium, Acanthopanax senticosus Harms, Dendrobium moniliforme, Juglans mandshurica, Zizyphus jujuba, Leonurus artemisia, Aster scaber Thunb, Vitex rotundifolia, Platycodon grandiflorum, Prunus persica, Ligularia fischeri showed $40{\sim}49%$ inhibitory activities. Therefore these extracts which contain high ACE inhibitory activities may be useful as antihypertension agents and to the treatment of hypertension.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Food Science and Nutrition
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• v.33 no.8
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• pp.1262-1267
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• 2004

An anticoagulant was purified from corn silk which has been used in Oriental Medicine. The anticoagulant from corn silk has a molecular mass of 135 kDa, and purified by 24 folds with a recovery of 11%. It was not sensitive to heat and protease treatment. However, periodate oxidation of the anticoagulant resulted in loss of activity significantly, implying that a carbohydrate was responsible for an anticoagulant activity. Galactose, glucose, mannose, fucose, glucosamine, and galactosamine were detected after acid hydrolysis by thin layer chromatography (TLC) and Bio-LC. It was confirmed that anticoagulant had OH and NH bonds by IR, supporting that the anticoagulant is composed of neutrosugar and aminosugar. Its anticoagulating activity was measured by delay in thrombin time (TT) and prothrombin time (PT) without affecting clotting by snake venom and delay in activated partial thromboplastin time (APTT). TT was more sensitive than PT, and was delayed two and three times at the concentration of 60 and 88 nM, respectively. The anticoagulating activity was reduced in the thrombin-induced clotting assay using purified fibrinogen according to the increase of fibrinogen concentration with the apparent Ki value of 23 nM.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Food Science and Nutrition
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• v.39 no.1
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• pp.8-13
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• 2010

The angiotensin converting enzyme (ACE) inhibition effect of soybean protein isolate hydrolysate was studied using protease. Soybean protein isolate was hydrolysed by seven enzymes (Alcalase 2.4 L, Flavourzyme 500 MG, GC 106, Multifect Neutral, Neutrase 0.8 L, Papain 30,000 and Protamex), enzyme concentrations (0, 0.5, 1.0 and 1.5%), at various hydrolysis times (0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5 and 6 hr) and suspension concentrations (1, 5, 7, 10 and 15%). Absorbance at 280 nm, brix and ACE inhibitory activity of soybean protein isolate hydrolysates were investigated. Absorbance at 280 nm and brix of Alcalase 2.4 L treatment were higher than other enzyme treatments. The optimum condition of hydrolysis was Alcalase 2.4 L, 1% enzyme concentration, 5% suspension concentration for 4 hr. $IC_{50}$ value of ACE inhibitory activity of soybean protein isolate hydrolysate was $79.94 {\mu}g/mL$. These results suggest that soybean isolate protein hydrolysate from Alcalase 2.4 L may be of benefit for developing antihypertensive therapeutics.

• Korean Journal of Food Science and Technology
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• v.31 no.1
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• pp.196-205
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• 1999

Kochujang prepared by liquid and solid koji using isolated bacteria(Sunchang 1 and Park 2) showing excellent enzyme activities were gamma irradiated at $15{\pm}1.5\;kGy$ to investigate their qualities from the physicochemical, microbiological and enzymatic points of view during fermentaion at $25^{\circ}C$ for 90 days. The amino type nitrogen contents were $0.6{\sim}0.7%$ after 30 days of fermentation. Irradiation completly stopped gas production which is one of biggest problem of kochujang distribution. Enzyme activities were some different according to koji and irradiation treatment. Amino type nitrogen content as one the most important quality indice was higher in kochujang fermented by isolated bacteria (Park 2) than non inoculated traditional kochujang. But sensory quality was not significantly different.

• Korean Chemical Engineering Research
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• v.48 no.3
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• pp.327-331
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• 2010

Porcine placenta was treated with alkali, acid and enzyme treatment to obtain extracts. Heavy metal contents such as Pb, As, and Hg were low enough to satisfy cosmetic agent standard. As a result of safety test(MTT assay), porcine placenta extracts showed over 80% of cell viability at $50{\mu}g/ml$, and cell toxicity was relatively lower. From antioxidation test using DPPH free radical scavenging assay, antioxidation effect was highest as 63% at $50{\mu}g/ml$ when porcine placenta was treated with alkali in pH 9. From whitening effect test using tyrosinase inhibition assay, tyrosinase inhibition effect was 30% at $50{\mu}g/ml$ concentration in alkali treated procine placenta, however, the efficiency was lower compared with arbutin or vitamin C. In anti-wrinkle effect test from elastase inhibition assay, elastase inhibition effects were 20~30% at $50{\mu}g/ml$ for 5 kinds of porcine placenta treatments, which was superior to standard, and especially, protease treated extracts showed best results. Skin formulation including 1% porcine placenta was made and the formulation was very stable for temperature and storage period. From this research, porcine placenta extract showed high potential for anti-wrinkle functional cosmetic agent.

• Journal of Ginseng Research
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• v.44 no.6
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• pp.799-807
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• 2020

Background: The skin acts as a barrier to protect organisms against harmful exogenous agents. Compound K (CK) is an active metabolite of ginsenoside Rb1, Rb2 and Rc, and researchers have focused on its skin protective efficacy. In this study, we hypothesized that increased expression of the serine protease inhibitor Kazal type-5 (SPINK5) may improve skin barrier function. Methods: We screened several ginsenosides to increase SPINK5 gene promoter activity using a transactivation assay and found that CK can increase SPINK5 expression. To investigate the protective effect of CK on the skin barrier, RT-PCR and Western blotting were performed to investigate the expression levels of SPINK5, kallikrein 5 (KLK5), KLK7 and PAR2 in UVB-irradiated HaCaT cells. Measurement of transepidermal water loss (TEWL) and histological changes associated with the skin barrier were performed in a UVB-irradiated mouse model and a 1-chloro-2,4-dinitrobenzene (DNCB)-induced atopic dermatitis-like model. Results: CK treatment increased the expression of SPINK5 and decreased the expression of its downstream genes, such as KLKs and PAR2. In the UVB-irradiated mouse model and the DNCB-induced atopic dermatitis model, CK restored increased TEWL and decreased hydration and epidermal hyperplasia. In addition, CK normalized the reduced SPINK5 expression caused by UVB or DNCB, thereby restoring the expression of the proteins involved in desquamation to a level similar to normal. Conclusions: Our data showed that CK contributes to improving skin-barrier function in UVB-irradiated and DNCB-induced atopic dermatitis-like models through SPINK5. These results suggest that therapeutic attempts with CK might be useful in treating barrier-disrupted diseases.

• Journal of Periodontal and Implant Science
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• v.25 no.3
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• pp.497-517
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• 1995

The cells associated with normal defense mechanism in inflammation release free oxygen radicals, hydroxy radicals, and various protease, all of which can damage the surrounding cells(fibroblasts) and matrix molecules(collagen). The objective of this study was to evaluate the effects of "scavenger" enzyme, superoxide dismutase(SOD). to periodontal ligament (PDL) cells. Human PDL cells were cultured from the teeth extracted for non-periodontal reason. Cultured PDL cells in vitro were treated with SOD and LPS according to dosage and culture times. Cellular activity was exaimed by Microtitration(MTT) assay. The quantitative expression of cellular proliferation by proliferating cell nuclear antigen(PCNA), collagen type I and fibronectin by indirect immunocytochemically stain in PDL cells were done. The results were as follows: 1. As only SOD treated group at 2 and 3 days, PDL cell activity was significantly increased at more than 150U(P<0.05). 2. When LPS(0.5, $5{\mu}g/m{\ell}$) and SOD(more than 150U) were added together, it was significantly increased than LPS only treated and control groups at 2 days(P<0.05). 3. When LPS($5{\mu}g/m{\ell}$) and SOD(150, 300U) were added together, PCNA index was significantly increased than LPS only treated and control groups at 2 and 3 days(P<0.05). 4. When LPS($5{\mu}g/m{\ell}$) and SOD(150U) were added together, collagen type I was significantly increased than LPS only treated and control groups at 3 days(P<0.05). 5.When LPS($5{\mu}g/m{\ell}$) and SOD(300U) were added together, fibronectin was significantly increased than LPS only treated and control groups at 3 days(P<0.05). On the above the results, the SOD in association with collagen type I, fibonectin, and PCNA may afford biological protection to oxy-radicals that were typically liberated during normal inflammatory response. Thus, the exogenous application of SOD may be effective in sthe treatment of the localized breakdown associated with chronic periodontal disease.