• 상하수도학회지
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• 제18권6호
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• pp.785-793
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• 2004

Coagulation has been investigated for pretreatment of low-pressure membrane systems such as microfiltration and ultrafiltration. Coagulation pretreatment can reduce foulants (particles and organic matter) prior to membrane filtration. However, when in-line coagulation or submerged type of filtration is used, flocculent aggregates could act as a foulant depending on concentrations and specific properties of floc. A natural water and three synthetic waters were used to investigate effects of coagulation pretreatment and presence of flocculent aggregates on membrane fouling. Coagulation pretreatment shows that foul ants were effectively removed during coagulation and the formed cake layer on the membrane surface had less resistances compared to raw natural water. In addition, little difference in membrane fouling was found by flocculent aggregates from the natural water. Interestingly, however, the results by three synthetic waters indicated that flocculent aggregates could have adverse effects on membrane fouling in a specific condition.

• 비만대사연구학술지
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• 제1권2호
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• pp.66-73
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• 2022

Obesity is an increasing public health and medical issue worldwide. It has been associated with several comorbidities, including diabetes, cardiovascular disease, stroke, and cancer. Chronic kidney disease (CKD) is another important comorbidity of obesity. Other major causes of CKD include hypertension and diabetes. However, the association between obesity and CKD is often overlooked. Among patients with CKD, patients with obesity were more vulnerable to have rapid kidney function decline than that of those with normal weight. Additionally, CKD is more prevalent among patients with obesity. These aggravations are induced through multiple mechanisms, specifically metabolic impairment of obesity and mechanical burden because of increasing intraabdominal renal pressure. Furthermore, the inflammation and lipotoxicity, caused by obesity, are critical in the CKD aggravation in patients with obesity. To prevent this, all adult patients with obesity are tested for CKD. The workup includes the estimated glomerular filtration rate and regular follow-up. Step-wise management is required for patients with obesity with CKD. Prompt reduction and management of obesity effectively delay CKD progression among patients with obesity and CKD. Therefore, weight loss is a core management for patients with obesity and CKD. Based on several studies, this article focused on the association between CKD and obesity, as well as the diagnosis and weight management of patients with obesity and CKD.

• 멤브레인
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• 제12권2호
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• pp.90-96
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• 2002

멤브레인 여과 실험에서 얻어진 데이터 처리에 간단한 수치해석을 적용하여 삼투압(osmotic pressure) 과 구배확산계수(gradient diffusion coefficient)를 도출하는 새로운 방법론을 제시하였다. 삼투압과 구배확산계수는 이론 및 실험적으로 쉽게 구할 수 없는 물리적 특성치로서 멤브레인 여과의 특성 규명에 중요하다. 모델 라텍스 콜로이드의 여과시간에 따른 투과플럭스(permeate flux) 값과 이에 대한 수치적분과 수치미분 데이터로부터 분산된 입자농도의 함수인 삼투압 관계식을 구했다. 이로부터 계산된 열역학적 계수(thermodynamic coefficient)는 입자농도가 증가할수록 감소하는 거동을 보였고, 여기에 기존에 제시되어 있는 수력학적 계수(hydrodynamic coefficient)를 도입하여 구배확산계수를 산출하였다. 아울러, 본 연구에서 계산된 입자농도에 따른 구배확산계수의 결과와 동일한 멤브레인과 라텍스 콜로이드의 여과에 대해서 기존에 통계역학적 시뮬레이션으로 예측한 결과를 비교하였다.

• 멤브레인
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• 제17권2호
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• pp.124-133
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• 2007

본 연구에서는 2종류의 다채널 알루미나 세라믹 정밀여과막으로 호소수를 처리할 경우, 질소 역세척 시간(BT) 및 막간압력차(TMP) 영향과 최적운전조건을 규명하였다. 정상여과시간(FT)은 8분, 유량 2.0 L/min, 역세척 압력 2.0 bar로 고정하였고, BT는 $10{\sim}60$초, TMP는 $0.6{\sim}2.0$ bar로 변화시켰다. 또한, 최적운전조건은 막오염에 의한 저항 $(R_f)$, 무차원한 투과선속 $(J/J_o)$, 투과선속 (J), 총여과부피$(V_T)$의 측면에서 고찰하였다. 그 결과, $0.4{\mu}m$의 평균기공 크기를 갖고 있는 HC04 분리막의 최적 역세척 조건은 BT=10초, $1.0{\mu}m$의 평균기공인 HC10 분리막에서는 20초임을 알 수 있었다. 한편, TMP가 증가할수록 구동력의 증가로 보다 많은 $V_T$를 얻을 수 있었다. 오염물질 제거율은 탁도(Turbidity) 95.4% 이상, 화학적 산소 요구량 $(COD_{Mn})\;12.7{\sim}20.1%$, 암모니아성 질소 $(NH_3-N)\;0.0{\sim}6.4%$, 총질소 (T-N) $1.9{\sim}4.6%$, 총인 (T-P) $34.9{\sim}88.4%$의 제거 율을 보였다.

• 멤브레인
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• 제16권1호
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• pp.31-38
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• 2006

우유 또는 주스 종이용기를 재활용하여 화장지를 생산하고 있는 제지회사에서 배출되는 제지폐수를 대상으로 주기적 질소 역세척이 가능한 세라믹 정밀여과 시스템을 운전하였다. 제지폐수 재활용을 위해 본 연구에서 7개의 채널이 있는 2 종류의 알루미나 분리막이 사용되었다. 질소 역세척 시간을 40초, 막간압력차 $1.0kg_f/cm^2$, 역세척 압력 $5.0kg_f/cm^2$로 고정하였을 때 $0.4{\mu}m$의 평균기공 크기를 갖고 있는 HC04 알루미나 분리막의 최적 여과시간 간격은 4분으로 $1.0{\mu}m$의 평균기공인 HV10 분리막의 16분보다 짧았다. 여과시간 간격과 역세척 시간을 고정한 상태에서 막간압력차(TMP)의 영향을 살펴본 결과, 높은 TMP 조건에서는 쉽게 막표면에 케이크가 형성되고 막 내부 구조에도 막오염이 발생하기 때문에 낮은 TMP 조건이 막오염 제어에 유리한 것을 알 수 있었다. 그러나 TMP는 폐수처리 여과 시스템에서 구동력이기 때문에, 가장 높은 TMP 조건에서 가장 많은 총여과부피를 얻을 수 있었다. 한편, 다채널 세라믹 분리막을 사용한 정밀여과시스템에서 얻은 투과수는 탁도가 낮기 때문에 제지공정에서 재활용 될 수 있다.

• Membrane and Water Treatment
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• 제1권1호
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• pp.49-60
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• 2010

In this study, response surface methodology (RSM) was performed in NF membrane process to evaluate the separation efficiency of membrane in the removal of salt and reactive dye by varying different variables such as pressure, temperature, pH, dye concentration and salt concentration. The significant level of both the main effects and the interaction were observed by analysis of variance (ANOVA) approach. Based on the statistical analysis, the results have provided valuable information on the relationship between these variables and the performances of membrane. The rejection of salt was found to be greatly influenced by pressure, pH and salt concentration whereas the dye rejection was relatively constant in between 96.22 and 99.43% regardless of the changes in the variables. The water flux on the other hand was found to be affected by the pressure and salt concentration. It is also found that the model predictions were in good agreement with the experimental data, indicating the validity of these models in predicting membrane performances prior to the real filtration process.

• 상하수도학회지
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• 제9권2호
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• pp.84-96
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• 1995

The dewatering characteristics of the sewage sludge was investigated through the experimental observations and model simulations. The activated sludge and the anaerobically digested sludge were examined for the dewaterability evaluation within the pressure range of $0{\sim}10^6N/m^2$. Modified Buchner funnel test and compression test by the consolidometer were conducted to evaluate average specific resistance, porosity, and moisture percentage of filter cake. Shirato's technique of compression-permeability test was followed for the pressure range lower than about $10^2N/m^2$. The flocculation effects on sludge dewatering was also examined for ferric chloride and polymeric flocculant. The application of hydrated lime which can be used for flue-gas desulfurization showed improved moisture percentage, and was thought to have positive feasibility in combined system of sludge dewatering and incineration. Determined characteristic constants were applied to Tiller's cake filtration model to simulate liquid pressure distribution and porosity distribution in cake. Model simulations showed a sharp drop of the porosity close to the cake-medium interface for the highly compressible material such as the activated sludge and the anaerobically digested sludge.

• 대한기계학회논문집B
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• 제20권5호
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• pp.1639-1648
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• 1996

Protection of gas turbine blade from its erosion and abrasion at high temperature and pressure is the first goal to cleanup the hot gas upstream for IGCC and PFBC. Ceramic filters represent an attractive technology for particle removal at high temperature and high pressure condition. They have demonstrated being a good system for improvement of thermal efficiency and reduction of effluent pollutants in advanced coal-based power systems such as IGCC and PFBC. Ceramic filter elements currently being developed were evaluated in the previous paper. In this paper, we measured the ash size and distribution on cleaning of ceramic candle filter. The results are as follows : in this experimental range, ceramic candle filter was shown to be fully adequate for the removal process of dust under high temperature and pressure. Also filtration efficiency of ceramic candle filter was higher than 98% compared with the regulation limit of particle size in gas turbine inlet.

• 한국자동차공학회논문집
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• 제17권1호
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• pp.24-34
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• 2009

DPF(Diesel Particulate Filter)s have been used to reduce the most of PM(particulate matters) from the exhaust emissions of diesel engine vehicles. Metal foam is one of promising materials for the DPFs due to its cost effectiveness, good thermal conductivity and high mechanical strength. It can be fabricated with various pore sizes and struct thickness and coated with catalytic wash-coats with low cost. In order to design metal foam filter and analyze the flow phenomena, pressure drop and filtration experiment are carried out. Partial DPF which has PM reduction efficiency of more than 50 % is designed in this paper. Also, CFD analysis are performed for different configurations of clean filters in terms of pressure drop, uniformity index, and velocity magnitude at face of filter. Filter thickness and the gap between front and rear filters are optimized and recommended for manufacturing purpose.

• KSBB Journal
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• 제5권1호
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• pp.69-74
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• 1990

이눌린, 물 및 알콜로 구성된 용액에서 물과 알콜의 투과플럭스와 막투과 압력, 이눌린 농도, 재순환속도 사이의 함수관계를 millipore사의 랩카\ulcornerV시스템을 사용하여 구명하여 보았다. 본 연구의 결과에 의하면 NMWL이 1000이고 이눌린 농도가 1wt%내지 5wt%, 막투과 압력이 $0.4kgf/\;{\textrm{cm}^2}$내지 $3.2kgf/\;{\textrm{cm}^2}$, 재순환 속도가 4ml/sec인 경우에는 투과플럭스와 막투과 압력 및 이눌린농도 사이의 함수관계가 다음식으로 표현되는 겔분모델로 잘 해석됨을 알 수 있었다. Jv=(0.0022P + 0.0003) lu \frac{3p\;+\;2.1}{C_b}$