• Environmental and Resource Economics Review
• /
• v.28 no.3
• /
• pp.415-435
• /
• 2019

The purpose of this study is to analyze the returns to scale by estimating the bigeye tuna production function of Korean distant longline fisheries in WCFPC waters. In the analysis, number of crews, vessel tonnage, number of hooks, and bigeye tuna biomass are used as input variables and the catch amount of bigeye tuna is used as an output variable in the Cobb-Douglas production function. Prior to the function estimation, the biomass of bigeye tuna was estimated by the Bayesian state-space model. Results showed that the fixed effect model was selected based on the hausman test, and vessel tonnage, hooks, and biomass would have direct effects on the catch amount. In addition, it was shown that the bigeye tuna distant longline fisheries in WCFPC water would have increasing returns to scale.

• Management & Information Systems Review
• /
• v.39 no.2
• /
• pp.163-179
• /
• 2020

Recently, impact investment has attracted attention all over the world. This is intended to effectively solve problems by combining private capital and various financial techniques with social and environmental needs, as it is recognized that it is difficult to solve social and environmental problems. Impact investment means a mixture of financial, social, and environmental aspects. This refers to an investment focused on such a blended value, through which it simultaneously achieves financial and social values such as return on investment. The purpose of this study is to study whether impact investment, which has become a new issue, is actually applicable in Korea. This study first considers the concept and method of impact investment, and a prior study on social enterprises and impact investment that pursue social values. In particular, after analyzing in detail the social performance-related bonds (SIB) and operational cases, we intend to explore the possible applicability of impact investment to Korea. The results and implications of this study are, first, changes in the government's attitude toward impact finance. The government should entrust innovative public works to market-proven service providers to enhance the professionalism and efficiency of public service projects. Second, the legal system must innovate. Impact investment should provide an institutional foundation to pursue social problem solving simultaneously, not maximizing financial performance. Third, when investing in public works in the private sector, impact investment must clearly demand social performance and clarify the evaluation accordingly. The project execution process should create an impact environment that is more free and active.

• Journal of Plant Biotechnology
• /
• v.38 no.2
• /
• pp.125-129
• /
• 2011

Environmental risk assessment (RA) is essential prior to the environmental release of GM crops. RA, however, costs at least 7 to 15 million US dollars and requires several years to complete field tests. Therefore, it is strongly suggested that developers of GM crops must consider all criteria for RA at the beginning stage of the development if it aims for commercialization. Previous review papers have pointed out that the "death valley" for the commercialization of GM crops is the screening stage of early GM events since many candidates are given up due to insufficient data on the molecular characterization of a GM event such as inserted gene's copy number, position of inserted site of a chromosome, flanking sequence of recombinant T-DNA, rearrangement of chromosome, and knock out of endogenous gene of host plant. Recently, Rural Development Administration (RDA) in South Korea has launched a Grand National Project named as "Next Generation of BioGreen 21 Project" from 2011 to 2020 and research funding for the development of global GM crops has been allocated to accelerate the commercialization of GM crops. In this regard, I strongly suggest that researchers involved in the development of GM crops for commercialization must conduct RA by themselves at the screening stage of pre-GM event based on the data for molecular characterization.

• THE INTERNATIONAL COMMERCE & LAW REVIEW
• /
• v.63
• /
• pp.159-184
• /
• 2014

Climate change is one of the biggest dangers facing all living creatures in the earth. It has been understood that emissions of greenhouse gases from human activity is the cause of climate change. Cars are responsible for around 12% of total EU emissions of CO2, the main greenhouse gas. The United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC or FCCC) is an international environmental treaty adopted at the United Nations Conference on Environment and Development (UNCED) on 9 May, 1992, which entered into force on 21 March 1994. The European Commission first adopted a Community Strategy to reduce CO2 emissions from cars in 1995. On 19 December 2007, the European Commission proposed "Proposal for Setting emission performance standards for new passenger cars to reduce CO2 emissions", which was adopted on 23 April 2009 as "Regulation (EC) No 443/2009". Prior to submitting the Proposal, the European Commission performed impact assessment and prepared impact assessment report which was reviewed by the Impact Assessment Board. The objective of this Regulation is to set emission performance standards for new passenger cars registered in the Community, which forms part of the Community's integrated approach to reducing CO2 emissions from light-duty vehicles while ensuring the proper functioning of the internal market. In the event that a manufacturer fails to meet its target, it will be required to pay an excess emissions premium in respect of each calendar year from 2012 onwards. On 11 March 2014, Regulation (EC) No 333/2014 amending Regulation (EC) No 443/2009 was adopted. Regulation (EC) No 333/2014 amends Regulation (EC) No 443/2009 to implement the modalities of meeting the 95g CO2/km target for new passenger cars to be reached in 2020. As industry benefits from indications of the regulatory regime that would apply beyond 2020, the Regulation includes a further review to take place by, at the latest, 31 December 2014.

• Asia pacific journal of information systems
• /
• v.20 no.3
• /
• pp.191-204
• /
• 2010

Recently, the CO2 emission and energy consumption have become critical global issues to decide the future of nations. Especially, the spread of IT products and the increased use of internet and web applications result in the energy consumption and CO2 emission of IT industry though information technologies drive global economic growth. EU, the United States, Japan and other developed countries are using IT related environmental regulations such as WEEE(Waste Electrical and Electronic Equipment), RoHS(Restriction of the use of Certain Hazardous Substance), REACH(Registration, Evaluation, Authorization and Restriction of CHemicals) and EuP(Energy using Product), and have established systematic green business/IT strategies to enhance the competitiveness of IT industry. For example, the Japan government proposed the "Green IT initiative" for being compatible with economic growth and environmental protection. Not only energy saving technologies but energy saving systems have been developed for accomplishing sustainable development. Korea's CO2 emission and energy consumption continuously have grown at comparatively high rates. They are related to its industrial structure depending on high energy-consuming industries such as iron and steel Industry, automotive industry, shipbuilding industry, semiconductor industry, and so on. In particular, export proportion of IT manufacturing is quite high in Korea. For example, the global market share of the semiconductor such as DRAM was about 80% in 2008. Accordingly, Korea needs to establish a systematic strategy to respond to the global environmental regulations and to maintain competitiveness in the IT industry. However, green competitiveness of Korea ranked 11th among 15 major countries and R&D budget for green technology is not large enough to develop energy-saving technologies for infrastructure and value chain of low-carbon society though that grows at high rates. Moreover, there are no concrete action plans in Korea. This research aims to deduce the priorities of the Korean green business/IT strategies to use multi attribute weighted average method. We selected a panel of 19 experts who work at the green business related firms such as HP, IBM, Fujitsu and so on, and selected six assessment indices such as the urgency of the technology development, the technology gap between Korea and the developed countries, the effect of import substitution, the spillover effect of technology, the market growth, and the export potential of the package or stand-alone products by existing literature review. We submitted questionnaires at approximately weekly intervals to them for priorities of the green business/IT strategies. The strategies broadly classify as follows. The first strategy which consists of the green business/IT policy and standardization, process and performance management and IT industry and legislative alignment relates to government's role in the green economy. The second strategy relates to IT to support environment sustainability such as the travel and ways of working management, printer output and recycling, intelligent building, printer rationalization and collaboration and connectivity. The last strategy relates to green IT systems, services and usage such as the data center consolidation and energy management, hardware recycle decommission, server and storage virtualization, device power management, and service supplier management. All the questionnaires were assessed via a five-point Likert scale ranging from "very little" to "very large." Our findings show that the IT to support environment sustainability is prior to the other strategies. In detail, the green business /IT policy and standardization is the most important in the government's role. The strategies of intelligent building and the travel and ways of working management are prior to the others for supporting environment sustainability. Finally, the strategies for the data center consolidation and energy management and server and storage virtualization have the huge influence for green IT systems, services and usage This research results the following implications. The amount of energy consumption and CO2 emissions of IT equipment including electrical business equipment will need to be clearly indicated in order to manage the effect of green business/IT strategy. And it is necessary to develop tools that measure the performance of green business/IT by each step. Additionally, intelligent building could grow up in energy-saving, growth of low carbon and related industries together. It is necessary to expand the affect of virtualization though adjusting and controlling the relationship between the management teams.

• Information Systems Review
• /
• v.10 no.3
• /
• pp.257-287
• /
• 2008

Grounded in the prior literatures on acceptance and diffusion of IT and innovation in the level of organization research, 3 major constructional factors such as Motivation, IT resistance, and IT change management were investigated to suggest propositions from 15 multi-cases of PLM from 6 different companies in Automotive OEMs and suppliers, and we posited that the diffusion is continued only when motivation is stronger enough to overcome IT resistance as a fundamental finding and basis of this research on PLM acceptance and diffusion. The Motivation was found to be initiated and categorized from three different factors such as environmental factors, organizational factors, and technological factors, providing key propositions for further research: (1)The Automotive suppliers, contrary to OEM, are affected more by the demand of inter-connectivity as an environmental factor, while the other factors are similarly influencing to them, (2)The big organizations are influenced more by the champion, while the small organizations get influenced more by leader. (3)When the trend, inter-connectivity and complexity get stronger, the motivation gets more strongly influenced by the perceived benefit in the technological context. Regarding Change management we suggests IT change management is supportive to overcome IT resistance and also to enforce Motivation, and the critical mass exists differently according to the market maturity adopted, and more market matured technology has lower critical mass, implies less requirement of IT change management than less market matured technology.

• Journal of the Korean Society for Marine Environment & Energy
• /
• v.19 no.3
• /
• pp.194-202
• /
• 2016

This study aims to review a topology optimization based on finite element analysis (FEA) for conceptual design of platform in the 10MW class floating type wave-wind hybrid power generation system (WHPGS). Two topology optimization theories, density method (DM) and homogenization design method (HDM) were used to check which one is more effective for a simplified structural design problem prior to the topology optimization of platform of WHPGS. From the results of the simplified design problem, the HDM was applied to the topology optimization of platform of WHPGS. For the conceptual platform design of WHPGS, FEA model was created and then the structural analysis was performed considering offshore environmental loads at installation site. Hydrodynamics analysis was carried out to calculate pressure on platform and tension forces in mooring lines induced from the offshore environmental loads such as design wave and current. Loading conditions for the structural analysis included the analysis results from the hydrodynamic analysis and the weights of WHPGS. Boundary condition was realized using inertia relief method. The topology optimization of WHPGS platform was performed using the HDM, and then the conceptual arrangement of main structural members was suggested. From the results, it was confirmed that the topology optimization might be a useful tool to design the conceptual arrangement of main structural members for a newly developed offshore structure such as the floating type WHPGS.

• Journal of Life Science
• /
• v.27 no.5
• /
• pp.591-599
• /
• 2017

It is well established that endurance performance is negatively affected by environmental heat stress. Numerous scientific investigations have attempted to improve performance in the heat with pre-cooling and per-cooling for endurance athletes. Some cooling strategies are more logistically challenging than others, and thus are often impractical for use in training or competition. The purpose of this study was to review the literature on the use of cooling interventions in the improvement of performance and recovery from exercise-induced heat stress. We undertook an examination that focused on the effects of pre-cooling and per-cooling on the improvement in endurance performance and the effects of post-exercise cooling on recovery. The benefits for pre-cooling and per-cooling strategies undertaken in the laboratory setting could be employed by athletes who compete in hot environmental conditions to improve performance. Most laboratory studies have shown improvements in endurance performance following pre-cooling and per-cooling, and in recovery following post-cooling. Cooling strategies such as cooling vest, neck cooling collar, menthol and ice slurry are practically relevant to sports field. Cooling interventions that can be applied frequently to reduce thermal strain prior to, during and directly after training appear to be the best effective strategy to improve performance and recovery. Future research is warranted to investigate the effectiveness of practical pre-cooling and per-cooling strategies in competition or field settings.

• Environmental and Resource Economics Review
• /
• v.26 no.4
• /
• pp.577-612
• /
• 2017

In response to climate change, Korea is attempting to shift the paradigm of energy and climate change policies by introducing carbon pricing based on market mechanisms. While policy adoption is proceeding at a rapid pace, the introduction of carbon pricing has been faced with great opposition from industry. This study measures to what extent Korean companies understand and accept carbon pricing, using data from a questionnaire survey covering energy consuming companies in 2012, when discussions between the government and such companies about the introduction of a domestic emission trading system were active. It further identifies how preparations and practices for carbon and energy management of companies correlate with their policy understanding and acceptance. The analysis results show that the surveyed companies indicate moderate understanding of, as well as resistance to carbon pricing policies, while appreciating the economic incentives and accepting the mandatory regulations in this phase. Companies' understanding is more related to characteristics, i.e., sector, size, etc. than external pressures. This study found that the extent to which companies understand policy is the essential factor in their policy acceptance and related practices. In particular, understanding of carbon policy significantly influences their managerial practices and voluntary activities for carbon and energy practices. This study substantiates the correlation between the level of policy understanding of a company and its carbon and energy practices - something that all countries seeking to introduce carbon pricing in response to climate change should consider prior to policy actually being implemented; in other words, enhancing the understanding of major policy subjects of the new instrument is a key policy strategy that should be elaborated as it will lead to better performance of companies and smoother policy implementation.

• Journal of Christian Education in Korea
• /
• v.72
• /
• pp.293-316
• /
• 2022

This paper argues that Christian education for sustainability should be a spiritual education that fosters the spirituality of contentment, poverty, sharing, and justice through a critical review of the concept of "Sustainable Development" (SD), which emerged to overcome today's climate and ecological crisis. To this end, first of all, the efforts and limitations of international cooperation to overcome the deepening environmental problems will be considered. That is, economic interests have been prior to the environmental issues. When it comes to the 'Green Revolution,' there has been a huge gap between the ideal and the reality, so a sustainable society has become distant. Faced with this situation, Christian theology has been trying to build a new theological paradigm, breaking away from the limits of anthropocentric and afterlife-centered theology based on the dichotomy between the physical and the spiritual. Through such theological reflections, Christian education needs to carry out spiritual education focusing on how to deal with the problem of human greed for the restoration of the created world. In this regard, this paper presents the spirituality of contentment, poverty, sharing, and justice. For developing it, this article suggests deep theological reflection and repentance on human greed, listening to the victim's voice, moderation in consumption, investigation of alternative cases, and decisive action to reveal the truth from the victim's point of view.