• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• 제16권3호
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• pp.389-393
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• 2003

Present study investigate the effect of enzyme supplementation, methods (applied to rumen or enzyme treated diet) compared with no enzyme diet, on rumen fermentation and apparent nutrient digestibility in a $3{\times}3$ Latin square design with three rumen cannulated Korean Native goats. In situ rumen degradation kinetics was studied in three rumen cannulated Holstein steers. Three diets were, no enzyme, 1% enzyme in rumen and 1% enzyme in diet. The enzyme was sprayed onto forage, and the forage: concentrate ratio was 30:70. Degradation kinetics was studied with three enzyme levels (0, 1 and 2%, w/w) and four pre-treatment times (0, 1, 12 and 24 h). Results suggested that enzyme application method did not affect rumen fermentation, ruminal enzyme activity and total tract apparent digestibility. Nutrient degradation rate and effective degradability of DM, NDF and ADF increased with increasing enzyme level and pre-treatment times. Degradation of nutrients was affected by enzymes levels or pre-treatment times. Therefore, it is probable that the improved degradation may be due to the supplemented exogenous hydrolytic enzymes under a certain condition.

• 한국식품영양학회지
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• 제32권5호
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• pp.560-564
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• 2019

The purpose of this study was to analyze the effects of the pre-treatment method on the measurement of probiotic cell counts. The probiotic cell count was not significantly different in the pre-treatment method such as experimenters, diluted solution, medium, and homogenization duration. The mean value of probiotic cell count with capsule was $2.2{\times}10^{10}{\pm}9.5{\times}10^9CFU/g$. This probiotic cell count was converted into $2.8{\times}10^{10}{\pm}1.2{\times}10^{10}CFU/g$ based on the net weight. The mean value of probiotic cell count without capsules was $4.3{\times}10^{10}{\pm}1.8{\times}10^{10}CFU/g$. As a result of this comparison, probiotic cell count showed significant difference with and without capsules. Thus, it is suggested that the probiotic cell count is measured by removing the capsule in capsule probiotics.

• 공업화학
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• 제29권5호
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• pp.613-619
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• 2018

본 연구에서는 유입 슬러지에 다양한 전처리 방법과 고액분리장치를 이용한 유출수의 잉여슬러지를 농축 후 내부반송을 적용하여, 중온혐기-고온호기 혼합 슬러지 처리 공정의 슬러지 소화효율과 메탄가스 생성량에 미치는 영향을 비교 검증하였다. 실험실 규모의 혼합 소화공정장치를 제작하여 서로 다른 유입 슬러지 전처리방법을 적용하여 5단계로 실험을 진행하였다. 1단계에서는 열-알칼리처리 전처리를 하여 슬러지를 공급하였고, 2, 3, 4단계에서는 유출수로부터 농축된 잉여슬러지의 내부반송과 각각 열-알칼리처리, 열처리, 알칼리 처리(7일)를 거친 유입 슬러지를 공급하였다. 마지막 5단계에서는 전처리를 하지 않은 슬러지를 공급하였다. 실험 결과, 1단계에서 4단계까지 진행되는 동안 Volatile Suspended Solid (VSS) 제거율은 유입 슬러지 전처리와 내부반송을 적용하는 경우 크게 증가하였으며, 메탄생성량 또한 2단계에서 슬러지 내부반송과 열-알칼리처리 전처리 적용의 경우 285 mL/L/day까지 크게 증가하였다. 한편, 5단계에서 전처리를 하지 않은 슬러지를 공급하였을 경우 VSS 제거율과 메탄 생성량이 크게 감소하였다. 결론적으로, 유입 슬러지의 열-알칼리처리 전처리와 유출수의 농축 잉여슬러지의 내부반송을 통해 복합 슬러지 처리 공정의 슬러지 제거 효율과 메탄생성량을 크게 증가시킬 수 있었다.

• 펄프종이기술
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• 제47권6호
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• pp.81-88
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• 2015

The molecular weight (MW) and crystallinity of cotton linter need to be controlled to be dissolved well in N-methylmorpholine N-oxide (NMMO) solvent for manufacturing regenerated fibers of clothing fabrics. Electron beam irradiation or sulfuric acid pre-treatment followed by alkaline peroxide bleaching has been used to control MW effectively and to improve brightness of cotton linter. Auto-hydrolysis of cotton linter without electron beam irradiation or chemical pre-treatment was found to be effective as an alternative pre-treatment method. Removal of metal ions, that hampered dissolution of cotton linter by NMMO, was also investigated when the auto-hydrolysis was accompanied with ionic polymers and chelating agent.

• 한국환경과학회지
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• 제20권4호
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• pp.435-442
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• 2011

In this study, to investigate the effects of herb aroma components, the BDI test was performed with the 124 students of the Youngdong University and the subjects whose score was 16 or higher were selected and allocated to the herb-extracted aroma-treated group and the non-treated group, 27 and 10 students for each group. The BDI and SDS tests were carried out at each stage (before and after the treatment, 10 days later and 30 days later). The result showed that the pre-treatment BDI test result was significantly different from all those of the post-treatment test, and the tests after 10 days and 30 days in the aroma-treated group. In the SDS test, the pre-treatment test result was significantly different from the results of the post-treatment test and the test after 10 days, while it was not significantly different from the result of the test after 30 days. Additionally, to verify whether the change within the group is larger than that by natural recovery or not, ANCOVA was performed with respect to the difference in the pre-treatment test score between the groups depending on whether the treatment was given or not, having the SDS pre-treatment score as the covariate, and the result showed that the post-treatment test scores were significantly different. Thus, it was verified that, if the SDS test score is considered as the depression indicator, the effect of aromatherapy was greater than the change by natural recovery. The difference in the post-treatment test score was analyzed depending on whether the treatment was given or not, having the BDI pre-treatment test score as the control variable, and the result showed that the post-treatment test scores were not significantly different. Based on such a theoretical verification, it is assumed that the nature-friendly treatment method using herb aroma components can be a great help in suppressing depression. Therefore, it is expected that herb aroma components can provide systematic therapeutic effect on the suppression of depression.

• 한국펄프종이공학회:학술대회논문집
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• 한국펄프종이공학회 2006년도 PAN PACIFIC CONFERENCE vol.2
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• pp.465-469
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• 2006

Pre-treatment methods to determine various heavy metal contents in packaging papers were investigated by ICP-ES (Inductively Coupled Plasma Emission Spectrometry) analysis. Pre-treatment methods utilized in this study include dry ashing and decomposition methods ($HNO_{3-}HClO_{4-}HF,\;HNO_{3},\;and\;H_{2}SO_{4-}HNO_{3}$). They were compared with the conventional extraction (water) and migration (3% acetic acid) methods. The five representative heavy metals (Cd, As, Pb, Cr and Hg) were analyzed. For Cd, Hg, and As, the results were below detection limit of the instrument. In case of Cr and Pb, the migration test is considered to be a better method compared to the extraction test, but all pretreated methods showed much higher detection efficiency than the extraction or migration test. However, the detection ratio between the migration test and decomposition methods was different. Among all decomposition methods, the nitric acid - perchloric acid - hydrofluoric acid treatment brought a slightly higher detection value than others, but there was no significant difference among them except sulfuric acid - nitric acid method. Concerning Pb, the sulfuric acid - nitric acid method showed a low detection efficiency compared to other decomposition methods. The sulfuric acid - nitric acid method is, thus, not considered to be a suitable analysis method for Pb in packaging papers.

• 한국축산식품학회지
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• 제32권6호
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• pp.756-762
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• 2012

The pre-rigor salting effects on physicochemical properties of ground duck breast muscle were evaluated in this study. The pre-rigor salting treatments were prepared within 30 min after slaughter, the duck breast muscles after post mortem 48 h were used to prepare the post-rigor treatments. The pre-rigor salting treatment had significantly higher pH value than post-rigor salting treatment (p<0.001), and all pre-rigor salting treatments showed a significant higher pH value. As a result, the pre-rigor salting treatment showed increased water holding capacity and decreased cooking loss compared to those in the post-rigor salting treatment. No significant differences in redness and yellowness were observed among the treatments (p>0.05). The increased solubility of salt-soluble proteins in the pre-rigor salting treatment leads to increase the hardness, gumminess, and chewiness. Also, the pre-rigor salted duck breast muscle had similar textural properties compared to those of post-rigor duck breast muscle containing sodium tri-polyphosphate (STPP). The 2-thiobarbituric acid (TBA) values of all treatments were ranged from 0.121 to 0.177 mg/kg. The lowest TBA value was observed for post-rigor duck breast muscle containing STPP, however, pre-rigor salting did not influence lipid oxidation of ground duck breast muscle. Therefore, the pre-rigor salting method, especially a single addition of sodium chloride to pre-rigor muscle, is more efficient method for improving cooking loss.

• 한국식품영양과학회지
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• 제35권5호
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• pp.649-654
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• 2006

품종별 무청의 표면 미생물 분포와 중심합성계획과 반응 표면분석법을 이용하여 물세척, 마이크로웨이브처리 및 스팀처리를 독립변수로 두고, 이들 전처리 조건에 따른 표면미생물의 변화를 조사하였다. 그 결과 무청 품종에 관계없이 병원성 미생물인 Salmomella spp., Camphylobacter spp., Vibrio spp., Shigella spp., Staphylococcus spp., Enterococcus spp. 및 Pediococcus spp.는 전혀 검출되지 않았다. 그러나 총균수의 경우는 품종에 따라 약간의 차이는 있었는데, $3.90{\times}10^5{\sim}1.20{\times}10^7CFU/g$의 범위를 보였고, 대장균군은 $1.10{\times}10^2{\sim}2.00{\times}10^5CFU/g$, 효모/곰팡이는 $2.40{\times}10^3{\sim}3.55{\times}10^6CFU/g$을 보인 반면 젖산균은 검출되지 않은 시료도 있었다. 또 전처리 방법에 따른 무청의 잔존 미생물의 감균 효과가 가장 좋은 전처리 방법은 스팀처리 방법이었다. 원료 무청의 각각의 전처리 방법을 독립변수(independent variables)로 하고, 총균수, 젖산균수 및 효모/곰팡이균수를 종속변수(dependent variables)로 하여 회귀 분석한 결과 상관관계를 나타내는 $R^2$값이 각각 0.89, 0.87, 0.85로 상관성이 높았으며, 물세척 횟수에 의한 감균 효과는 제한적이므고 마이크로웨이브처리나 스팀처리를 병행하여야 효과적이었다.

• 멤브레인
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• 제9권4호
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• pp.193-201
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• 1999

기존의 정수처리 공정인 응집 침전 과정을 대체하여 분리막을 이용한 상수처리 시스템의 개발을 목적으로한다. 따라서 4가지 형태의 정수처리 공정과 분리막의 분획 분자량을 변화시켰을 때 막 투과수의 변화와 안정적이며 높은 투과수를 얻기 위해 필요한 운전 조건의 최적화를 실험하였다 실험결과 한외여과막이 정밀여과막보다 막 투과수 감소경향이 완만했으며 초기 투과수 회복율은 더 높았다. 수질 분석의 결과 한회여과막이 정밀 여과막보다 우수하였지만 전처리에 의한 차이는 나지 않았다. 운전 조건에 따른 flux 는 온도, 선속도가 높을수록 압력이 낮을수록 flux 감소율이 적은 경향을 나타내었다.

• 한국응용곤충학회지
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• 제40권1호
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• pp.89-95
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• 2001

다조메분제 , 벤즈입제 , 아사자포스입제, 카두사포스입제, 카보입제 ,타보입제 ,포스치아제 이트입제, 아조포유제 등 8종의 살선충제를 이용하여 살선충제의 처리방법 (전처리, 후처리)과 처리량(1, 2, 3배량)에 따른 땅콩뿌리혹선충, Meloidogyne arenaria의 방제효과 및 약해를 온실에서 토마토 및 참외를 이용하여 시험하였다. 전처 리에서 1배량으로 90%이상의 높은 밀도억제 효과를 보인 것은 카두사포스입제, 다조메분제,포스치아제이트입제였으며,카보입제는 3배량에서 비슷한 밀도억제 효과를 나타냈고, 벤즈입제는 가장 효과가 낮았다. 후처리는 전터리에 비하여 대부분 약 제들의 약효가 낮았는데, 후처리에서 가장 효과가 좋았던 약제는 포스치아제이트입제였다 기준량 의 약제로 전처리, 후처리를 통하여 모두 뿌리혹선충의 밀도를 효과적으로 억제할 수 있었던 것은 침투성 살선충제인 포스치아제이트입제였다.