• Archives of Pharmacal Research
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• v.28 no.3
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• pp.330-334
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• 2005

The effect of a new hepatoprotective agent, YH-439, on the hepatobiliary transport of a model organic cation (OC), TBuMA (tributylmethylammonium), was investigated. The area under the plasma concentration-time curve (AUC) from time zero to 4 h following iv administration of TBuMA (6.6 $\mu$mol/kg) was increased significantly when YH-439 in corn oil (300 mg/kg) was orally administered to rats 24 h prior to the experiment. Nevertheless, the cumulative biliary excretion of TBuMA remained unchanged. As a consequence, the apparent biliary clearance ($CL_b$) of TBuMA was decreased significantly as a result of YH-439 pretreatment, consistent with the fact that the in vivo excretion clearance of TBuMA across the canalicular membrane ($CL_{exc}$) was not changed by the pretreatment. The in vitro uptake of TBuMA into isolated hepatocytes was decreased by one half by the pretreatment, owing to a decrease in the apparent V$_{max}$ and $CL_{linear}$, but the $K_m$ for the process remained constant. Most interestingly, however, the sinusoidal uptake of glucose, a nutrient, into hepatocytes was not influenced by the pretreatment, suggesting the YH-439 pretreatment specifically impaired the sinusoidal uptake of OCs. Thus, the OC-specific inhibition of hepatic uptake, without influencing the uptake of glucose, a nutrient, appeared to be associated with the hepatoprotective activity of YH-439.

• International Journal of Oral Biology
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• v.34 no.1
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• pp.43-48
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• 2009

Thrombin-induced platelet microbicidal protein (tPMP) is a small cationic peptide that exerts potent in vitro microbicidal activity against a broad spectrum of human pathogens, including Staphylococcus aureus and Streptococcus rattus BHT. Earlier evidence has suggested that tPMP targets and disrupts the bacterial membrane. However, it is not yet clear whether membrane disruption itself is sufficient to kill the bacteria or whether subsequent, presumably intracellular, events are also involved in this process. In this study, we investigated the microbicidal activity of rabbit tPMP toward S. rattus BHT cells in the presence or absence of a pretreatment with antibiotics that differ in their mechanisms of action. The streptocidal effects of tPMP on control cells (no antibiotic pretreatment) were rapid and concentration-dependent. Pretreatment of S. rattus BHT cells with either penicillin or amoxicillin (inhibitors of bacterial cell wall synthesis) significantly enhanced the anti-S. rattus BHT effects of tPMP compared with the effects against the respective control cells over most tPMP concentration ranges tested. On the other hand, pretreatment of S. rattus BHT cells with tetracycline or doxycycline (30S ribosomal subunit inhibitors) significantly decreased the streptocidal effects of tPMP over a wide peptide concentration range. Furthermore, pretreatment with rifampin (an inhibitor of DNA-dependent RNA polymerase) essentially blocked the killing of S. rattus BHT by tPMP at most concentrations compared with the respective control cells. These results suggest that tPMP exerts anti-S. rattus BHT activity through mechanisms involving both the cell membrane and intracellular targets.

• Journal of The Korean Society of Grassland and Forage Science
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• v.43 no.1
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• pp.56-61
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• 2023

The germination process is critical for plant growth and development and it is largely affected by environmental stress, especially salinity. Recently, hydrogen sulfide (H₂S) is well known to act as a signaling molecule in a defense mechanism against stress conditions but poorly understood regulating seed germination. In this study, the effects of NaHS (the H₂S donor) pretreatment on various biochemical (hydrogen peroxide (H₂O₂) content and amylase and protease activity) and physiological properties (germination rate) during seed germination of oilseed rape (Brassica napus L. cv. Mosa) were examined under salt stress. The seed germination and seedling growth of oilseed rape were inhibited by NaCl treatment but it was alleviated by NaHS pretreatment. The NaCl treatment increased H₂O₂ content leading to oxidative stress, but NaHS pre-treatments maintained much lower levels of H₂O₂ in germinating seeds under salt stress. Amylase activity, a starch degradation enzyme, significantly increased over 2-fold in control, NaHS pretreatment, and NaHS pretreatment under NaCl during seed germination compared to NaCl treatment. Protease activity was highly induced in NaHS-pretreated seeds compared to NaCl treatment, accompanied by a decrease in protein content. These results indicate that NaHS pretreatment could improve seed germination under salt stress conditions by decreasing H₂O₂ accumulation and activating the degradation of protein and starch to support seedling growth.

• Journal of Electrochemical Science and Technology
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• v.8 no.3
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• pp.215-221
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• 2017

The electroless plating process largely consists of substrate cleaning, seed formation (activator formation), and electroless plating. The most widely used activator in the seed formation step is Pd, and Sn ions are used to facilitate the formation of this Pd seed layer. This is problematic because the Sn ions interfere with the reduction of Cu ions during electroless plating; thus, the Sn ions must be removed by a hydrochloric acid cleaning process. This method is also expensive due to the use of Pd. In this study, Cu electroless plating was performed by forming a seed layer using a silver nanosol instead of Pd and Sn. The effects of the Ag nanosol concentration in the pretreatment solution and the pretreatment time on the thickness and surface morphology of the Cu layer were investigated. The degrees of adhesion to the substrate were similar for the electroless-plated Cu layers formed by conventional Pd activation and those formed by the Ag nanosol.

• Journal of Information Display
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• v.2 no.4
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• pp.34-38
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• 2001

We suggested new PDP packaging technology using the direct joint method, which does not need an exhausting hole and tube. The advantages of this method are simple process, short process time and time panel package. To packaging, we drew the seal line of glass frit by dispenser followed by forming the lump, which provide pumping-out path during the packaging process. And, we have performed a pretreatment of glass frit to reduce the out-gases. After which, both front and rear glass plates were aligned and loaded into vacuum packaging chamber. The 4-inch monochrome AC-PDP was successfully packaged and fully emitted with brightness of 1000 $cd/m^2$. Also, glass frit properties for pretreatment condition was investigated by AES and SEM analyses.

• Journal of Wellbeing Management and Applied Psychology
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• v.6 no.2
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• pp.33-37
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• 2023

Purpose: Since 2013, marine dumping of wastewater has been banned, and research on eco-friendly and efficient land treatment has emerged. This study compared and tested changes in biogas production and anaerobic process efficiency depending on whether or not enzyme pretreatment was performed during anaerobic digestion from single-phase and two-phase to medium-temperature. Research design, data and methodology: The total sugar, direct sugar, pH, and acidity before and after fermentation were analyzed by G/C by anaerobic fermentation of the liquor wastewater, food wastewater 1, and food wastewater 2 at 30℃ for 67 hours, and the amount of methane gas generated was analyzed by balloon volume. Results: It was found that stable organic acid concentration and pH were found in the enzyme-treated food wastewater 2, and the amount of methane gas generated was also increased. Conclusions: When anaerobic digestion of the liquor wastewater and the food wastewater together, the performance of enzyme pretreatment resulted in increased digestive efficiency. It will be the basic data that can contribute to carbon neutrality and greenhouse gas reduction by increasing the production of biogas.

• Korean Journal of Materials Research
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• v.20 no.4
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• pp.175-180
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• 2010

Transparent conducting oxide (TCO) films are widely used for optoelectronic applications. Among TCO materials, zinc oxide (ZnO) has been studied extensively for its high optical transmission and electrical conduction. In this study, the effects of $O_2$ plasma pretreatment on the properties of Ga-doped ZnO films (GZO) on polyethylene naphthalate (PEN) substrate were studied. The $O_2$ plasma pretreatment process was used instead of conventional oxide buffer layers. The $O_2$ plasma treatment process has several merits compared with the oxide buffer layer treatment, especially on a mass production scale. In this process, an additional sputtering system for oxide composition is not needed and the plasma treatment process is easily adopted as an in-line process. GZO films were fabricated by RF magnetron sputtering process. To improve surface energy and adhesion between the PEN substrate and the GZO film, the $O_2$ plasma pre-treatment process was used prior to GZO sputtering. As the RF power and the treatment time increased, the contact angle decreased and the RMS surface roughness increased significantly. It is believed that the surface energy and adhesive force of the polymer surfaces increased with the $O_2$ plasma treatment and that the crystallinity and grain size of the GZO films increased. When the RF power was 100W and the treatment time was 120 sec in the $O_2$ plasma pretreatment process, the resistivity of the GZO films on the PEN substrate was $1.05\;{\times}\;10^{-3}{\Omega}-cm$, which is an appropriate range for most optoelectronic applications.

• Journal of Korean Society of Environmental Engineers
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• v.28 no.6
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• pp.613-619
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• 2006

The objectives of this research are to evaluate the effect of membrane materials, particulate matter and membrane pore size on permeate flux. It was shown that the removal efficiency of high MW organic matter more than 10 kDa was lower than that of low MW organic matter for $MIEX^{(R)}$ process. For the change of permeate flux by the pretreatment process, $MIEX^{(R)}+UF$ process showed high removal efficiency of organic matter as compared with coagulation+UF processes, but high reduction rate of permeate flux was presented through the reduction of removal efficiency of high MW organic matter. The pretreatment of the raw water significantly reduced the fouling of the hydrophilic membrane, but did not decrease the flux reduction of the hydrophobic membrane. Flux decline on MF process increased due to the pore clogging, while the permeate flux decline of UF process decreased due to the formation of cake layer. It was shown that particle matter was not effect on MIEX+membrane process. But, for coagulation+membrane process, particle matter was important factor on permeate flux.

• Journal of Korean Society on Water Environment
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• v.25 no.2
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• pp.227-234
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• 2009

In this research, a retrofitting process, which consists of a pretreatment system (coagulation) for dye wastewater combined with a biological nutrient system (MLE process using media), for a sewage treatment plant that has to treat dye wastewater efficiently with domestic wastewater were developed and a pilot plant was operated for verifying adoptability and performance of the developed advanced process for dye wastewater. From the results of the pilot plant operation, BOD 52.9%, $COD_{Cr}$ 55.9%, and color 71.3% were removed in pretreatment of coagulation process and the biodegradability of dye wastewater was improved to $0.32{\sim}0.59BOD/COD_{Cr}$ of the coagulated wastewater from $0.29{\sim}0.43BOD/COD_{Cr}$ of the raw dye wastewater. The final effluent concentrations were BOD of 8 mg/L, $COD_{Cr}$ of 43 mg/L, $COD_{Mn}$ of 18 mg/L, T-N of 8 mg/L, and T-P of 1.3 mg/L, respectively. Color was removed from 1655 to 468 unit by coagulation and then to 123 unit by MLE process. The HPLC analysis of aromatic amines in wastewater showed that decolorization was achieved by cometabolism while aromatic amines were produced by cleavage of azo bonds under anaerobic conditions and these products were removed in an aerobic tank subsequently. Nitrification rates of attached and suspended microorganisms were evaluated comparatively and the acclimating conditions of bacteria on media were validated by the scanning electron microscope.

• Journal of Korean Society of Water and Wastewater
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• v.31 no.2
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• pp.161-168
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• 2017

Microfiltration (MF) and Ultrafiltration (UF) membrane processes capable of producing highly purified water have been extensively applied as a pretreatment process in the wastewater reuse field with the improvement of membrane properties and resistance, development of operating protocols, and improvement of technologies of backwashing and physicochemical cleaning, and improvement of scale and antifoulants. However, despite of the development of membrane production and process technologies, fouling still remains unresolved. This study confirmed that foulants such as polysaccharides, proteins and humic substances existed in final treated effluent (secondary effluent) by fluorescence excitation emission matrix (FEEM) and fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) analysis. In addition, when constructing ozone oxidation and coagulation processes as a hybrid process, the removal efficiency was 5.8%, 6.9%, 5.9%, and 28.2% higher than that of the single process using coagulation in turbidity, color, dissolved organic carbon (DOC), and UV254, respectively. The reversible and irreversible resistances in applying the hybrid process consisting of ozone oxidation and coagulation processes were lower than those in applying ozone oxidation and coagulation processes separately in UF membrane process. Therefore, it is considered possible to apply ozonation/coagulation as a pretreatment process for stable wastewater reuse by and then contributing to the reduction of fouling when calculating the optimal conditions for ozone oxidation and coagulation and then to applying them to membrane processes.