• Journal of Microbiology and Biotechnology
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• v.29 no.9
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• pp.1341-1348
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• 2019

Acetic acid is indirectly involved in cell center metabolism, and acetic acid metabolism is the core of central metabolism, affecting and regulating the production of bacteriocin. Bacteriocin is a natural food preservative that has been used in the meat and dairy industries and winemaking. In this paper, the effects of acetic acid on bacteriocin produced by Gram-positive bacteria were reviewed. It was found that acetic acid in the undissociated state can diffuse freely through the hydrophobic layer of the membrane and dissociate, affecting the production, yield, and activity of bacteriocin. In particular, the effect of acetic acid on cell membranes is summarized. The link between acetic acid metabolism, quorum sensing, and bacteriocin production mechanisms is also highlighted.

• Korean Journal of Agricultural Science
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• v.10 no.2
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• pp.249-256
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• 1983

The aspect of flowering was investigated in 'Georgia' cut lilies which had four flowers per stem. Concurrently effects of preservative solutions on longevity, petal length, water uptake and fresh weight of cut flowers were examined. 1. Days of opening of the 1st, 2nd and 3rd flower were 1-2 days, 3-4 days and 5-6days after beginning of holding treatment respectively. But the 4th flower was opened 9-10 days after beginning of holding treatment when the 1st and 2nd flowers were wilting or drying. 2. The later the opening of flower in a stem was, the shorter the longevity of flower became. But the effects of preservative solutions on longevity were gradually increased as the opening of flower was late in a stem. 3. Preservative solutions containing sucrose and $AgNO_3$ or HQ were able to increase petal length and longevity of the 3rd and 4th flowers sufficiently like the 1st and 2nd flowers. 4. Petal length, water uptake, fresh weight and longevity of cut lilies held in preservative solution containing sucrose, $AgNO_3$ and HQ were increased significantly compared with others. Solution containing sucrose alone increased longevity but decreased water uptake remarkably and did not increase fresh weight and petal length effectively compared with the control.

• Journal of the Korean Wood Science and Technology
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• v.39 no.4
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• pp.344-350
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• 2011

In this study, LVLs of radiata pine were fabricated with non-preservative treated veneers, CuAz treated veneers, and ACQ treated veneers, using aqueous vinyl urethane adhesive and phenol modified resorcinol resin adhesive. Then density gradient, bonding strength, bending properties and decay resistance of LVLs were evaluated. As results, the cone-shaped and higher density gradient pattern was found in layer close to glueline. After cyclic water boiled test, the LVL bonded with aqueous vinyl urethane resin adhesive was delaminated in all layers or partly delaminated including check, chasm in glueline layer. In the case of LVL bonded with phenol modified resorcinol resin adhesive, despite slight cupping due to great glueline stress and vertical check between glueline layers, it was observed that the bonding strength to delamination was higher, owing to most absence of delamination through overall glueline. On the other hand, in the decay test, mass loss by brown rot fungi was greater than white rot fungi in LVL bonded with aqueous vinyl urethane resin adhesive. However, in LVL bonded with phenol modified resorcinol resin adhesive, the mass loss by brown rot fungi was slight and non-preservative treated LVL was low. The mass loss of preservative-treated LVL was 0 (zero), showing the high decay resistance effect.

• Journal of the Microelectronics and Packaging Society
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• v.19 no.4
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• pp.57-64
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• 2012

Ball shear test was performed by test variables such as loading speed and annealing time in order to investigate the effect of surface finishes on the bonding strength of Sn-1.2Ag-0.7Cu-0.4In Pb-free solder. The shear strength increased and the ductility decreased with increasing shear speed. With increasing shear speed, the electroless nickel immersion gold (ENIG) finish showed dominant brittle fracture mode, while organic solderability preservative (OSP) finish showed pad open fracture mode. The shear strength and toughness for both surface finishes decreased with increasing annealing time under the high-speed shear test of 500 mm/s. Typically, the thickness of intermetallic compound increased with increasing annealing time, which means that exposure of brittle fracture became much easier. With increasing annealing time, the both ENIG and OSP finishes exhibited the pad open fracture mode. Overall, ENIG finish showed higher shear strength rather than OSP finish due to its superior barrier stability.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• v.20 no.3
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• pp.378-384
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• 2007

Three microorganisms and one chemical preservative were tested for their effects on the fermentation and aerobic stability of whole-crop wheat, sorghum and maize silages. Wheat at the early dough stage, sorghum at the late milk stage and maize at the one-third milk line stage were harvested and ensiled in 1.5-l anaerobic jars untreated or after the following treatments: control (no additives); Lactobacillus plantarum (LP) at $1.0{\times}10^6$ colony-forming units (CFU)/g of fresh forage; L. buchneri (LB) at $1.0{\times}10^6$ CFU/g; Propionibacterium acidipropionici (PA) at $1.0{\times}10^6$ CFU/g; and a formic acid-based preservative (FAP) at 3 ml/kg of fresh forage weight. Three jars per treatment were sampled on d 90 after ensiling, for chemical and microbiological analysis. At the end of the ensiling period, 90 d, the silages were subjected to an aerobic stability test lasting 5 d. In this test, $CO_2$ produced during aerobic exposure was measured along with chemical and microbiological parameters which serve as spoilage indicators. The silages inoculated with LP had higher concentration of lactic acid compared with the controls and the other treated silages (p<0.05). The controls and LP-inoculated silages spoiled upon aerobic exposure faster than LB, PA and FAP-treated silages. The controls and LP-inoculated silages spoiled upon aerobic exposure faster than LB, PA and FAP-treated silages due to more $CO_2$ production (p<0.05) in these two groups and development of yeasts unlike the other groups. In the experiment, the silages treated with LB, PA and FAP were stable under aerobic conditions. However, the numbers of yeasts was higher in the LP-inoculated wheat, sorghum and maize silages compared with the LB, PA and FAP-treated silages. The LB, PA and FAP improved the aerobic stability of the silages by causing more extensive heterolactic fermentation that resulted in the silages with high levels of acetic and propionic acid. The use of LB, PA and FAP as silage additives can improve the aerobic stability of whole-crop wheat, sorghum and maize silages by inhibition of yeast activity.

• Horticultural Science & Technology
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• v.19 no.1
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• pp.71-77
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• 2001

Experiments were conducted to evaluate quality and vase life of cut rose 'Rote Rose' cultivated in soil or hydroponically in rockwool. Rose flower stems harvested in commercial greenhouses in Kimhae on May 27 and June 14, 1998 were transported for about two hours to a laboratory and recut in water to an uniform stem length of 45cm. The rose flowers harvested on the same day were displayed at a density of $10cm{\times}10cm$ and were subjected to the same environmental conditions in a growth chamber. The stems were put in four different preservative solutions, 0.5% Chrysal RVB, BS (2% sucrose+200ppm 8HQS+0.3% Chrysal RVB), Sonk1 (BS+0.1mM ethionine), and double distilled $H_2O$. Flower stems harvested on May 27 were displayed at $18{\pm}1^{\circ}C$, RH 60-70%, and light intensity of 220lux provided by fluorescent lamps for $16h{\cdot}d^{-1}$. Flower stems harvested on June 14 were displayed at $25{\pm}1^{\circ}C$, RH 70-80%, and light intensity of 220lux provided by fluorescent lamps for $16h{\cdot}d^{-1}$. Fresh weight and flower diameter were affected by cultivation method, and were greater in hydroponically-grown roses than in soil-grown roses. Among the preservative solutions, BS and Sonk1 were superior to Chrysal RVB in terms of prolonging vase life. Vase life extension in Chrysal RVB, BS and Sonk1 over the control was about one day in both display temperatures. At $18^{\circ}C$ vase life was maintained for three to four additional days as compared to that at $25^{\circ}C$.

• Food Science and Preservation
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• v.11 no.1
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• pp.1-6
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• 2004

The mixture of botanical antimicrobial agent-citurs product and ginseng extract mixture(BAACG) was applied to garlic stalk or pork cooked in soysauce to extend their selflife. BAACG showed a remarkable antimicrobial activity against a wide spectrum of food-borne infection microorganisms and thermal and pH stability. In comparison with scanning electron microscopic photos of microbial cells not-treated and treated with BAACG the physiological cytomembrane function of BAACG-treated microorganisms was destroyed and the dead cell numbers was increased. The quality of garlic stalk or pork cooked in soysauce was controlled by the addition of BAACG in their raw materials. BAACG-treated garlic stalk or pork cookeries showed considerably to decrease the numbers of total cell count and expressed no odor and no sticky state appeared in the control. BAACG was expected to be a preservative agent which could be applied to raw or processed food stuffs in the view of food safety.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Food Science and Nutrition
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• v.33 no.2
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• pp.244-248
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• 2004

Ethanol extract of Agrimoniae Herba showed strong antimicarobial activity againt Listeria monocytogenes, Staphlococcus aureus, Salmonella typhimurium, Escherichia coli and Aeromonas hydrophila subsp. hydrophila The growth of tested organisms was significantly inhibited above 4 log in tryptic soy broth with about 0.12%(w/v) of Agrimoniae Herba after incubation for 12 hrs at 37$^{\circ}C$. Antimicrobial activity of Agrimoniae Herba was decreased by heat treatment at above 8$0^{\circ}C$. But Agrimoniae Herba showed strong inhibitory effect after heat treatment at 121$^{\circ}C$ for 15 min. The growth of L. monocytogenes was inhibited by addition of 0.6% Agrimoniae Herba in food system (ham homogenate).

• Reproductive and Developmental Biology
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• v.37 no.1
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• pp.9-16
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• 2013

Artificial insemination (AI) has been performed widely in swine industry using fresh liquid sperm instead of frozen type of sperm. However fresh sperm are not able to preserve more than three days with optimal motility and other sperm parameters for the successful fertilization, since in vitro stored sperm has an oxidative stress that resulted increase of abnormality and acrosome reation. To overcome these major problems, novel preservative formulation is needed to neutralize the oxidative stress and to provide suitable physiological environment for sperm in in vitro. In this study, naturally derived substances such as Poncirus trifoliate (Trifoliate orange), Garcinia mangostana (Mangosteen), pig placenta and testis extracts were tested as sperm preservative agents. Placenta extracts (PE), trifoliate orange extracts (TOE), testes extracts (TE) and mangosteen extracts (ME) were applied to analyze specific parameters for sperm motion characteristics individually and combinatorial. Each individual extract treatment can accelerate the sperm motility but noticeably TOE, TE and ME treatments exhibited the considerable and significant preservation of sperm motility. PE, TE and ME showed a significant (p<0.05) increase in ALH after one week. Further we evaluated the five different combinations of these extracts on sperm motility and its motion characteristics. Surprisingly even after one week ME, TOE and TE combination significantly preserved the sperm motility about 75%. It is noteworthy that unlike individual extract treatment, combination of ME, TOE and TE simultaneously protect the sperm motility and its motion characteristics. Taken together these data conclude that addition of ME, TOE and TE can be effective for preservation of pig sperm.

• Journal of the Korean Wood Science and Technology
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• v.33 no.3 s.131
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• pp.53-63
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• 2005

This study attempted to obtain the basic data of utilizable possibility of preservative treated wood as a material used in a marine ranch. To evaluate the leaching stability of CCA-, CCFZ-, and ACQ-treated woods in seawater, the specimens treated with 2% and 3% (w/v) of CCA, CCFZ, and ACQ were exposed to deionized water, synthetic seawater and natural seawater for 41 days and then each component released was periodically determined. There was little amount of copper and chromium released from CCA-treated wood exposed in both deionized and seawater. Although relatively large amount of arsenic was released from CCA-treated wood, the release rate in seawater was lower than that in deionized water. The release rate of chromium and zinc from CCFZ-treated wood were somewhat greater in deionized water, but lower in seawater than in deionized water. Retention level and salinity of synthetic seawater had little effect on the release rate of components. The ACQ-treated wood had greater copper release than CCA- and CCFZ-treated wood, and the amount of copper released did not affected by leaching media used.