• 한국사회정책
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• v.25 no.2
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• pp.165-189
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• 2018

Under the principle of subsidiarity, the German family policy formed in the 1950s and 1960s minimized the role of the state while maximizing the role of the parents. The German Constitutional Court, however, ruled that the level of compensation for the financial burden of child support costs must follow the basic rights, not the principle of subsidiarity. The Federal Constitutional Court has taken the duty of protecting the human dignity of the state under Article 1 of the Constitution as the starting point of the judgment. The Federal Constitutional Court held that the dignity of a child is guaranteed only if the level of the child's allowance or deduction is equal to or higher than the level of the child standard benefit under the Social Assistance Act established by Congress. The Federal Constitutional Court also regarded the state to compensate parents for child support costs as much as the level of child standard benefit under the Social Assistance Act as a family protection obligation of the state under Article 6, Section 1 of the Constitution. In addition, the Federal Constitutional Court ruled that the right to equality declared by Article 3 of the Constitution can be realized by compensating all parents for child support costs at the level of child standard benefit under the Social Assistance Act.

• The Korean Society of Law and Medicine
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• v.19 no.2
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• pp.41-72
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• 2018

In the division of labor (or teamwork) in medicine, the responsibility of medical and nursing staff should be separated or distributed to justify negligent criminal offenses. The present work refers to the standards by which the due diligence and responsibility of the individual persons are to be determined and delimited. In this context, it has been proven that objective theory as a measure of due diligence is appropriate. From a moral point of view, when assessing due diligence, it makes sense to impose greater individual or higher performance demands on the perpetrator, but law and order require that due diligence should result from socially relevant human behavior. To give objective measure of negligence and to provide the highest level of personal responsibility, so that man can not be burdened too much responsibility and it is accordingly with an equality theorem. Afterwards some points are presented, which should be considered in a concrete fact in the determination of the medical negligence. Medical action has specific characteristics such as professionalism, discretionary and exclusive, unbalance of information. These characteristics distinguish medical actions from general negligence. The general level of knowledge, the urgency, working condition and working environment of the medical facility, duration of the professional practice, assessment of the medical activity are crucial in this context. As a standard of delineation of due diligence, I have used the permitted risk and the principle of trust. In the horizontal division of labor, the principle of trust applies. The principle of trust applies in principle in cases of division of labor interaction, when doctors in the same hospital exercise their own specific occupational field or everyone works in another hospital. However, this is not true for every case. In the vertical division of labor, the principle of trust does not apply and the senior physician can not trust the assistant doctors. In this case, the principle of trust is converted into a duty of supervision for assistant doctors by the senior physician. This supervision requirement could be used as a random check.

• Management & Information Systems Review
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• v.5
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• pp.139-160
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• 2000

Todays our private universities have been facing with serious survival competition according to the opening of education market, the diminishment of college voluntarists and the increase of education supply. In coming the beginning of the year of 2000, though the equal formula. 'The fixed number of students of universities = The number of graduates of high schools' will he formed, even though the tendency of the fixed number of students of universities is maintained as it is, and it has been expected the unlimited competition would be unvaoidable, so private universities and private junior colleges which are weak in financial power are roaring the crisis consciousness that they may have to close doors before making every effort. Based on such presentation of problem as its study object, the range of study is limitted to the educational financial portion related to higher education field. Especially, the financial portion of private universities of higher educational field is discussed in priority. Besides, the present status of financial condition of our universities was portionally compared with that of in the advanced nations. It is true that pursuing the academic superiority of university education in our country, and attaining object of university as well as developing reflection in future should stand side by side. Therefore, payment of fee, supporting subsidy, etc. is attached too much importance to the financial problem. In our country, the financial allotment is attached too much importance to national universities. This is against the principle of equity to the tax payers, and equality of opportunity, so the level of supporting national funds should be upward formed and supported from 1.0% to higher than 20%. In conclusion, our private universities should adopt as many alternatives of rationalization of finance as possible, such as securing lots of funds and subsidies, and rationalized management of finance, and ensuring finance according to the increasing number of students after university specialization, etc.

• Journal of the Ergonomics Society of Korea
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• v.31 no.6
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• pp.733-740
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• 2012

Objective: The present study systematically analyzed the characteristics of ergonomic layout optimization methods by a comprehensive literature survey. Background: Although layout design methods for ergonomic placement of controls and displays on a console have been developed, understanding of their characteristics is lacking. Method: The present study analyzed layout optimization papers published past 20 years from the following four aspects: optimization model, optimization algorithm, design principle, and constraint/assumption. Results: The existing layout optimization methods based on various optimization techniques consider only a partial set of four layout principles(importance, frequency of use, sequence of use, and functional grouping) and two ergonomic criteria(visibility and reach). In addition, the existing methods oversimplify components in various sizes, shapes, and angles by assuming the equality of the components in size and shape. Conclusion: A more effective layout optimization method is needed which considers the layout principles and ergonomic criteria in a comprehensive manner and reflect the diversity of components in size and shape. Application: The identified characteristics on the existing layout optimization methods can be applicable to development of a better ergonomic console layout design method.

• Transactions of the Korean Society of Mechanical Engineers
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• v.17 no.5
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• pp.1227-1236
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• 1993

In conventional thermodynamics, energy is regarded as a physical quantity transferring from one system to another, but in present study, the real energy is regarded as a physical quantity coming out from one interaction and absorbing into another interaction between two systems. To reconstruct thermodynamics with such a point of view, available work is distinguished from half work in conventional work concepts, and a special space named reversible world is proposed in which every process is reversible and the only measurable quantity is available work and just the equality between the intensities of two systems can be verified. As results, thermodynamic laws are arranged into two principles in the reversible world-conservations of energy elements and conservation of available energy. It means the exsistences of state properties corresponding to transferring energy elements and the available work. The former are extensive properties and the later is named potential work which is a property of the composite system and a kind of mathematical distance. The conventional available energy (exergy) and internal energy can be explained as the special cases of potential work, and the conventional first law of thermodynamics can be derived from the principle of the conservation of available energy. With these new concepts, the description of thermodynamic processes is more comprehensive. The second law of thermodynamics is no longer needed in the reversible world.

• Korean Journal of Social Welfare
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• v.59 no.3
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• pp.253-280
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• 2007

This study explores the discoures of family and family policy in the legislative process of Strong Family Act. Critical discourse analysis was used. The results are follows. The Strong Family Act made family issue as a political agenda in spite of much critics. The characteristics of the family discourse in "strong family camp": 1) The emphasis on the moral principle in family 2) denial of deinstitutionalization of family 3) regarding the family problem as a moral and individual problem 4) regarding the state as managing and controling the family. The characteristics of the family discourse in "critical camp": 1) strong family discourse is related to "the family" ideology 2) regarding the family problem as a social, structural problem 3) regarding the state as subsiding, supplementing families. The characteristics of the family policy discourse in "strong family camp": 1) casual efficiency as justifying logics 2) family policy as means to recover family values 3) deunifying the family policy. On the one hand, the characteristics of the family policy discourse in "critical camp": 1) social consensus and academic discussion as justifying logics 2) regarding the family policy as a means of gender equality and strategical point of welfare state expansion. The discourse of family and family policy, especially 'Strong Family Discourse" resulted in conjugation of nationalism and neoliberalism.

• Journal of the Korean association of regional geographers
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• v.19 no.3
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• pp.514-540
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• 2013

Today human rights are the most complex and prominent issue in the system of international law, and the right to housing(housing right) is also recognized as a basic human right in the international human right instruments including the Universal Declaration of Human Rights. This study targets to comprehensive review of the housing rights provisions with 85 international human rights laws and instruments. And the contents and characteristics of housing rights are analyzed with categorization based on housing rights in general, housing rights of workers, socially vulnerable groups, international regional organizations. Housing right takes also the features of universality, indivisibility, interdependence, and right to adequate housing should be interpreted with holistic view including legal security of tenure, accessibility, affordability, location beyond ensuring just a physical housing space. Approaches to the housing right comprehensively reflect the view of the right to development, the perspective of gender equality, the principle of non-discrimination, the participation rights, and orient the housing right should be seen as the right to live somewhere in security(safety), peace and dignity.

• Journal of Christian Education in Korea
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• v.67
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• pp.267-299
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• 2021

This study is purposed to discuss attributes and limitations of neo-liberalism and to offer some roles of Christian education corresponding neoliberalism. Neo-liberalism is an econosuperism that entrusts all things to market order, and it regards this market as utopia. It does not remain as just an economical principle, but influences all aspects in human life. Then it shows its religiosity connecting to capitalism. Every human in it is thought of as flexible workforces appropriate to neo-liberalism market. Such being the case neo-liberalsim strenghtens instrumentation in education. Then it distorts freedom and equality, and it weakens traditional values. Because of this, modern people's identity is getting to be lost and their human characters to be floated. This study discusses these things critically, and offers roles of Christian education such as founding a well balanced understanding on the Scripture against this neo-liberalsim market, restoring the essential purpose of education from instrumentation in education, and investigating and applicating a holistic human character on the basis of a Christian anthropology against this new human character of neo-liberalsim.

• 한국노년학
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• v.30 no.4
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• pp.1045-1058
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• 2010

Based on Rawl's Justice Theory, the author examines the rationales for educating older adults and advocates for their needs for just distributions of educational resources and opportunities. The author also seeks policy implications for establishing just educational systems for older citizens. On the basis of Rawl's Justice Theory, the essential principles for realizing social justice are presented. The author points out the Veil of Ignorance and Rational Indifference. As the practical methods for achieving social justice, the author presents Exclusion of Coincidence, Difference Principle, Democratic Equality, and Common Asset. Implications for establishing just education systems for older adults include: 1) The least advantaged groups such as older adults, females, and the disabled should not be discriminated in the distribution of educational resources; 2) People with higher capacities are obliged to serve less capable people; and 3) Older adults should mobilize all resources to empower themselves and to develop their potentials. The author concludes that Rawl's Justice Theory can be tapped into as a useful ideological framework in order to expand educational resources and opportunities for older adults.

• Journal of Legislation Research
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• no.41
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• pp.261-302
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• 2011

A lien is the right to possession the thing until receiving repayment of its bonds in some cases that the property of other person or the occupant for marketable securities receive the bond that has occurred on that property or marketable securities. This has own purpose to break 'principle of creditor equality' to protect especially the bond of the subject occupant in terms of justice. These lien on our civil law come according to the law in prepared certain requirements. However, an incomplete real rights granted by way of security that does not have a preferential performance right or seniority on the exchange value of the object suffer from the problems a lot in the real estate auction process because of the feature that is not announced in the register unlike the mortgage. In addition, the lien of real estate is not lapsed in an auction process. There is no preferential performance righ in a positive law as providing that can oppose to the buyer(a successful bidder) until received repayment the secured bond price to be compliant with the lien(Civil Case Execution Law the 91st clause of Article 5). However, as asserted the super preferential performance righ to a buyer in real terms, acts as primary cause of breaking unexpected loss and according unfair law relation to a senior mortgagee and seizor, etc. and the principles of the creditors equality to the persons concerned in other words, the principles of justice. All of these issues are the establishment of the lien and theory conflict on the effects. In spite of the fluctuations of a real right about real estate is announced as a registration by the current law, only the lien come into unclear announcement means for possession. In addition, Civil Case Execution Law argument is caused by the adoption abernahmeprinzip about the lien (Civil Case Execution Law the 91st clause of Article 5). Therefore, this paper was examined briefly the significance and purpose, history and law-making examples of each country and the valid requirements and effect of the lien that is basic principle of law about the lien system above all. And then, it will be reviewed the improvement plan for de lege ferenda to improve the issues about this after reviewing the objection, theory and judicial precedent about opposing power and preferential performance right of the lien in the real estaKey Words : Lien, Oppose Power, Mortgage right, Preferential Performance right, Seizure, Real Estate Auction, Lien who can not Opposing against Successful Bidder, Lien who can Oppose against Successful Bidder, Possessionte auction that is a fundamental problem on requirement and effect of the lien.