• Journal of the Korean Home Economics Association
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• v.36 no.1
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• pp.129-142
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• 1998

The purposes of this study were to identify education expenditure and to analyze contributing factors to total education expenditure for two children among married couples. For these purposes, total sample of 1,256 married couples those having two children of both pre-school aged and school aged were selected, and total sample was divided into four groups by first child's school aged; those were pre-school aged(375), elementary school aged(385), middle & high school aged(248) & college aged(248). Statistics used for the analysis were frequencies, means, percentile, and tobit and OLS analysis. The results were as follows. First, the households those having the first child of pre-school aged didn't spent for public education expenditure, while public education xpenditure of school aged increased continuously. The households having the first child of high school aged spent the most private education expenditure among four groups, however, total education expenditure of the households having the first child in college aged spent the most education expenditure were household head's age, family size, home ownership and financial asset amount, and elementary school-aged's factors were household head's age, education level, home ownership and total household income. Also, household head's education level, wife's expectation of future economy, residence, total household income had significant effects on total education expenditure in middle and high school-aged, and household head's job, home ownership, contact with neighborhood, residence and Engel's coefficient were significant variables in college aged.

• Journal of Families and Better Life
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• v.14 no.2
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• pp.171-171
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• 1996

The Purpose of this study is to find out factors which affect the expenditure on educations for children's human capital and to provide fundamental information to make a policy for education. Data are obtained from 2484 maried couples with children on the pre-school or over. The results of this study are as follows: 1) If the eldest child was in pre-school or public school, the expenditure on private education was higher than that of public education. While in the beyond junior high school, the expenditure on public education was much higher. 2) Life-cycle, the number of children, region, earned income, non-earned income, real assets, Engel's coeeficient were significant impact on the expenditure of education.

• Human Ecology Research
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• v.58 no.3
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• pp.391-400
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• 2020

This study examined the relationship between ambivalence of Korean working mothers for children and their future desire for child birth. This study examined multiple-role efficacy as a mediator in the relationship between ambivalence for their children and future desire for child birth by Korean working mothers having more than one pre-school aged child. This study examined the mediation effect of multiple-role efficacy on the relationship between ambivalence and desire for child birth by working mothers. On-line and off-line survey data from 291 Korean working mothers with more than one pre-school aged child was used for this study. Collected data were analyzed using the PASW 18.0 program and descriptive statistics analyses. Structural equation modeling and bootstrapping were conducted by AMOS 20.0 program. Results showed that ambivalence for children of working mothers having pre-school aged children had no direct influence on future child birth desire. However, their ambivalence had an indirect influence on future child birth desire through multiple-role efficacy and multiple-role efficacy by working mothers had significant effect on child birth desire. In conclusion, the working mothers' multiple-role efficacy had a mediation influence on the relationship between ambivalence for children and desire of child birth. These results were discussed for designing a policy to counter low birth.

• Korean Journal of Human Ecology
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• v.18 no.3
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• pp.583-595
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• 2009

The study was to see if the perceptions of pre-service kindergarten teacher toward the education of children's fundamental habit would show different characteristics based on their school type, education learning experience, and practicum experience. Subjects were 200 students majoring in early childhood education who were attending 3-year colleges and 4-year universities in Jellabuk-do and Daejeon. Preceding researches were referenced to develop questionnaire for the research method. The collected data was analyzed through t-test and Chi-square test. The followings are results: First, the interest in education showed significant difference in school type, but not significant difference in education learning experience and practicum experience. Second, the recognition in educational goal showed significant difference in practicum experience, but not significant difference in school type and education learning experience. the educational content showed significant difference in education learning experience, but not in school type and practicum experience. the recognition in educational principal showed significant difference in school type, but not significant difference in education learning experience and practicum experience. the recognition in educational method showed no significant difference in school type, education learning experience and practicum experience. Third, the recognition in educational hardship toward teaching showed significant difference in school type, education learning experience and practicum experience. The results of study would provide the righteous cognitive establishment of children's fundamental habit education and serve the appropriate guidelines being professor for our perspective kindergarten teachers. Also, they would be utilized as basic information to plan the direction of children's fundamental habit education to develop the program of children's life guidance.

• Advances in pediatric surgery
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• v.17 no.2
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• pp.145-153
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• 2011

Acute appendicitis is one of the most common diseases of young people that requires emergency operation. This is especially true for those age 10 years old and older. However, the numbers of cases of appendicitis are increasing in both the young and the elderly. The main purpose of this study is to understand the clinical features of acute appendicitis in children and elderly patients. We retrospectively compared clinical characteristics in 4 groups of patients who underwent appendectomy in our hospital. There were 16 patients in the pre-school age group, 9 were males and 7 females. The total number of patients in the juvenile group were 287, 156 were males and 131 females. The total numbers of patients in the adult group were 794, 436 were males and 358 females. The numbers of elderly patients were 189, 91 were males and 98 females. Complicated appendicitis was found in 15 patients (93.7 %) in the pre-school age group, 79 patients (27.5 %) in the juvenile group, 332 patients (41.8 %) in the adult group, and 96 patients (50.7 %) in the elderly group. Four patients (40 %) had generalized panperitonitis in the pre-school group. The occurrence of perforated appendicitis was the highest in the pre-school age group and the lowest in the juvenile group. Since generalized panperitonitis has a higher incidence in the pre-school age group, prudent and careful diagnosis and treatment are required for the pre-school age group.

• Journal of The Korean Association For Science Education
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• v.14 no.3
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• pp.272-284
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• 1994

The aim of this research was to compare and analyze the children's ideas on evaporation and condensation between pre- and post-intervention. Forty-eight children from six elementary schools in Seoul and Kyung Ki provinces were sampled by stratified random sampling. A set of structured activities was then provided which allow children to explore evaporation and condensation phenomena. All of these activities had a preliminary phase which required the child to predict or speculate on evaporation and condensation using their existing knowledge. These structured activities on evaporation and condensation were reviewed by three professors and eigth primary school teachers. Their comments were used to revise the original contents of the structured activities. The data analysed were gathered by the questionaire and the interview. Pre- and post-intervention data related to evaporation and condensation were collected by the same teacher, and analysed into the same category scheme. Data coding was carried out several times by the researcher to ensure reliablity. Data collected were then classified and analyzed according to the types of children's ideas. The findings of this study were as follows: Results of this study showed that the the vocabulary used to describe the evaporation phenomena varied according to the context, and the scientific term "evaporated" was more frequently used by the older children after post-intervention. But everyday terms such as"dried up","disappered", "gone up" were also used by children as much as the level of pre-intervention. Scientific conception on the location of evaporated water, the factor of evaporation, the ideas about getting the water back and assumption about the physical state of the missing water has been increased for the most of the children after intervention. It was found that the intervention using was effective SPACE strategies regardless of the grade level of the children.

• Korean Journal of Human Ecology
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• v.17 no.5
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• pp.903-914
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• 2008

The objective of this research was to investigate whether emotional experience and change in depression and stress in the regional children center was affected by participating in the recreation program. For the objective of research, pre-post test control group design was carried on to 21 primary school pupils and middle school students who participated in the regional children center after school. Children's emotional experience, depression and stress that children experienced while they stayed in regional children center were measured. The experimental group showed low negative emotion and high positive emotion after participating the recreation program. It can be concluded that the recreation activity in the regional children center is effective in diminishing the children's depression and stress.

• Journal of the Korean Society of School Health
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• v.13 no.1
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• pp.117-129
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• 2000

The relationships between children's health behavior and variables that effect children's health behavior has been investigated in a number of previous studies. This study was conducted to examine the effects of a peer's social reinforcement on children's dental health behavior in an elementary school. The research design was a nonequivalent pre and post-test quasi-experimental design and the study subjects with one hundred and thirteen eight to nine years old children, and their mothers (57 experimental group, 56 control group) were selected as a study group. Subjects were selected by the convenience sampling method. The study was carried out in an elementary school in Namwon city, Korea, from the 26th of April to the 12th of June in 1999. Data were collected in both the pre and post-test portions. Using the "Health Belief Model", each item of the questionnaire for measurement of dental health behavior was modified and administered for the children and their mothers. The questionnaire for the measurement of dental health behavior was developed by Oh, Y.B.(1994). The Cronbach's ${\alpha}$ of the questionnaire for children were .81, and for the mother were .79. In this study, the health belief model consists of "perceived susceptibility", "perceived seriousness", "perceived barrier", "perceived salience", and "perceived benefit". The questionnaire for the children was composed of 37 items, and the questionnaire for the mother was composed of 40 items. Data were analyzed by frequency, ${\chi}^2-test$, ANOVA, Pearson's Correlation, and multiple regression analysis by a SAS program. The results of this study were summarized as follows ; 1. The first hypothesis that the experimental group would have more change in the frequency of brushing per week than that of control group was accepted(t=3.817, p=0.000). Mean tooth brushing scores in the experimental group improved significantly from pre-test to post-test, but in the control group there was no significant improvement in tooth brushing scores. 2. The second hypothesis that the experimental group would have more change in score of dental health behavior than that of control group was accepted(benefit : t=2.804, p=0.006, salience: t=2.608, p=0,010). An evaluation between the experimental group and the control group showed significant change from pre-test to post-test in health behavior scores. 3. The third hypothesis that higher scores of social reinforcement would create more change in the scores of tooth brushing frequency in the experimental group was accepted(${\beta}$=0.169, p=0.000. Multiple regression was used to examine the peer's social reinforcement scores and the relative influence of significant variables in previous ANOVA and Pearson's correlation test on children's frequency of brushing during the post-test. The results of the study indicated that the combination of social reinforcement of peers with variables pertaining to mother and householder were significantly related and effectively improved a child's tooth brushing.

• Journal of the Korean Society of School Health
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• v.23 no.2
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• pp.217-227
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• 2010

Purpose: The purpose of this research is to enhance the effect of pictures on sexual education on primary school children which is one of the most crucial topics in health education and to evaluate how utilizing drawings can contribute to the development of school children's appropriate knowledge and attitude toward sexuality. Methods: This research followed the pre-test /post-test experimental and control group design. The selected school children of four classes at sixth grade in the H primary school in Gyeongi-do uijeongbu province had a pre-test about the knowledge and attitude toward sexuality. With the result of homogeneity data, three classes out of the four classes were chosen to be the subject of the post-test and these three groups took the "Sexual Education through Pictures." Results: After analyzing the data, average scores about the knowledge for class participants were higher than the non participants' (p =.000). Average scores about the knowledge of boys and girls who participated in class were higher than the non participants' (boys; p =.00, girls: p =.000). In addition, average scores about the attitude for class participants' were higher than the non participants' (p =.03), but there was not statistically significant among gender. Conclusion: From the results above, "Sexual Education through Pictures" proved to be a systematic and scientific method to develop a positive influence towards the knowledge and attitude of sexuality for primary school children of the sixth graders. These results show that the above teaching materials suggest an effective method to develop appropriate knowledge and attitude towards primary school children's sexual education.

• Journal of the East Asian Society of Dietary Life
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• v.8 no.1
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• pp.20-27
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• 1998

This study estimate the amount of snack intake of 290 children from ages 3 to 6 living in Seoul, to provide some basic information for a nutrition education program for the promotion of health. Average height and weight of the children were 110.5cm and 19.7kg, respectively. Their body mass indes was 16.2kg/$m^2$ and obesity indesx was 6.5% Calorie intake from snacks was 294kcal, and protein, fat, carbohydrate were 11.3g, 9.3g and 40.6g, respectively. The 117(40.3%) boys prefered boiled-eggs and 112(38.6%) girls prefered fruits. The 133(45.9%) mothers of the children were in their thirties, and 123(42.4%) of them had a college degree. One hundred and thirty one(45.2%) mothers were house keepers, and they had been givins snacks to their children 1 or 2 times daily(245, 84.5%) The daily snack budget was 1,500 won(109, 37.6%). The person who served the snack was a mother(141, 48.6%). As a result, snack intake of pre-school children showed very good but partially showed a potential problem. We hope that the results of this study can be helpful for the nutrition education program for the health and nutrition of pre-school children.