• Title/Summary/Keyword: pricing policy

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A Study on the Improvement of Price Structure of Multi-regional Water Supply System in Korea (국내 광역상수도 요금제도의 개선 방향에 관한 연구)

  • Kim, Yeon-Bae;Heo, Eun-Nyeong;Kim, Tae-Yu;Kim, Wan-Gyu
    • Journal of Korea Water Resources Association
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    • v.32 no.5
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    • pp.537-545
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    • 1999
  • This study examines three counterplans for the improvement in price structure of Korean multi-regional water supply system. First, price differentiation between industrial and residential water uses is analyzed using several pricing methods. It has been estimated that the industrial water price by the Ramsey pricing method is needed to be two to two and half times higher than the price of residential water to achieve maximum social welfare. Second, peak-load pricing is then studied to seek for the effectiveness of seasonal differentiation in water price. It has been found that consideration of dam facilities and their functions is the key factor for the effectiveness of the seasonal differentiation in water price. Finally, the discussion about the introduction of contract pricing system to the multi regional water supply system to achieve optimal investment plan for the future water demand is presented. We has found that the introduction of contract pricing system will greatly increase the efficiency in future investment plan of the multi-regional water supply system.

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Competition Policy and Open Access to Essential Facilities in Natural Gas Market (천연가스시장 경쟁도입과 필수설비 공유의 효과 분석)

  • Heo, Eun Jeong;Cho, Myeonghwan
    • Environmental and Resource Economics Review
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    • v.29 no.1
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    • pp.47-89
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    • 2020
  • We introduce a simple theoretical model to analyze the welfare impact of a competition policy in the natural gas market in South Korea. An incumbent monopolistic firm currently owns essential facilities, but the competition policy mandates that the firm provide open access to any entrant firm, charging an access fee. When no regulation is imposed on the fee pricing, this policy increases social welfare as well as the profit of the incumbent firm. When the pricing is regulated, however, social welfare depends on whether there is information asymmetry between the government and the firm regarding the operating cost of the facilities. If the government has complete information, social welfare can be maximized by choosing the optimal prices. Otherwise, the government has to set the prices based on the information that the firm delivers. We formulate a Bayesian game to analyze this case and identify a set of perfect Bayesian equilibria to compare social welfare.

The Effect of the QR Code Commission Rate on Commercial Banks in China (QR코드 수수료율이 중국 상업은행에 미치는 영향)

  • Zhu, Yongjie;Jin, Shanyue
    • Journal of Digital Convergence
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    • v.20 no.5
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    • pp.99-105
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    • 2022
  • In China, with the rise of third-party payments such as WeChat Pay and Alipay, the traditional business of banks has been greatly affected. Banks can encourage and expand QR code payments to merchants. Therefore, it is meaningful to analyze and study the QR code work of banks. The purpose of this study is to analyze the effect of the execution of the zero-rate of the comprehensive payment QR code combined with the payment cycle and Funds Transfer Pricing (FTP) on commercial banks in China. Based on the manually collected customer data of Chinese commercial banks, this paper conducts a case analysis combined with the calculation method of financial indicators. As a result of the study, it was found that commercial banks need to continue to implement the policy as the advantages of introducing the integrated QR code fee rate 0 policy are greater than the disadvantages. This paper provides feasible suggestions on how to quickly occupy the offline payment market for commercial banks, which has guiding significance for commercial banks' marketing decisions. Presently, there are few studies on the zero-rate subsidy policy implemented by Chinese commercial banks.

Dynamic Limit and Predatory Pricing Under Uncertainty (불확실성하(不確實性下)의 동태적(動態的) 진입제한(進入制限) 및 약탈가격(掠奪價格) 책정(策定))

  • Yoo, Yoon-ha
    • KDI Journal of Economic Policy
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    • v.13 no.1
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    • pp.151-166
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    • 1991
  • In this paper, a simple game-theoretic entry deterrence model is developed that integrates both limit pricing and predatory pricing. While there have been extensive studies which have dealt with predation and limit pricing separately, no study so far has analyzed these closely related practices in a unified framework. Treating each practice as if it were an independent phenomenon is, of course, an analytical necessity to abstract from complex realities. However, welfare analysis based on such a model may give misleading policy implications. By analyzing limit and predatory pricing within a single framework, this paper attempts to shed some light on the effects of interactions between these two frequently cited tactics of entry deterrence. Another distinctive feature of the paper is that limit and predatory pricing emerge, in equilibrium, as rational, profit maximizing strategies in the model. Until recently, the only conclusion from formal analyses of predatory pricing was that predation is unlikely to take place if every economic agent is assumed to be rational. This conclusion rests upon the argument that predation is costly; that is, it inflicts more losses upon the predator than upon the rival producer, and, therefore, is unlikely to succeed in driving out the rival, who understands that the price cutting, if it ever takes place, must be temporary. Recently several attempts have been made to overcome this modelling difficulty by Kreps and Wilson, Milgram and Roberts, Benoit, Fudenberg and Tirole, and Roberts. With the exception of Roberts, however, these studies, though successful in preserving the rationality of players, still share one serious weakness in that they resort to ad hoc, external constraints in order to generate profit maximizing predation. The present paper uses a highly stylized model of Cournot duopoly and derives the equilibrium predatory strategy without invoking external constraints except the assumption of asymmetrically distributed information. The underlying intuition behind the model can be summarized as follows. Imagine a firm that is considering entry into a monopolist's market but is uncertain about the incumbent firm's cost structure. If the monopolist has low cost, the rival would rather not enter because it would be difficult to compete with an efficient, low-cost firm. If the monopolist has high costs, however, the rival will definitely enter the market because it can make positive profits. In this situation, if the incumbent firm unwittingly produces its monopoly output, the entrant can infer the nature of the monopolist's cost by observing the monopolist's price. Knowing this, the high cost monopolist increases its output level up to what would have been produced by a low cost firm in an effort to conceal its cost condition. This constitutes limit pricing. The same logic applies when there is a rival competitor in the market. Producing a high cost duopoly output is self-revealing and thus to be avoided. Therefore, the firm chooses to produce the low cost duopoly output, consequently inflicting losses to the entrant or rival producer, thus acting in a predatory manner. The policy implications of the analysis are rather mixed. Contrary to the widely accepted hypothesis that predation is, at best, a negative sum game, and thus, a strategy that is unlikely to be played from the outset, this paper concludes that predation can be real occurence by showing that it can arise as an effective profit maximizing strategy. This conclusion alone may imply that the government can play a role in increasing the consumer welfare, say, by banning predation or limit pricing. However, the problem is that it is rather difficult to ascribe any welfare losses to these kinds of entry deterring practices. This difficulty arises from the fact that if the same practices have been adopted by a low cost firm, they could not be called entry-deterring. Moreover, the high cost incumbent in the model is doing exactly what the low cost firm would have done to keep the market to itself. All in all, this paper suggests that a government injunction of limit and predatory pricing should be applied with great care, evaluating each case on its own basis. Hasty generalization may work to the detriment, rather than the enhancement of consumer welfare.

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Dynamic Pricing and Ordering Decision for the Perishable Food of the Supermarket Using RFID Technology

  • Liu, Xiaofeng;Hang, Pei
    • Journal of Global Scholars of Marketing Science
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    • v.16 no.4
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    • pp.1-11
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    • 2006
  • Product quality of perishable food is significantly affected by the environment. Technological approaches for tracking and tracing such products have attracted increasing attentions in both research and practice. This paper studies how supermarket can maximize profits of selling perishable food through price adjustment based on real-ime product quality and values. This can be achieved by tracing the value of the perishable food based on an automatic product identification technology Radio Frequency Identification(RFID). With the support of the RFID, an optimization model can be developed to enable product tracking and tracing. The analysis of the model shows promising benefits of applying a dynamic pricing policy and obtains the optimal ordering decision in the respect of deterministic demand function.

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Improvement of the Parallel Importation Logistics Process Using Big Data

  • Park, Doo-Jin;Kim, Woo-Sun
    • Journal of information and communication convergence engineering
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    • v.17 no.4
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    • pp.267-273
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    • 2019
  • South Korea has allowed parallel importation since 1995. Parallel importation causes competition among importers in the logistics process allowing, consumers to purchase foreign brand products at low prices. Most parallel importers base product pricing on subjective judgements. Fashion products in particular, have different sales rates depending on trends and seasons, so sales performance varies greatly depending on selling price timing and policy. The merchandiser (MD) set the price on parallel importation products by aggregating information on imported products and pricing goods. However, this customized process is very time consuming for the MD. This is because the logistics process of parallel importation's customs clearance procedures and repair works is complicated and takes a significant amount of time. In this paper, we propose an improved parallel importation logistics process based on big data, which automatically sets the price of parallel importation products.

Reverse Logistics in the E-Marketplace Supply Chain: A Two-Stage Return and Recycling Policy (전자상거래 공급망의 회수물류: 재활용을 고려한 이단계 반품정책)

  • Yoo, Seung-Ho
    • Journal of the Korean Operations Research and Management Science Society
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    • v.35 no.4
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    • pp.17-31
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    • 2010
  • This study investigates two-stage return policy and recycling issues in an e-marketplace supply chain consisting of consumers, a retailer and a manufacturer. The manufacturer, a focal company in the e-marketplace supply chain, considers the recycling of commercial returns so offers the retailer a buy-back contract of which transfer payment consists of a wholesale price and a buy-back price. Then, under the given contract offer, the retailer determines a selling price and a return policy to control consumers' demand and return requests. We consider the retailer's opportunistic behavior and supply chain coordination issues based on the principal-agent paradigm. We compare the first-best and second-best optima and conduct comparative static analyses to evaluate the performance results of the buy-back contract and provide important managerial implications.

A Study on Estimating Regional Water Demand and Water Management Policy (물 수요함수 추정과 지역 물 관리 정책 연구)

  • Lim, Dongsoon
    • Journal of Digital Convergence
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    • v.16 no.7
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    • pp.1-8
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    • 2018
  • In Korea, water supply capacity and facility investments had been emphasized around the 1980s. The water pricing have gained focuses in water policy since the 1990s. This study analyzes a water demand and estimates the relation of water demand and other socio-economic variable, using econometric models on the city of Busan. Water price and income are two key elements to explain water demand. Modeling approach using translog function provides better results, and water demand responds positively to population and income. Energy and water prices are negative factors in deciding water demand. It is requested that water pricing needs to reflect more production costs. Alternative approaches such as water saving facilities by household and use of digital water information should be emphasized for efficient water management in a local community.

SYNCHRONIZING INDIVIDUALLY OPTIMAL CYCLE TIMES ACROSS MULITI-BUYERS AND MULTI-PRODUCTS

  • Lee, Chang-Hwan
    • Management Science and Financial Engineering
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    • v.4 no.2
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    • pp.15-42
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    • 1998
  • A joint problem of order delivery, setup reduction, and cost-sharing in a two-echelon inventory system in which a vendor supplies multiple products to a group of buyers is studied here. The basic premise is that buyers have independently implemented setup reduction programs to acquire benefits from small order sizes. Doing so, however, causes the buyers' individually optimal order cycles to be differ from that of the vendor. In conjunction with this, two models are considered. In the first model, a multi-buyers single product situation is considered in which the vendor implements a joint supply cycle policy. However, buyers, as the dominant party, insist after implementing the individually optimal setup reduction that the vendor accept their individually optimal order schedules. In the second model. a multi-products, single buyer situation is considered in which the buyer implements a joint order policy. Here, the vendor, as the dominant party, refuses to cooperate fully with the buyer's individually reduced joint order schedule, and designs his own individually optimal setup reduction mix for each product under a given budget constraint. This led to a study of an integrated Setup Reduction/Break-even Pricing Policy for each situation to eliminate mismatches in individually optimal cycle times.

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Virtual Circuit Holding Time Policies for UMTS Core Network (UMTS의 Core Nerwork에서 VC Holding Time Policy에 관한 연구)

  • 서준배;곽용원;김영진;이형우;조충호
    • Proceedings of the Korean Information Science Society Conference
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    • 2000.10c
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    • pp.117-119
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    • 2000
  • UMTS(Universal Mobile Telecommunication System)의 Core Network에서는 SGSN(Serving GPRS Support Node)과 GGSN(Gateway GPRS Support Node)사이의 전송계층을 IP-Over-ATM network을 기반으로 한다. 이는 비연결형(connectionless) IP 트래픽들을 연결지향형(connectionoriented) ATM 전송계층을 통해 전송함으로 이때 효율적인 자원관리를 위해 적절한 VC(Virtual Circuit)의 접속과 해제를 수행해야 한다. 본 논문에서는 [1]에서 제안되는 GPRS(General Packer Radio Service)의 Web 트래픽 모델에 대하여 기존의 VC의 Holding-time을 결정하는 기법인 Holding Cost Pricing Model(LRU, Mean-Variance, Adaptive policy) [2]을 GGSN과 SGSN사이의 ATM 전송계층에 적용하였다. 각각의 기법들에서 VC의 이용률(utilization)과 설정율(setup rate)을 비교함으로써 Adaptive policy 기법의 성능이 다른 기법에 비해 효율적임을 알 수 있다.

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