• 한국가정과학회지
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• 제3권2호
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• pp.58-67
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• 2000

The purpose of this study was to investigate the level and the reasons of son preference. and the relative importance of related variables among middle-and old-aged Koreans in Chon-buk and Chung-nam area. Subjects were 487 parents of high school girls(243 fathers and 244 mothers). with a mean age of 45.7 years. It was revealed that more than a half of the respondents(52.293) preferred'a son'for the first child, followed by'either nx'(32.6%) and'a daughter'(14.8%). For the second child, a son was preferred nlost(43.7%) , followed by'a daughter'(31.4%) and'either sex'(23.4%) . As the reasons of son preference,'to continue tradition and name of family'marked the highest score (3.42) , followed by'parents prefer son for various reasons'(3.37) , 'should have at least one son'(3.32). and'feel obliged to produce a son for in-law's sake'(3.06). It appeared that sociocultural background was more important for son Preference than individual, economic factors. The most important factors related to a strong son preference were the number of sons at the present, son preference for the first child, parental attitudes and expectations toward children. and income. Suggestions wire made in regard to efforts for gender equality in family and society. and the needs for parent education and population education.

• 가정과삶의질연구
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• 제16권3호
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• pp.25-38
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• 1998

The purpose of this study was to investigate the phenomenon of son preference and the related factors among married women in Metro Manila Philippines and to compare between Filipino women and Chinese-Filipino women in many respects. Local schools were contacted for recruitment of participants (n=206) The results showed that more than a half of the respondents(54.5%) preferred a son for the first child. On the other hand almost a half(44.7%) preferred a daughter for the second child. It is interesting that almost a third of married women showed an equal preference between a son and a daughter for the first child (34.2%) and the second child (31.2%) The results of multiple regression analysis revealed that son preference was most strongly related to women's patriarchal attitude and orientation and secondly to a strong son preference for the first child. Two groups of women Filipino and Chinese-Filipino were compared in the level of parental support and expectation for sons and d ughters perception of women's position in family and society patriarchal attitudes and orientation sex preference for the first and the second child reasons of son preference and demographic characteristics. It was found that filipino women tended to prefer a daughter for the second child much more and to perceive women's position much higher than Chinese-Filipino women. Filipino mothers showed an equal level of support and expectations for sons and daughters much more than Chinese groups. For the reasons of son preference it was notable that Filipino women tended to rely on sons in old age much more than Filipino counterparts. Based on the findings of this study three factors were found strong enough to drawour attention. Daughter preference high position of women and equal support for sons and daughters appeared to be closely related in a meaningful way. Future studies need to focus on the relationships among three factors in depth Three factors suggest some important direction tha a strong son preference country like Korea need to head forward in a near future.

• 한국인구학
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• 제5권1호
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• pp.17-53
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• 1982

Focusing on the strength of son preference obtained from two surveys of the same area, an attempt has been made to measure the change on the IS value scale that many have occurred over the last seven-year period, the underlying assumption here being that the strength of son preference wanes in inverse proportion to the level of society's socio-economic development. Various methodological approaches have been put to test to weigh the importance of the sex preference as a dependent variable, as an independent variable, and as an intermediate variable. A few methodological issues are suggested.

• 가정과삶의질연구
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• 제26권1호
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• pp.85-93
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• 2008

The purpose of this study is to investigate the Korean's value of children and perception of parenting difficulty through the agreement to the three kinds of Korean proverbs: difficulty of parenting, preference of son and value of daughter. Also, this study attempted to identify whether the value of children and the perceived difficulty of parenting measured by the agreement of the proverb is related to the number of children they thought as ideal before marriage and the number of children they actually have. Total 385 married men and women who have a job participated in the survey. Main result is as follows. 1) In most cases, the ideal number of children was at least equal or more than the actual number of children. 2) The subjects showed higher degree of agreement to the proverbs regarding the difficulty of parenting than the preference of son or the value of daughter. 3) The degree of agreement to each kind of proverbs were different in terms of some demographic variables such as age and sex. 4) When the age effect controlled, the ideal number of son had correlation with the agreement to the son-preference proverbs while the ideal number of daughter or total children had no correlation with agreement to any kinds of proverb. The actual number of son was positively correlated with agreement to the son-preference proverbs while actual number of daughter was negatively correlated with it. In conclusion, this study suggests the Korean's value of children has been rapidly changing and it has, in part, an effect on the number of children they want to have or they actually have.

• 한국인구학
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• 제26권1호
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• pp.31-57
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• 2003

본 연구는 다음의 두 가지를 분석하였다. 하나는 전통사회에서 남아선호를 야기했던 아들의 가치, 즉 노후보장과 가계계승이 개인적인 차원에서 설명될 수 있는지 여부이고, 다른 하나는 사회적 차원의 출산율에 영향을 미치는 남아선호의 요소의 하나-즉 강한 남아 선호를 가진 전통사회에서 여성들이 연속 평균 몇 명의 딸을 낳아야 아들에 대한 욕구를 포기하는가에 대한 포기수준-를 밝히는 것이다. 위의 목적을 수행하기 위해, 이중곡선 위험율 모형을 사용하여 1974년 출산력 자료를 분석하였다. 위험율 모형은 일반회귀분석모형보다 모수 추정치가 어긋날 가능성이 더 크기 때문에, 헥크만과 싱어(Heckman and Singer)가 개발한 혼합분포를 사용하여 추정된 계수들의 버팀성(robustness)를 점검하였다. 본 연구의 분석 결과에 따르면, 남아선호에 영향을 미치는 아들의 가치는 개인적인 차원이 아니라, 사회적 차원에서 설명되고 분석되어야 한다. 또 남아선호가 강한 전통사회에서 여성들은 일반적으로 아들을 낳을 때까지 무한정 출산행위를 계속하지 않았다. 평균적으로 볼 때, 1960년대 여성들은 내리 6명의 딸을 낳으면 아들에 대한 욕구를 포기하였다. 즉 아들이 없는 경우 기존 자녀의 수는 그 수가 6명이 될 때까지 부모의 출산행위에 영향을 미치지 않았다. 그러나 아들이 있으면 자녀의 수는 기존 자녀의 수에 상관없이 영향을 미쳤다. 이는 자녀의 수보다 기존자녀의 성구조가 과거 전통사회 여성의 출산행위에 더 큰 영향을 미쳤다는 사실을 의미한다. 오늘날에는 아들을 낳기 위해 내리 5-6명의 딸을 낳는 여성은 거의 없다. 또 우리는 딸만 2-3명 낳고 출산 행위를 멈춘 여성들을 흔히 볼 수 있다. 이는 포기수준이 30-40년 전보다 급격히 감소했음을 말해준다. 이런 포기 수준의 급격한 감소는 사회적 차원의 출산율에 영향을 미치는 남아선호의 영향을 급격히 감소시켰고, 그 결과 전형적인 아들선호국인 우리나라의 출산율이 1980년대 후반이래 대체수준이하에서 머물 수 있었을 것이다. 만약 사회적 차원의 출산율에 영향을 미치는 남아선호의 강도가 약화되지 않았더라면, 2001년도 합계출산율인 1.3과 같은 수준으로는 결코 떨어지지 않았을 것이다.

• 대한가정학회지
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• 제31권1호
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• pp.25-33
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• 1993

Sex preference and pregnancy motivation are analyzed using the data of 117 pregnant women in Chonju City. The results indicate that women prefer son, regardless of various sociodemographic variables such as pregnancy experience, number of children, women's education, occupation, income, religion, experience, number of children, women's education, occupation, income, religion, and men's education and occupation. Sex preference is statistically significant by women's marital status and age, and children's sex composition. The analysis on 19 pregnancy motivation items shows that pregnancy motivation differs by women's occupation, marital status, number of children, education and their partner's education. Factor analysis on pregnancy motivation items reveals six dimensions for all pregnancy: economic ability, value of child-care, psychological stability, family lineage, old economic dependency are statistically significant dimensions for son preference compared with daughter preference.

• 한국인구학
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• 제17권2호
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• pp.77-97
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• 1994

Despite the fact that the national family planning program in korea has accomplished its primary goals of fertility reduction and universal contraceptive use, the induced abortion is still high and there has been an increasing trend in the population sex ratio at birth. It seems that the changes in the imbalance of sex ratio have originated from traditonal boy preference. This indicates that much of the current family planning program can be overhauled, so that the program quality could be better controlled, by preventing the number of unwanted pregnancies and the imbalance of sex ratios. This paper aims, therefore, to examine the determinants of induced abortion through the investigation of pregnancy outcomes and their changes over time and to study the interaction between induced abortion, boy preference and the imbalance of sex ratio in Korea. The abortion rate had increased rapidly until the mid-1980s when there were about the same number of abortions as live births. Thereafter, the abortion rate has been maintained at this high level. By parity it shows a much higher abortion rate for a higher parity at all time. From the first parity, the sex composition of previous children stands out as the most important factor in deciding the pregnancy outcome at all time. The probability of a pregnancy ending in an abortion increases substantially when parents already had a son. The decline of the desired family size and the sustained strong son preference has made the sex of children a more important factor in the determination of the pregnancy outcome. Women's education has had consistently positive effects on the probability of a pregnancy ending in an abortion, but the effect shows a steady decline over time. The premarital pregnancy and urban residence also increase the abortion probability. This study suggests that the main concerns of the family planning program should be to strengthen the social support policies so as to weaken the son preference value leading to a balanced sex ratio and prevention of induced abortions.

• 한국인구학
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• 제20권1호
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• pp.65-96
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• 1997

본 연구의 목적은 1980년대 중반 이후부터 지속되고 있는 한국사회 전반에 걸친 출생시 성비불균형현상 가운데 특히 다른 지역에 비해 불균형 정도가 심각한 대구지역의 출생시 성비불균형의 원인을 경험적으로 규명하는 데 있다. 이러한 목적에서 한국에서 태어났지만 사회적,문화적,환경적 여건이 서로 다른 미국으로 이민하여 캘리포이아의 베이지역에 거주하고 있는 한국동포 기혼여성들의 성차별의식, 아들선호도, 태아성감별, 인공유산 등 출생시성비에 영향을 미친다고 알려진 요인들을 대구지역의 기혼여성들과 비교 분석하였다. 본 연구에는 대구지역과 미국 캘리포니아 베이지역에서 거주하는 25-44세 사이의 기혼여성들을 대상으로 조사한 설문조사 내용을 자료로 사용하였다. 연구결과 대구지역의 기혼여성들이 미국 베이지역의 한국동포 기혼여성보다 성차별을 더 많이 느끼고 있으며 아들선호도 역시 높은 것으로 밝혀졌다. 특히 아들을 낳기 위한 노력의 일환으로 임신 전부터 아들을 낳기 위한 시도는 대구지역 기혼여성들이 베이지역 한국동포 기혼여성들보다 2배 정도 더 높으며 태아의 성감별 후 여아로 판명되어 인공중절수술을 실시한 비율은 무려 여섯 배를 능가하는 것으로 밝혀졌다. 출생시 성비불균형에 결정적인 영향을 미치는 변수들을 경험적으로 규명하기하기 위하여 도입한 로지스틱회귀분석 결과에 의하면 대구지역의 경우 성차별 정도, 아들선호도, 성감별 등은 통계적으로 유의미한 영향을 미치는 것으로 나타났으나 베이지역의 경우 연령만이 통계적으로 유의미한 영향을 미치는 것으로 밝혀졌다. 그러므로 본 연구결과를 통하여 우리는 대구지역의 출생시 성비불균형의 가장 큰 원인은 무엇보다도 타지역에 비해 지나치게 강하게 남아있는 유교적 전통에서 비롯되는 아들선호의식에서 출발하고 있음을 알 수 있으며, 이러한 아들선호는 사회계층, 연령, 교육수준의 차이를 막론하고 존재하고 있는 것으로 보인다.

• 한국수학사학회지
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• 제21권4호
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• pp.79-86
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• 2008

우리나라의 출생 성비는 자연 상태에서의 출생 성비(natural sex ratio at birth)로 추정되는 105를 초과하고 있는데, 그 원인 중 하나로 남아선호사상으로 인한 인위적인 출산이 있다(e.g. 임신중절 등). 본 연구에서는 임신 중절 없이 남아를 낳을 때까지만 출산을 하려는 가정(family)들의 존재가 출생 성비를 높이는 데에 기여하는지를 알아보기 위하여, 이러한 가정들과 출생 성비(sex ratio at birth)의 관계를 분석하였다. 그 결과, 남아 한 명을 낳을 때까지만 출산을 하려는 가정의 수가 무한으로 발산할수록 출생 성비는 자연 상태에서의 출생 성비에 확률적으로 수렴하는 것을 알 수 있었다. 즉, 남아를 낳을 때까지만 출산을 하려는 가정들의 존재는 출생 성비에 영향을 미치지 않음을 확인하였다.

• 한국멀티미디어학회논문지
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• 제17권11호
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• pp.1286-1295
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• 2014

This paper suggests the way that it could improve the reliability about preference of user's feedback by adding weighting factor on sentiment analysis, and efficiently make a sentiment analysis of users' emotional perspective on the big data massively generated on twitter. To solve errors on earlier studies, this paper has improved recall and precision of sensibility determination by using sensibility dictionary subdivided sentiment polarity based on the level of sensibility and given impotance to sensibility determination by populating slang, new words, emoticons and idiomatic expressions not in the system dictionary. It has considered the context through conjunctive adverbs fixed in korean characteristics which are free to the word order. It also recognize sensibility words such as TF(Term Frequency), RT(Retweet), Follower which are weighting factors of preference and has increased reliability of preference analysis considering weight on 'a very emotional tweet', 'a recognised tweet from users' and 'a tweeter influencer'