The Rearch Of Method in the Appropriate number of Demand and Supply of OMD (한의사인력(韓醫師人力) 공급(供給)의 적정화방안(適定化方案) 연구(硏究))
- Lee, Jong-Soo
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- The Journal of Korean Medicine
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- v.19 no.1
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- pp.299-326
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- 1998
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1. Comparison of demand and supply A. Assumption of estimation of demand and supply we will briefly assumptions used for presumption once more before comparing the result of estimation of demand and supply examined previously 1) supply - The average applying rate for state. examination of graduate:
${\alpha}$ =1.03109 - The ratio of successful applicants of state examinations:${\beta}$ =0.97091 - Mortality classified by age : presumed data of the Bureau of statistics - Emigrating rate: 0 % - Time of retire: unconsidered - An army doctor number: unconsidered and regard number of employed oriental medicine doctor. - Standard of 1995 : The number of survival oriental medicine doctor is 8195. the number of employed oriental medicine doctor is 7419. 2) demand - derivated demand method Daily the average amount of medical treatment: according to medical insurance federation data. there is 16 or 6 non allowance patient, we consider amount of medical treatment as 22 persons in practical because 21.94 persons (founded practical examination) are converted to allowance in comming demand. Daily the proper amount of medical treatment: 7 hours form -35 persons 5 hours 30 minutes form -28 persons. Yearly medical treatment days: 229 days. 255 days. 269 days . Increasing rate of visiting hospital days: -1996 year. 1997 year. 1998 year- . Rate of applying insurance: yearly average 71.51% (among the investigated patient) B. Comparison of total sum result 1) supply (provision) Table Ⅳ-1 below shows the estimation of the oriental medicine doctor in the future.LIN28B polymorphisms are associated with central precocious puberty and early puberty in girls
- Park, Sung Won;Lee, Seung-Tae;Sohn, Young Bae;Cho, Sung Yoon;Kim, Se-Hwa;Kim, Su Jin;Kim, Chi Hwa;Ko, Ah-Ra;Paik, Kyung-Hoon;Kim, Jong-Won;Jin, Dong-Kyu
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- Clinical and Experimental Pediatrics
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- v.55 no.10
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- pp.388-392
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- 2012
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Purpose: Single-nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) markers within LIN28B have been reported to be related to the timing of pubertal growth. However, no study has investigated the frequency of genetic markers in girls with precocious puberty (PP) or early puberty (EP). This study aimed to determine the frequency of putative genetic markers in girls with PP or EP. Methods: Genomic DNAs were obtained from 77 and 109 girls that fulfilled the criteria for PP and EP, respectively. The controls in this study were 144 healthy volunteers between 20 and 30 years of age. The haplotypes were reconstructed using 11 SNPs of LIN28B, and haplotype association analysis was performed. The haplotype frequencies were compared. Differences in the clinical and laboratory parameters were analyzed according to the haplotype dosage. Results: Eleven SNPs in LIN28B were all located in a block that was in linkage disequilibrium. The haplotype could be reconstructed using 2 representative SNPs, rs4946651 and rs369065. The AC haplotype was less frequently observed in the PP group than in the controls (0.069 vs. 0.144, P=0.010). The trend that girls with non-AC haplotypes tended to have earlier puberty onset (P=0.037) was illustrated even in the EP+PP patient group by Kaplan-Meier analysis. Conclusion: The results of the present study showed that non-AC haplotypes of LIN28B had a significant association with PP in girls.
Bioequivalence of Tigrin Capsule to Disgren Capsule (Triflusal 300 mg) (디스그렌 캅셀(트리플루살 300 mg)에 대한 티그린 캅셀의 생물학적 동등성)
- Kim, Soo-Jin;Shim, Young-Sun;Son, Sun-Mi;Lim, Dong-Koo;Moon, Jai-Dong;Lee, Yong-Bok
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- Journal of Pharmaceutical Investigation
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- v.29 no.4
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- pp.355-360
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- 1999
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Triflusal is a new antithrombotic agent which inhibits both platelet cyclooxygenase and c-AMP phosphodiesterase activity. The purpose of the present study was to evaluate the bioequivalence of two triflusal capsules,
$Disgren^{TM}$ (Myung-In Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd.) and$Tigriri^{TM}$ (Hana Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd.) according to the guidelines of Korea Food and Drug Administration (KFDA). Eighteen normal male volunteers,$22.94{\pm}1.83$ in age and$63.7l{\pm}10.43$ kg in body weight, were divided into two groups and a randomized$2{\times}2$ cross-over study was employed. After one capsule containing 300 mg of triflusal was orally administered, blood was taken at predetermined time intervals and the concentrations of triflusal in serum were determined using HPLC method with UV detector. Pharmacokinetic parameters such as$AUC_t$ $C_{max}$ and$T_{max}$ were calculated and ANOVA test was utilized for the statistical analysis of the parameters. The results showed that the differences in$AUC_t$ $C_{max}$ and$T_{max}$ between two capsules were -0.30%, 0.81 % and -3.03%, respectively when calculated against the$Disgren_{TM}$ capsule. The powers$(1-{\beta})$ for$AUC_t$ $C_{max}$ and$T_{max}$ were 98.29%,84.73% and 81.02%, respectively. Minimum detectable differences$({\Delta})$ at${\alpha}=0.1$ and$1-{\beta}=0.8$ were all less than 20% (e.g., 12.91%, 18.46% and 19.65% for$AUC_t$ $C_{max}$ and$T_{max}$ respectively). The 90% confid,ence intervals were all within${\pm}20%$ (e.g.,$-8.97{\sim}8.37$ ,$-11.58{\sim}13.22$ and$-16.23{\sim}10.17$ for$AUC_t$ $C_{max}$ and$T_{max}$ , respectively). All of the above parameters ($1-{\beta}, {\Delta}$ and 90% confidence intervals) met the criteria of KFDA for bioequivalence, indicating that$Tigriri^{TM}$ capsule is bioequivalent to$Disgren^{TM}$ capsule.
Bioequivalence of Hana Ondansetron Tablet to Zofran Tablet (Ondansetron 8 mg) (조프란 정(온단세트론 8 mg)에 대한 하나 온단세트론 정의 생물학적 동등성)
- Cho, Hea-Young;Kim, Soo-Jin;Shim, Young-Sun;Lim, Dong-Koo;Oh, In-Joon;Moon, Jai-Dong;Lee, Yong-Bok
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- Journal of Pharmaceutical Investigation
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- v.30 no.3
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- pp.213-218
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- 2000
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Ondansetron is a potent, highly selective 5-hydroxytryptamine3(5-HT3) receptor- antagonist, for the management of nausea and vomiting induced by cytotoxic chemotherapy and radiography, and the treatment of post-operative nausea and vomiting. The purpose of the present study was to evaluate the bioequivalence of two ondansetron tablets,
$Zofran^{TM}$ , (Glaxo Wellcome Korea Ltd.) and Hana ondansetron (Hana Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd.), according to the guidelines of Korea Food and Drug Administration (KFDA). Eighteen normal male volunteers,$23.56{\pm}1.79$ year in age and$67.35{\pm}8.35\;kg$ in body weight, were divided into two groups and a randomized$2{\times}2$ cross-over study was employed. After one tablet containing 8 mg of ondansetron was orally administered, blood was taken at predetermined time intervals and the concentrations of ondansetron in serum were determined using HPLC with UV detector. Pharmacokinetic parameters such as$AUC_t,\;C_{max}\;and\;T_{max}$ were calculated and ANOVA test was utilized for the statistical analysis of the parameters. The results showed that the differences in$AUC_t,\;C_{max}\;and\;T_{max}$ between two tablets were 7.53%, -0.23% and -3.92%, respectively when calculated against the$Zofran^{TM}$ , tablet. The powers$(1-{\beta})$ for$AUC_t,\;C_{max}\;and\;T_{max}$ were above 99.00%, above 99.00% and 84.99%, respectively. Minimum detectable differences$(\Delta)\;at\;{\alpha}=0.1\;and\;1-{\beta}=0.8$ were all less than 20% (e.g., 12.25%, 10.88% and 18.37% for$AUC_t,\;C_{max}\;and\;T_{max}$ , respectively). The 90% confidence intervals were all within${\pm}20%$ (e.g.,$-0.70{\sim}15.76,\;-7.53{\sim}7.08\;and\;-16.27{\sim}8.42\;for\;AUC_t,\;C_{max}\;and\;T_{max}$ , respectively). All of the above parameters met the criteria of KFDA for bioequivalence, indicating that Hana ondansetron tablet is bioequivalent to$Zofran^{TM}$ , tablet.
Bioequivalence of Neuracetam Tablet to Neuromed Tablet (Oxiracetam 800 mg) (뉴로메드정(옥시라세탐 800 mg)에 대한 뉴라세탐정의 생물학적동등성)
- Choi, Sung-Up;Kim, Jong-Seok;Yoon, Mi-Kyeong;Kim, Jung-Il;Park, Seok;Han, Sang-Beom;Lee, Jae-Hwi;Choi, Young-Wook
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- Journal of Pharmaceutical Investigation
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- v.34 no.3
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- pp.215-222
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- 2004
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The purpose of the present study was designed to evaluate the bioequivalence of two oxiracetam tablets, Neuromed tablet (Korea Drug Co., reference drug) and Neuracetam tablet (Sam Jin Pharmaceutical Co., test drug), according to the guidelines of Korea Food and Drug Administration (KFDA). Release of oxiracetam from the tablet in vitro was tested using KP VIII Apparatus II method with various dissolution media (pH 1.2, 4.0, 6.8 buffer solution and water). Twenty-four healthy volunteers,
$23.7\;{\pm}\;2.4$ year in age and$68.9\;{\pm}\;6.2$ kg in body weight, were divided into two groups and a randomized$2{\times}2$ cross-over study was performed. After oral administration of a tablet containing 800 mg of oxiracetam, blood samples were taken at predetermined time intervals and concentrations of oxiracetam in plasma were determined using HPLC-MS-MS. The dissolution profiles of two formulations were very similar at all dissolution media. In addition, pharmacokinetic parameters such as$AUC_t$ ,$C_{max}$ and$T_{max}$ were calculated and ANOVA test was utilized for the statistical analysis of the parameters using logarithmically transformed$AUC_t$ and$C_{max}$ untransformed$T_{max}$ . The results showed that the differences between two formulations based on the reference drug were 0.42%, 0.45% and -12.58% for$AUC_t$ ,$C_{max}$ and$T_{max}$ , respectively. There were no sequence effects between two formulations in these parameters. The 90% confidence intervals for the log transformed data were within the acceptance range of log 0.8 to log 1.25 (e.g.,$log0.94{\sim}log1.06$ and$log0.90{\sim}log1.07$ for$AUC_t$ , and$C_{max}$ , respectively), indicating that Neuracetam tablet is bioequivalent to Neuromed tablet. The major pharmacokinetic parameters,$AUC_t$ , and$C_{max}$ met the criteria set by KFDA for bioequivalence indicating that Neuracetam tablet is bioequivalent to Neuromed tablet.
Bioequivalence of Cadilan Tablet 12.5 mg to Dilatrend® Tablet 12.5 mg (Carvedilol 12.5 mg) (딜라트렌 정 12.5밀리그람(카르베딜롤 12.5밀리그람)에 대한 카딜란 정 12.5밀리그람의 생물학적동등성)
- Kim, Se-Mi;Shin, Sae-Byeok;Kim, Ju-Hwan;Kwon, In-Ho;Kim, Yong-Hee;Lee, Sang-No;Cho, Hea-Young;Lee, Yong-Bok
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- Journal of Pharmaceutical Investigation
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- v.38 no.6
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- pp.413-419
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- 2008
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Carvedilol, is a nonselective
$\beta$ -blocking agent and it also has vasodilating properties that are attributed mainly to its blocking activity at${\alpha}_1$ -receptors. The purpose of the present study was to evaluate the bioequivalence of two carvedilol tablets,$Dilatrend^{(R)}$ tablet 12.5 mg (Chong Kun Dang Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd.) and Cadilan tablet 12.5 mg (KyungDong Pharmaceutical. Co., Ltd.), according to the guidelines of the Korea Food and Drug Administration (KFDA). The release of carvedilol from the two carvedilol formulations in vitro was tested using KP VIII Apparatus II method with pH 4.5 dissolution medium. Thirty two healthy male subjects,$25.00{\pm}3.09$ years in age and$70.71{\pm}11.35\;kg$ in body weight, were divided into two groups and a randomized$2{\times}2$ cross-over study was employed. After a single tablet containing 12.5 mg as carvedilol was orally administered, blood samples were taken at predetermined time intervals and the concentrations of carvedilol in serum were determined using HPLC with fluorescence detector. The dissolution profiles of two formulations were similar in the tested dissolution medium. The pharmacokinetic parameters such as$AUC_t$ ,$C_{max}$ and$T_{max}$ were calculated and ANOVA test was utilized for the statistical analysis of the parameters using logarithmically transformed$AUC_t$ ,$C_{max}$ and untransformed$T_{max}$ . The results showed that the differences between two formulations based on the reference drug,$Dilatrend^{(R)}$ tablet 12.5 mg, were 4.66%, 8.33% and -7.45% for$AUC_t$ ,$C_{max}$ and$T_{max}$ , respectively. There were no sequence effects between two formulations in these parameters. The 90% confidence intervals using logarithmically transformed data were within the acceptance range of log 0.8 to log 1.25 (e.g.,$\log\;0.9823{\sim}\log\;1.1042$ and$\log\;1.0132{\sim}\log\;1.1875$ for$AUC_t$ and$C_{max}$ , respectively). Thus, the criteria of the KFDA bioequivalence guideline were satisfied, indicating Cadilan tablet 12.5 mg was bioequivalent to$Dilatrend^{(R)}$ tablet 12.5 mg.
The Distribution, Ages and Uplift Ratio ofmarine Terraces in SE coast of Korea: Review (동해안 해성단구 분포, 형성시기 및 융기율 검토)
- Kim, Ju-Yong;Yang, Dong-Yoon;Kim, Jin-Kwan;Lee, Jin-Young;Kim, Jeong-Chan;Hong, Sei-Sun;Oh, Keun-Chang;Choi, Don-Won
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- The Korean Journal of Quaternary Research
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- v.19 no.1
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- pp.27-40
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- 2005
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Researches onmarine terrace in Korea have been drastically progressed during the last two decades.main themes of researches include vertical and horizontal distribution of paleo-shoreline, sedimentary facies ofmarine terrace deposits, OSL dating of terrace deposits and estimation of uplift rate. At present, it is noted thatmarine terraces distributed at the same altitude do not always show the same sedimentary facies, nor have the same ages.marine terraces are generally divided into five terrace systems, of which ages increase in ascending order. There are some arguments about discrimination between 2nd and 3rd terrace systems and their age. The core discrepancy lies on the question of whether the level of the last interglacial terrace is on the level of about 20m or on the 30~35m(~40m) in altitude. The uplift rate based on the paleoshoreline distribution ranges between 0.10 and 0.20m/ka.
Perceived Innovation Attributes and Acceptance of Chatbots as Determined by Consumer Characteristics (소비자 특성에 따른 챗봇의 인지된 혁신속성과 혁신수용)
- JUNG, Jaehwan;BYUN, Sangwoon;KIM, Mi-Sook
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- The Journal of Industrial Distribution & Business
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- v.10 no.7
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- pp.39-48
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- 2019
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Purpose - The purpose of this study was to explore the impact of chatbots' innovation attributes on the innovation acceptance for consumers who have used chatbots to purchase fashion products that account for a large share of transactions in mobile shopping. Research design, data, and methodology - Data were collected from Korean consumers aged 20 to 49 who had experience using chatbots when purchasing fashion-related products via mobile circumstances. After a pilot survey of 31 customers, pre-questionnaire was revised for the final test, and the final questionnaire was distributed to 1,500 subjects. Out of these, 244 were retrieved. After excluding 48 inappropriate responses, 196 were used for statistical analysis. Frequency analysis, exploratory factor analysis, one-way ANOVA, regression analysis and independent t-test using SPSS 23.0 were employed for data analyses. Results - First, four factors of chatbots' attributes were extracted: relative advantages and compatibility, complexity, sensibility, and diversity. Second, two factors were extracted for fashion leadership: fashion opinion leadership and fashion innovativeness. Two groups based on the fashion leadership were identified: active innovation adopters and passive innovation adopters. Third, relative advantages and compatibility, diversity, sensibility of innovation attributes were found to have effects on the innovation acceptance in order. Fourth, significant differences were found in sensibility of innovation attributes and innovation acceptance in groups by marital status and age. The married in their 30s and 40s perceived sensibility as a more important attribute of chatbots than the unmarried in their twenties. Among the groups of different income levels, meaningful differences were found in diversity of innovation attributes and innovation acceptance. Fifth, there were significant differences found in relative advantages and compatibility, sensibility of innovation attributes, and acceptance of Innovation among the groups by fashion leadership. Active innovation adopters were found to be more aware of the importance of relative advantages and compatibility, and sensibility of innovation attributes, and innovation acceptance. Conclusions - The present study provides chatbots' marketing strategies for fashion items need to be modified by demographic characteristics and fashion leadership. Particularly, fashion leadership was found to be an important factor in determining the perception of innovation attribute as well as innovation acceptance.
A Case Study for Applying Linear Programming to Analyze The Effects of The Desired Future Conditions for Forest Functions on Forest Management (산림기능별 목표임상 조건이 산림경영에 미치는 영향분석을 위한 선형계획기법 적용 연구)
- Jang, Kwangmin;Won, Hyun-Kyu;Seol, A Ra;Chung, Joosang
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- Journal of Korean Society of Forest Science
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- v.98 no.3
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- pp.247-254
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- 2009
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In this study, linear programming was applied to a case study in Gwangreung Experimental Forest of Korea Forest Research Institute investigating the effect of the desired future conditions on forest management. Considering the social, economic and ecological demands of people from the forest, the forest functions were classified into four including natural conservation, timber production, water yield and scenic conservation. The forest land areas were divided into four-types of forest functional zones and forest management prescriptions including the desired future conditions by the forest function type were established. The Model II linear programming was used in optimizing the forest management planning. The model includes management policies, as the constraints, for non-declining yield, allowable cutting area, allowable % age class distribution and allowable % species allocation as well as the land and other accounting regimes. Maximization of timber production was used the objective function. Based on the Model II formulations, the effects of the desired future conditions by the forest function type on forest management planning were investigated in terms of timber production, net present value and stand structures over time.
A STUDY OF THE CONTENT VALIDITY IN HYPERKINETIC CONDUCT DISORDER (과잉운동 품행장애의 내용 타당도에 관한 연구)
- Jeon, Seong-Ill;Cho, Soo-Churl;Jin, Tae-Won;Nam, Min
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- Journal of the Korean Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry
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- v.5 no.1
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- pp.133-140
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- 1994
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Conduct disorder is a heterogenous disorder of various etiology affecting 4-10% of school-age children. There is suggestive evidence that the comorbid group of conduct disorder and attention deficit hyperactivity disorder is different from these two separated diseases groups. There findings suggest that this comorbid group may present a meaningful subgroup. This study is conducted to examine the content validity of hyperkinetic conduct disorder that accepted first in International Classification of Disease 10th edition. The results are summarized as follows : 1) Using Conners Parenting Rating Scale, Parent Rating Scale Form for DSM-III-R, the mean scores of attention deficit hyperactivity disorder in conduct disorder were significantly higher compared with those of normal controls. 2) 72.4% of conduct disorder and 41.5% of normal control groups showed simultaneous attention deficit hyperactivity disorder. The diffenence between conduct disorder and normal control groups was significant. There were many previous informations that children with attention deficit hyperactivity disorder had conduct disorder as comorbid disorder and these result show that children with conduct disorder also significantly had attention attention deficit hyperactivity disorder reversibly. Then these show that hyperkinetic conduct disorder-diagnosis used when both the overall criteria for hyperkinetic disorders and the overall criteria for conduct disorders are met-have satisfactory content validity. Biological, familial or long term studies are needed to further validate this diagnostic category.
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