• Journal of Microbiology and Biotechnology
• /
• 제27권5호
• /
• pp.1032-1037
• /
• 2017

The poly-${\gamma}$-$\small{D}$-glutamic acid (PGA) capsule, a major virulence factor of Bacillus anthracis, provides protection of the bacterium from phagocytosis and allows its unimpeded growth in the host. We investigated crosstalk between murine natural killer (NK) cells and macrophages stimulated with the PGA capsule of Bacillus licheniformis, a surrogate of the B. anthracis capsule. PGA induced interferon-gamma production from NK cells cultured with macrophages. This effect was dependent on macrophage-derived IL-12 and cell-cell contact interaction with macrophages through NK cell receptor NKG2D and its ligand RAE-1. The results showed that PGA could enhance NK cell activation by inducing IL-12 production in macrophages and a contact-dependent crosstalk with macrophages.

• 기술혁신학회지
• /
• 제13권3호
• /
• pp.558-586
• /
• 2010

본 논문은 현재 활발히 진행 중인 지속가능한 성장을 위한 원동력인 녹색성장과 관련하여 R&D 투자금액 중에서 IT와 관련된 연구개발투자로 인한 경제파급효과를 분석하였다. 정부가 추진중인 녹색성장 관련 연구개발 금액을 IT제조업, IT서비스업, 그리고 S/W 및 컴퓨터관련서비스로 각각 분류한 후 RAS기법을 활용하여 예측 분석하였다. 분석결과, 녹색성장 관련 IT제조업분야에 대한 투자로 인한 생산유발액은 약 3조 1,853억원으로 나타났으며, 그 뒤를 이어 IT서비스업이 약 1조 4,360억원, 그리고 S/W 및 컴퓨터관련서비스가 약 4.482억원으로 나타났다. 한편 수입유발액 역시 IT서비스업에 비해 IT 제조업이 그 수치가 높게 나타나고 있다. 또한 부가가치유발액은 IT서비스에 비해 IT제조업이 높게 나타나고 있는데, 이는 투자수요인 R&D금액이 IT제조업 부분이 IT서비스업에 비해 크기 때문에 나타난 결과라 할 수 있다. 마지막으로 취업유발인원은 IT제조업이 16,596명으로 가장 높고, 두 번째로 IT서비스업이 9,000명이고, 마지막으로 S/W 및 컴퓨터관련서비스가 3,616명으로 나타났다. 2009년에 대한 투자금액대비 경제적 파급효과인 점을 고려하면 장기적인 측면에서 지속적인 투자가 있을 시 산업부문간 발생될 효과는 더욱 더 증가할 것으로 예상된다.

• 셀메드
• /
• 제6권2호
• /
• pp.13.1-13.7
• /
• 2016

Fatigue is a common complaint and affects the quality of life in modern people. Physical stress may induce activation of certain immune cells. Fermented porcine placenta (FPP) has been used to alleviate fatigue. Inflammatory cytokines are produced by physical stress and results in symptoms of fatigue. However, the role of FPP on fatigue-associated inflammatory cytokine production has not been elucidated yet. Thus, we estimated the anti-fatigue effect of FPP and its active components, leucine (Leu) and lysine (Lys) in activated RAW264.7 macrophages and forced swimming test (FST) fatigue animal model. Pretreatment with FPP, Leu, or Lys significantly inhibited the lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-induced tumor necrosis factor-α, interleukin (IL)-1β, and IL-6 production without inducing cytotoxicity on LPS-stimulated RAW264.7 macrophages. FPP, Leu, or Lys inhibited the production of nitric oxide and downregulated the expression of inducible nitric oxide synthase on LPS-stimulated RAW264.7 macrophages. Furthermore, caspase-1 activities increased by LPS were significantly reduced by FPP, Leu, or Lys. In the FST, inflammatory cytokine levels of the mice administrated with FPP, Lys, and Leu were significantly reduced compared with the control group at 21 days. Collectively, these results show that anti-fatigue effect of FPP and its active components, Leu and Lys might be derived from the down-regulating of inflammatory mediators.

• 에너지공학
• /
• 제26권3호
• /
• pp.51-63
• /
• 2017

2015년 파리 기후변화협약 이후 온실가스 배출량 감축의 중요성이 증대되는 가운데, 화력발전의 비중 축소와 신재생에너지 발전의 비중 확대가 예상되면서 그 경제적 파급효과에 대해 논의되고 있다. 본 논문은 한국은행의 2014년 산업연관표를 활용하여 두 발전원 간 생산유발효과, 부가가치유발효과, 취업유발효과, 공급지장효과, 물가파급효과 등을 비교분석하였다. 분석의 결과, 신재생에너지 발전이 생산, 부가가치, 취업, 공급지장 등에서 파급효과가 화력발전보다 큰 것으로 나타났다. 반면, 물가파급효과에서는 신재생에너지 발전이 화력발전보다 작은 것으로 분석되었다. 신재생에너지 발전과 화력발전 간 전력생산에 있어서 비중의 변화를 모색할 때, 이러한 효과들을 종합적으로 살펴볼 필요가 있다. 특히 신재생에너지 발전의 공급지장효과와 화력발전의 물가파급효과를 낮추는 정책적 노력이 중요할 것으로 예상된다. 향후 국민경제 전체의 안정화를 도모할 수 있는 실효적 전원구성에 대해 추가적 분석이 필요하다.

• Journal of Yeungnam Medical Science
• /
• 제36권1호
• /
• pp.26-35
• /
• 2019

Background: Dysregulation of hepatic glucose production (HGP) contributes to the development of type 2 diabetes mellitus. Telmisartan, an angiotensin II type 1 receptor blocker (ARB), has various ancillary effects in addition to common blood pressure-lowering effects. The effects and mechanism of telmisartan on HGP have not been fully elucidated and, therefore, we investigated these phenomena in hyperglycemic HepG2 cells and high-fat diet (HFD)-fed mice. Methods: Glucose production and glucose uptake were measured in HepG2 cells. Expression levels of phosphoenolpyruvate carboxykinase (PEPCK) and glucose-6-phosphatase ${\alpha}$ ($G6Pase-{\alpha}$), and phosphorylation levels of insulin receptor substrate-1 (IRS-1) and protein kinase C ${\zeta}$ ($PKC{\zeta}$) were assessed by western blot analysis. Animal studies were performed using HFD-fed mice. Results: Telmisartan dose-dependently increased HGP, and PEPCK expression was minimally increased at a $40{\mu}M$ concentration without a change in $G6Pase-{\alpha}$ expression. In contrast, telmisartan increased phosphorylation of IRS-1 at Ser302 ($p-IRS-1-Ser^{302}$) and decreased $p-IRS-1-Tyr^{632}$ dose-dependently. Telmisartan dose-dependently increased $p-PKC{\zeta}-Thr^{410}$ which is known to reduce insulin action by inducing IRS-1 serine phosphorylation. Ectopic expression of dominant-negative $PKC{\zeta}$ significantly attenuated telmisartan-induced HGP and $p-IRS-1-Ser^{302}$ and -inhibited $p-IRS-1-Tyr^{632}$. Among ARBs, including losartan and fimasartan, only telmisartan changed IRS-1 phosphorylation and pretreatment with GW9662, a specific and irreversible peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor ${\gamma}$ ($PPAR{\gamma}$) antagonist, did not alter this effect. Finally, in the livers from HFD-fed mice, telmisartan increased $p-IRS-1-Ser^{302}$ and decreased $p-IRS-1-Tyr^{632}$, which was accompanied by an increase in $p-PKC{\zeta}-Thr^{410}$. Conclusion: These results suggest that telmisartan increases HGP by inducing $p-PKC{\zeta}-Thr^{410}$ that increases $p-IRS-1-Ser^{302}$ and decreases $p-IRS-1-Tyr^{632}$ in a $PPAR{\gamma}$-independent manner

• Archives of Plastic Surgery
• /
• 제32권5호
• /
• pp.625-635
• /
• 2005

In this study, the effects of verapamil on growth rate, apoptosis, production of transforming growth factor (TGF-${\beta}$) and fibronectin were evaluated in keloid and normal human dermal fibroblasts. Both fibroblasts were primarily cultured from earlobe keloids of three female patients and treated with various concentrations of verapamil. Cell toxicity was assessed by MTT assay, growth rate and apoptosis by FACS, and the production of TGF-${\beta}$ and fibronectin by ELISA and Western blot, respectively. In the $MTT_{50}$, the cell growth was more suppressed in keloid fibroblasts. In the $MTT_{90}$, cell growth was more stimulated in normal fibroblasts. No significant effect appeared on TGF-${\beta}$ expression but an increase in extracellular fibronectin secretion was found in keloid fibroblasts. Keloid fibroblasts responded to verapamil more sensitively, and the percentage of apoptosis was higher at the $MTT_{50}$l. In brief, verapamil had growth-inhibitory effect with inducing apoptosis at the $MTT_{50}$, but rather growth-stimulatory effect at the $MTT_{90}$. The biphasic effect of verapamil depending on the dose might explain one of the reasons of relapse after keloid treatment with verapamil. Clinical application with high concentration (2.5 mg/ml) is advised unless excessive dosage is used.

• 고려인삼학회:학술대회논문집
• /
• 고려인삼학회 1993년도 학술대회지
• /
• pp.84-93
• /
• 1993

It has been reported that ginseng is effective in the central nervous system, immune system, and the strong inflammatory responses. However, there has been no research report yet about the effect of ginseng on allergic hypersensitivity reactivity. To confirm the ginseng effects on the release of mediators(histamine. leukotrienes etc.) which cause the hypersensitivity reactivity and inflammatory response, we used actively sensitized guinea pig airway tissues by utilizing the superfusion technique. In this procedure. the contractile response and mediators released after antigen stimulation of sensitized tissues, and IgG and IgE antibody products were measured in sera of immunized animals. Then the results of the controll group were compared to those of ginseng pretreatment groups. In the total saponin(TS) and panaxatriol(PT) pretreatment, histamine release decreased by $20\%$ in the tracheal tissues after active sensitization by ovalbumin(OVA, 10mg/kg), but in the lung parenchyma, histamine release decreased by $40\%.$ Panaxadiol(PD) significantly decreased histamine release by $40\%$ in the both tissues after active sensitization. TS, PT and PD of ginseng poorly blocked leukotrienes (LTs) and prostagrandin $D_2(PGD_2)$ release(less than $10\%$). Ginseng TS and PT had no effect on the serum IgG antibody production by ovalbumin, whereas PD significantly increased serum IgG antibody contents(approximately by 2 times). However, $IgG_1$ antibody products in the serum of guinea pig actively sensitized with ovalbumin after PD pretreatment were decreased, compared to that with ovalbumin alone. IgE antibody production by passive cutaneous anaphylaxis(PCA) titer in the TS pretreatment increased 3 times more than in the absence of TS(PCA titer by PT was not detected). These studies show that some ginseng saponins can in part act to inhibit mediator release in antigen - induced airway smooth muscle by inducing the IgG antibody production which has been changed in the specificity.

• 약학회지
• /
• 제51권1호
• /
• pp.35-43
• /
• 2007

To investigate the immunomodulatory roles of cyclic AMP (CAMP) on macrophage- and T lymphocyte-mediated immune responses, CAMP elevating agents were employed and carefully re-examined under the activation conditions of the cells. Various inhibitors tested dose-dependently blocked tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-${\alpha}$ production with IC$_{50}$ values ranged from 0.04 to 300 ${\mu}$M. Of the inhibitors, cAMP-elevating agents showed lower cytotoxicity assessed by lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) release, suggesting less toxic and more selective. In particular co-treatment of dbcAMP with a protein kinase C inhibitor staurosporine displayed the synergistic inhibition of TNF-${\alpha}$ production. The modulatory effect of dbcAMP on TNF-${\alpha}$ and nitric oxide (NO) was significantly affected by treatment time of dbcAMP. Thus, post-treatment of dbcAMP (three hours before LPS) abrogated dbcAMP's inhibitory activity and rather enhanced TNF-${\alpha}$ level up to 60%. In contrast, additional NO production was shown at the co-treatment of dbcAMP with LPS. Unlike simultaneous treatment of phorbol 12-myristate 13-acetate (PMA) and interferon (IFN)-${\gamma}$co-treatment, the combination of dbcAMP with other NO-inducing stimuli did not show drastic overproduction of NO. cAMP elevating agents also diminished splenocyte proliferation stimulated by concanavalin (Con) A, phytohemaglutinin A (PHA) and lipopolysaccharide (LPS). In addition, dbcAMP but not rolipram strongly suppressed CD8$^+$ T cells (CTLL-2). Finally, cAMP elevating agents were differentially involved in regulating CD98-mediated cell-cell adhesion. Thus, dbcAMP and rolipram significantly enhanced the cell-cell adhesion, whereas forskolin blocked. Therefore, our results suggest that CAMP elevating agents participate in various immune responses mediated by macrophages and T cells with a different fashion depending on cellular environments and activation signals.

• Journal of Plant Biotechnology
• /
• 제44권3호
• /
• pp.229-234
• /
• 2017

Photoperiod is one of the factors affecting productivity of cucumber plant by inducing ethylene hormone production and so triggering flower sex differentiation into female flower. However, only few studies have been perfomed in order to reveal the effect of photoperiod in molecular level in relation to the flower differentiation. Therefore, in this study, Mercy cultivar of cucumber (andromonoecious) was treated with photoperiod of 8, 12, 16 hours of light, while control received no treatment of additional light. Photoperiod of 8 hours was achieved by blocking the sunlight with shade net and 16 hours by giving longer light exposure using white LEDs. Cucumber's flowers were quantified and the apical and lateral shoots were extracted to evaluate the gene profile related to the photoperiod, ethylene production, and female flower differentiation, which were CsACS2, CsETR1, CsCaN, and CsPIF4 using PCR method. Photoperiod of 8 hours affected the production of female flower with average number of 6.7 flowers in main stem and 8.0 flowers in lateral stem, compared to photoperiod of 12 and 16 hours which produced 3.7 and 2.0 flowers in main stem with 7.0 and 11.3 in lateral stem, respectively. In silico studies in this experiment resulted in proposed model of signal transduction that showed the connection between ethylene production and flower differentiation. PCR analysis confirmed the expression of CsACS2, CsETR1, and CsCaN, that was positively correlated with numbers of female flowers in cucumber, but the expression of CsPIF4 that represent photoperiod haven't been confirmed correlated with the ethylene production and flower differentiation.

• 한국축산시설환경학회지
• /
• 제20권4호
• /
• pp.147-154
• /
• 2014

Heat stress is a significant burden to animal production in most areas of the world. Improving our knowledge of physiological and metabolic mechanisms of acclimation may contribute to the development of procedures that may help to maintain health and production efficiency under hot temperature. The effect of Ulmus pumila (UP) extract in inducing Heat Shock Proteins (HSPs) expression in heat-stressed RAW264.7 macrophage cells was investigated. Cell viability assay showed a dose dependent increase in cells after treatment with UP for 24 hours. RT-PCR and western blot analysis showed that increasing concentrations of UP induce the expression of Heat Shock Factor 1 (HSF1) and dose dependently upregulated the expression of Heat shock protein 70 (Hsp70) and Hsp90. LPS-induced nitric oxide was dose-dependently reduced while phagocytic activity greatly recovered with UP treatment. These data demonstrated that UP can be a potential candidate in the development of cytoprotective agent against heat stress.