• The Journal of Economics, Marketing and Management
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• v.11 no.4
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• pp.65-76
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• 2023

Purpose: It suggests that in order to compare economic development between large cities, this paper aims to exclude factors such as GDP, trade, manpower, R&D, then present newly an analysis of others (inflation, exports, middle-class, competitiveness, digital). Research design, data, and methodology: In the period of rapid digitalization of the world, we would like to deal with different analysis factors than before. This is because digitalization and prices have the greatest impact on the region in terms of national competitiveness. Random sampling was used as the sample size of this study to generate various values for the annual income of the middle class and the competitiveness index, and the analysis method was used. This is because the income of the middle class can lead the digitalization of the country and accelerate it to standardization. Results: Based on these analysis, it is necessary to reduce the inflation rate of digitalization, it is necessary to lower inflation rates. This can be more fundamental than interest rates. If the demand for digitalization is reduced, national competitiveness, national competitiveness will lower national competitiveness. By building a hub for middle class, you can reduce this inflation rate without China's oversupply. Conclusion: This is because it is difficult to maintain competitiveness through interest rate control, as prices rise, and inflation can become unstable. This study can seek digital acceptance by the middle class as a solution to problems like the regional economic confrontation of new globalization inflation environment.

• Current Photovoltaic Research
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• v.10 no.1
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• pp.6-15
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• 2022

Climate change is among the most important issues facing mankind in modern society. However, global PV energy expansion has been driven mainly by OECD countries. We investigate the determinants of PV energy growth by panel data of selected OECD countries from 1991 to 2018. We investigate four categories of driving factors: socioeconomic, technological, country specific, and policy factors. The test results support that PV capacity growth is significantly driven by technology development and multidimensional environment policy factors. Socioeconomic factors such as CO₂, GDP, and electricity price are statistically significant on the growth of PV energy, too. Whereas, country-specific solar potential factor is the least related. As most of the socioeconomic factors are exogenous, we need to focus more on PV technology development and policy measures.

• Asian Journal of Business Environment
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• v.12 no.1
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• pp.25-33
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• 2022

Purpose: The purpose of this paper is to determine the effects of the Real Estate Transactions Tax (RETT) on the economic cycles of Saudi Arabia. A secondary purpose is to determine the effects of RETT on the construction and real estate sectors of Saudi Arabia. Research design, data and methodology: The data used is retrieved from the General Authority of Statistics, Saudi Central Bank and the World Bank Open Data. Econometric models of multiple linear regression with dummy variables have been conducted to achieve the objectives and to quantitatively verify the hypotheses. Results: With the VAT exemption in real estate transactions and its substitution with RETT, a positive effect on the economy and the real estate sector has been observed. However, this tax reform has not produced any significant effects in the construction sector. Conclusions: The main conclusion of the present research is that the real estate market has a major influence on economic cycles. After the tax reform, a reduction in the contribution of taxes on real estate transactions to GDP was detected. For the construction sector, after the tax reform, it is estimated that there will be an insignificant reduction in the contribution of the real estate price index, and of the taxes on real estate transactions, to GDP.

• Asia-Pacific Journal of Business
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• v.13 no.4
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• pp.79-89
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• 2022

Purpose - The purpose of this study was to examine the impact of ESG rating changes of companies listed in Korean Stock Exchange on stock returns. Design/methodology/approach - This study collected prices and ESG ratings of all the companies listed on the Korea Composite Stock Price Index. Based on yearly change of ESG ratings we grouped companies as 2 portfolios(upgrade and downgrade) and calculated portfolios' return. Findings - First, the difference in returns between upgraded and downgraded portfolios is small and statistically insignificant. Second, however, in the COVID-19 period (2020 ~ 2021), the upgraded portfolio outperforms the downgraded portfolio by 0.7 percentage points per month. The difference in returns between upgraded and downgraded portfolios is statistically significant after controlling for the Carhart four factors. Lastly, there are much higher volatility when the ESG rating changes are made of companies with low levels of ESG ratings. Research implications or Originality - This study is the first to examine the impact of ESG rating changes on stock returns in Korea. Furthermore, the findings can serve as a reference for managers who want to control a firm's risk by ESG rating changes. Practically, asset managers can use the findings to construct portfolios that are less risky or more profitable than the market portfolio.

• Annual Conference on Human and Language Technology
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• 2023.10a
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• pp.101-104
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• 2023

본 연구는 현대 사회에서 빅데이터의 중요성이 강조되는 가운데, 온라인 시장의 확장과 소비자들의 다양한 소비 행태 변화를 반영한 가격지표 개발을 목표로 한다. 통계청의 기존 통계조사 방법론에 대한 한계를 극복하고, 온라인 쇼핑몰 데이터에서 필요한 정보를 추출하고 가공하기 위해 대규모 언어 모델(LLM)을 활용한 인공지능 기술을 적용해보고자 한다. 초기 연구 결과로 공개 Polyglot을 활용하여 비정형 자료 처리와 품목분류에 응용해 보았으며, 제한된 학습 데이터를 사용하여도 높은 정확도의 처리 결과를 얻을 수 있었으며, 현재는 적용 품목을 확장하여 더욱 다양한 품목에 방법론을 적용하는 연구를 진행 중이다.

• Korea Trade Review
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• v.47 no.2
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• pp.133-154
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• 2022

The Baltic Capesize Index (BCI), which is used as an indicator for marine transportation of steel raw materials, is one of the key economic indexes for managing the risk of loss due to rapid market fluctuations when steel companies establish business strategies and procuring plans for raw materials. Still, the conditions of supply and demand of steel raw materials has been extremely affected by volatility shocks from drastic events like the financial crisis such as the Lehman Brothers incident and changes in the external environment such as COVID-19. And, especially since the 2008 financial crisis, endeavors to predict the market conditions of the steel raw material is becoming more and more arduous for the deepening uncertainty and increased volatility of BCI, which has been used as a leading indicator of the real economy. This study investigates the correlation between the steel raw material market and the marine transportation market by estimating the spillover effect of information between markets. The vector error correction model (VECM) was used to analyze information transfer based on the correlation between the BCI and crude steel production, capesize fleet supply, raw material price, and cargo volume.

• Proceedings of the Korean Society of Computer Information Conference
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• 2024.01a
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• pp.453-454
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• 2024

본 연구는 경기 변동에 따라 대중들의 소비가 민감한 사업군을 도출해내고, 서울시 열린데이터 광장의 소비데이터를 분석하여 해당 기업의 경영 전략을 제시하는데 목적이 있다. 2023년 물가지수(CPI)는 8월 3.4%, 9월 3.7%, 10월 3.8%로 유례없는 상승 추이를 보이고 있다. 또한, KDI(한국개발연구원)는 2024년 소비는 고물가 기조로 인하여 상품소비의 부진이 지속되어 기업 매출이 전년(1.9%)과 유사하게 1.8% 증가하는데 그칠 전망이라고 예측하였다. 이렇게 대중들의 소비가 줄어들고 있는 경기 상황에서 기업이 손실을 막기 위해 취할 수 있는 대응 전략을 수립하는데 이 연구가 도움이 되리라고 사료된다.

• Asia-Pacific Journal of Business
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• v.15 no.2
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• pp.71-88
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• 2024

Purpose - This study provides an overview of existing research and practices related to market risk premiums(MRP), and empirically estimates the MRP in Korea, particularly using the related option prices. We also seek to improve the current MRP practices and explore alternative solutions. Design/methodology/approach - We present the option price-based MRP estimation method, as proposed by Martin (2017), and implement it within the context of the Korean stock market. We then juxtapose these results with those derived from other methods, and compare the characteristics with those of the United States. Findings - We found that the lower limit of the MRP in the Korean stock market shows a much lower value compared to the US. There seems to be the possibility of a market crash, exchange rate volatility, or a lack of option trading data. We investigated the predictive power of the estimated values and discovered that the weighted average of the results of various methodologies using the Principal Component Analysis (PCA) is superior to the individual method's results. Research implications or Originality - It is required to explore various methods of estimating MRP that are suitable for the Korean stock market. In order to improve the estimation methodology based on option prices, it is necessary to develop the methods using the higher-order(third order or above) moments, or consider additional risk factors such as the possibility of a crash.

• Journal of the Korean association of regional geographers
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• v.23 no.2
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• pp.403-419
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• 2017

This study analyzed the forces to drive the change of urban green spaces in Daegu from 1989 to 2009. First, the loss and fragmentation of green spaces in the past 20 years were spatially identified by performing the hot spots analysis for the cell-based spatial metrics quantifying the size and diversity of green spaces. Next, seven drivers such as slope, distance to roads, land price, population density, ratios of residential, commercial, and industrial areas were selected based on the previous studies and the direction of the association between the loss and fragmentation of green spaces and seven drivers was analyzed with the stepwise logistic regression. Finally, the relative importance of the seven drivers and their interactions in the past 20 years were analyzed with the geographical detector. The results show that the loss of green spaces was concentrated on a part of the Anshim housing development district from 1989 to 2009 and green spaces were highly fragmented around the housing development districts such as Seongseo, Anshim, Dalseong-gun and Chilgok. The forces to drive the loss and fragmentation of green spaces in these areas were different at the administrative levels, but the drivers such as slope and ratios of residential and industrial areas were commonly significant. These drivers were positively correlated with largest patch index(LPI) quantifying the loss of green spaces while they were negatively correlated with Shannon's diversity index(SHDI) measuring the fragmentation of green spaces. In other words, the loss and fragmentation of urban green spaces in Daegu appeared around such regions with lower slope and lower ratios of residential and industrial areas. The relative importance of drivers for LPI was listed as ratio of industrial area, land price, and ratio of commercial area in descending order whereas that of drivers for SHDI was listed as ratio of industrial area, land price, and distance to roads in descending order. Also, the interaction between slope and ratio of residential area had a great impact on LPI and SHDI. The ratio of industrial area was a single driver to most significantly explain the loss and fragmentation of urban green spaces in Daegu in the past 20 years. The interaction between slope and ratio of residential area was greater than the independent influence of a single driver. This study will provide the base data to build a sustainable urban green policy for the city of Daegu in the near future.

• Korean Journal of Occupational Health Nursing
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• v.14 no.2
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• pp.93-107
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• 2005

Purpose: The purpose of this study is to identify the trends of studies on work-related musculoskeletal disorder and to suggest the direction of future research. Method: 144 research thesis for a degree on work-related musculoskeletal disorder were systematic reviewed and published from Jan. 1990 to Mar. 2005. The analyzed using descriptive statistics, an actual number, percentage. Result: As its result the work-related musculoskeletal disorder research which is announced from domestic the doctorate dissertation at the 2004 year 42 the most many 144 dissertation middle most to be 129 in master degree dissertation was 15 in Ph D degree. Dissertation contents character the contents against the result relation that it analyzes especially and a condition and an obstacle was many most at 84. Research plan in most description investigation research 121 the dissertation field to be the especially public health (hygiene, industry and environment) at this 57 most many research object person distribution manufacturing industry in the research object one dissertation was many most at the 40. The tools which are used in each measurement in the question tool which it uses most the question price of land which uses the condition investigation ticket which it made from the NIOSH and the ANSI most many 33, the hazard which analyzes a work attitude in the tool which it uses the RULA was many most at 14. In the stress test tool social psychological healthy measurement PWI (Psychological Wellbeing Index) the dissertation which uses the Job Strain of the Karasek Model to be many most at 19 PWI (Psychological Wellbeing Index) 7 easy use. Work-related musculoskeletal disorder measurement hazard in physiological index and the machinery and tools which it uses there were 9 researches to use an electromyogram most plentifully. With the effect goes to a work-related musculoskeletal disorder they are 33 where the age is many most from general quality. From healthy act with the relation of smoking the year to be many from 16 dissertations. Work of the corpse an attitude (the attitude which is inappropriate) with 5 and the work market the work burglar is many most at 9, the society-support of 36 where the stress is many psychologically most, the stress and service also the most many duty discretion (authority and autonomy) is 6 at the duty demand boat song 9. The service career to be many is 22 of extraordinarily with relation of service. Conclusion: It is recommended the research which it sees being limited in only domestic thesis for a degree the international comparative study to become accomplished. It comes to think with the fact that it will be necessary to make the protocol which it conforms in the civil official guide the test researches for the protocol or arbitration program which is standardized are necessary. Prevention and the civil official of work relation bones and sinews standing total disease hazard scientific base one program is necessary with base.