• Journal of the Korean Institute of Landscape Architecture
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• v.30 no.6
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• pp.26-37
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• 2003

Urban park are indispensable elements of contemporary cities. However, the structure and culture of contemporary cities is currently changing. There are prevalent discourses that Olmstedian parte are no longer relevant to our new societies and cultures. New kinds of parks have emerged with different forms and functions. In order to propose a new paradigm for parks in the 21st century, we need to look back to the origin of modem parks, which is to say, Olmstedian parte. This paper aims to trace the background of park movements in the 19th century America and to identify and describe Olmsted's idea of urban parks. In addition, the paper will clarify the limitations and reinterpret the meaning of Olmsted's idea of urban parks. One idea behind the development of urban parte was to mitigate urban problems such as public health, alcoholism violence and class conflicts in 19th century industrial cities. The aim of urban park was partially achieved at that time. However, those parse did not serve the use of diverse classes. Olmstedian parks were designed for passive and civilized recreation, and lower classes were more attracted by active theme parks and areas such as Coney Island and John Wood. The strengths of Olmsted's idea of urban parte can be outlined as follows: First, designing parte goes beyond shaping physical lands to embrace social reforms. This means that park designers should have a critical understanding of society and culture. Also, landscape designers should have a bold vision for the future. Without such a vision and social agenda, landscape architects cannot postulate alternative possibilities through engaging in new practices. Second, Olmsted successfully adapted British landscape aesthetic ideas such as the picturesque, the sublime and the beautiful into an American context. Finally, his vision and idea of urban parks show us that landscape architecture is not just technical work, but that it can create a locus to engage a new cultural praxis by inventing cultural products - parks.

• Korean Medical Education Review
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• v.8 no.1
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• pp.1-11
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• 2006

의사는 인간의 생명을 구하는 권한이 있으니까 마치 생명을 죽이는 권한도 포함된 것 같은 생각에 그야말로 막강한 권한을 가진 것 같이 보인다. 오늘의 한국에서는 과거와 달리 의사의 사회적 위상에 많이 떨어져 있지만 아직도 미국이나 독일 같은 선진 사회에서 의사의 위상은 준신에 가깝게 높고 그의 말과 판단이라면 비록 건강에 관한 이슈뿐만 아니라 삶에 대한 지혜로도 존중되고 수용된다. 의사의 사회적 위상이 높아진 것은 의학이라는 특수한 학문과 이와 연결된 의술의 그동안의 엄청난 발달과 무관하지 않다. 역사적으로 보면 고대 희랍시대부터 의학은 인간의 질병을 고치고 생명을 건강하게 보존하는 특별한 지식 그리고 이 지식을 기반으로 응용되는 치료기법으로 기예 (techne)라는 존칭으로 불리었다. 즉, 건강의 회복이라는 실질적인 목적을 가진 지식과 테크닉을 합친 이른바 귀중한 실천 (praxis)이다. 의학에 대한 낙관적인 전망은 시대와 문화가 바뀌면서 또한 의학 자체가 좀 더 발달하면서 도전을 받는다. 20세기에 들어서서 인간의 생명을 위협하고 또 고통을 주는 질병의 종류와 양상이 변하고, 의 과학이 앞으로 인류의 병들을 퇴치시킬 수 있다는 기대에 차질이 생기게 되었다. 미국 같은 선진국에서는 일찍이 1960년도 말부터 의학교과목 개혁의 일환으로 인문학의 과목들을 같이 가르치기 시작했다. 대표적인 과목들이 윤리학, 철학, 역사, 문학 등이다. 인문학의 보강은 의학과 기술과 인간성의 연결을 위해 의사들이 쓸 수 있는 인지적 도구 (cognitive tools)를 갖추게 하는 목적에서이다. 인문학의 도입으로 의사들이 인간의 삶을 좀 더 깊게 이해하고 풍부한 인간성으로 지식과 기술을 환자에게 적용할 수 있기 위해 각자의 마음과 머리 속에 포용통합능력을 발달시키자는 데 있다. 즉 의사들의 의식과 자유로운 상상력이 확장되면서 새로운 정체성을 갖게 되는 것을 바라는 것이다. 선진국의 의학교육에서 이 같은 교육이 좋은 의사를 만든다는 신념을 굳혀가고 있다. 성과를 증명하는 연구결과가 없어 아직도 회의적인 반응도 있으나 이와 같은 교육이 윤리적 상황에 대한 예민도를 높이는 것은 확실하다. 연세대학교 의과대학은 기독교 이념이 기본 교육철학이다. 인간성을 강조하고 의사들이 자신의 인간성을 개발 강화하는 교육이 하나님의 사랑을 의사 지신의 인간성과 그의 인간애로 내재화 시킬 수 있다면 그리스도의 정신을 의학과 의술에 연결시키는 고귀한 목적을 이룰 수 있는 길이라고 생각한다.

• Journal of Korean Medical classics
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• v.29 no.3
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• pp.57-74
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• 2016

Subject : Treatment of acupuncture & moxibustion in Huangdineijing Objectives : Discover the principles and substances of acupuncture & moxibustion treatment of Huangdineijing Methods : The author reviewed the Huangdineijing: Suwen, Lingshu to gain a realistic sense of the facts and the medical book's contents that deal with the practices of acupuncture & moxibustion treatment for clinical praxis. Conclusions : 1. The acupuncture & moxibustion of Huangdineijing can be defined as follows. A treatment for correcting of meridian's drift by proper selection of surgical site, using suitable implementation and appropriate manipulation skill from a correct judgement of meridian's flowing through sensing the pulse for diagnosis when the meridian's flowing which come and go constantly driven by the tidal order of defensive Qi tactually appeared hard or soft caused by diseases, thus bring out the soft & gradual 50 laps circulation of nutrient Qi moderately driven by defensive Qi. 2. Today's acupuncture & moxibustion treatments greatly differ from those of Huangdineijing in that we do not know the substance of that treatment which is correcting of meridian's drift and do not obligatorily carry out feeling of the pulse for diagnosis which is a measure & judgement of meridian's flowing against a preliminary treatment in parallel with treatment so reduce use and power of that treatment. 3. I could form a list of general principle from the substances of acupuncture & moxibustion of Huangdineijing like as the flowing or fate of meridian Qi(tidally going in order of defensive Qi and nutrient Qi), deficiency or excess of Meridian flowing, comparing diagnosis before and after treatment, bring out the soft & gradual Qi. That was imposing "the concept of time" on recognition and treatment to human body.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Food Culture
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• v.33 no.2
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• pp.95-103
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• 2018

This study examined the relationship between the eating out behavior of families and a low-salt management by housewives in Jeonju area. Self-administered questionnaires were collected from 420 housewives. Descriptive statistical analyses was completed using SPSS v. 19.0 and Stata 13.0. The frequency of eating out and delivered food of housewives in their 20s was significantly higher than that of the older housewives (p<0.001). The high order frequency delivered foods were chicken menu and Chinese food. The determinants of the eating out menu were children's preference and meal time. The average scores of 'interest on low-salt diet', 'attitude toward a low-salt purchasing', and 'praxis a low-salt diet' were $2.70{\pm}0.95$, $3.06{\pm}1.13$, and $3.26{\pm}0.91$, respectively. The level of a low-salt management housewives in their 20s was higher than that of the older housewives (p<0.001). Regression analysis showed that various factors (e.g. age, number of children, education level, and frequency of the eating out) correlated with the low-salt diet of subjects. For the adequate eating out behavior of families and low-salt management of housewives, information and consumer education to take family-related situations into consideration are necessary.

• Journal of the Korean Home Economics Association
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• v.19 no.2
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• pp.25-37
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• 1981

In diesem Aufsatz handelt es von einem theoretischen Betrachung $\"{u}ber$ Verbraucherschutz und besonders von jetzigem Zustand von Verbraucherschutz in der BRD aus Gesichtspunkt von Verbraucherpolitik und Verbraucherorganisation. Es ist sinnvoll, nicht nur der $Vergr\"{o}{\beta}erung$ des Forschungsgebiets der Hauswirtschaft, sondern im demokratischen Wiederaufbau der Volkswirtschaft, den Verbrauch subjektiv zu erkennen und die Volkswirtschaft aus Gesichtspunkt der Konsumente-nsouver\"{a}nit\"{a}t$ zubeleuchten. Unter Kosumfreiheit ist von drei Seiten aus zufassen. Zuerst der Seite der Konsumhandlung ist die Konsumfreiheit die Freiheit der Konsumwahl zu verstehen. Zum zweiten, auf der Seite des Markts ist sie die Erhaltung des den Produzenten gleichkommenden Zustand, d.h. die Verwirklichung des gleichwertigen Austausches unter gleicher Bedingung zu verstehen. Zum dritten, auf der Seite der Volkswirtschaft bedeutet sie den Zustand, da${\beta}$ die Konsumhandlung aktiv einen Einflu${\beta}$ auf den Produzent durch Marktmechanism $aus\"{u}ben$ kann. Soche Konsumfreiheit ist auf Kollektiver Ebene als auf individueller Ebene zu erreichen. Der Verbraucherschutz ist von zwei Standpunkte aus $erw\"{a}hnt$; auf der eine Seite die Regelung der Anbieter am Markt um Zweck von der Erhaltung und $F\"{o}rderung$ eines wirksamen Wettbewerbs, auf der andern Seite die $Sta\"{a}rkung$ der Verbraucher durch die Sicherung der Macht und $F\"{a}higkeit$ der Verbraucher. In den konkreten Methoden $f\"{u}r$ Verbraucherschutz gibt es Verbraucherpolitik durch den Regierungsanstalt und die verschiedenen $T\"{a}tigkeiten$ nach eigner Initiative von Verbraucher selbst. Den ersteren $geh\"{o}ren die $sozialp\"{a}dagogischen$ Ma${\beta}$nahmen, die sich auf die Verbraucher-$aufkl\"{a}rung$ und Ausbau der die Verbraucherinformationen erstrecken, und die sozialorganisatorichen Ma${\beta}$nahmen wie der Ausbau der Gesetzgebung und die verbesserte Koordinierung der mit den Verbraucherfragen befa${\beta}$ten Ressorts. Die letzteren sind die $Verb\"{a}nde$ und Einrichtungen der Verbraucher selbst, die sich um die Belange der Verbraucher $k\"{u}mmern$ und einen wachsenden Einflu${\beta}$ auf die Gesetzgebung nehmen $k\"{o}nnen$. Diese Methode der Verbraucherschutz $w\"{a}re$ die Information und Erziehung der Verbraucher und auch die Verbraucherberatungsstelle.

• Journal of Arbitration Studies
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• v.13 no.2
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• pp.585-612
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• 2004

Die vorliegende Arbeit bezieht sich auf die Probleme, ob eine Vereinbarung, in der einer der Parteien oder den beiden ein Wahlrecht zwischen ordentlichem Gericht und Schiedsgericht eingeraumt ist, als eine wirksame Schiedsvereinbarung anzusehen ist, wem das Wahlrecht zuzustehen ist und wie das Wahlrecht auszuuben ist. Im Hinblick auf diese Problematik stehen nicht nur in der Literatur sondern auch in der Praxis die Meinungen einander kontrar gegenuber. Die Wirksamkeit einer wahlweisen Vereinbarung zwischen Schiedsund Staatsgericht ergibt sich vor allem aus dem Wesen der Schiedsgerichtsbarkeit, dem allgemeinen Personlichkeitsrecht i.V.m. Vertragsfreiheit und nicht zuletzt dem effektiven Rechtsschutz. Weil es fur das schiedsgerichtliche Verfahren wesentlich ist, dass es an die Stelle des sonst offenstehenden Verfahrens vor den Staatsgerichten tritt und nach dem Erlass des Schiedsspruchs die Beschreitung des ordentlichen Rechtswegs auszuschliessen ist, ist es erforderlich, den Parteien die Erledigung des Rechtsstreits auf verschiedene Weise zu gewahrleisten. Das tragt auch zum effektiven Rechtsschutz der Parteien bei. Ausserdem ist es nicht einzusehen, warum es rechtlich nicht moglich sein sollte, die Vertragsschliessenden sich gegenseitig das Wahlrecht zwischen Schiedsgericht und Staatsgericht einzuraumen. Die Vertragsfreiheit bzw. das allgemeine Personlichkeitsrecht gilt auch fur Schiedsvertrage. Wenn die Parteiautonomie im Privatrecht ihren Sinn behalten sollte, ist es notwendig, den Parteiwillen in dem wortlichen Ausdruck und in seinem Sinngehalt bestehen zu lassen. Damit steht fest, dass gegen die Einraumung eines Wahlrechts zwischen staatlichem Gericht und Schiedsgericht grundsatzlich keine Bedenken bestehen. Das Hauptproblem der wahlweisen Vereinbarung zwischen Schiedsund Staatsgericht liegt nicht in ihrer Wirksamkeit, vielmehr in den einzelnen Problemen hinsichtlich des Wahlrechts, namlich das Subjekt, die Art und Weise der Ausubung des Wahlrechts usw. Das Wahlrecht kann aufgrund der Parteivereinbarung nur einer Partei vorbehalten bleiben oder beiden eingeraumt werden. Anders als die Ansicht des hochsten Gerichtshofes ist von der Bindung der Partei an die Ausubung des Wahlrechts auszugehen, wenn die andere yon dem Wahlrecht Gebrauch macht. In bezug auf die Bindung bedarf es im Prinzip keiner erganzenden Vereinbarung, denn mit dem Verneinen dieser Bindung wurde zugleich das Wahlrecht selbst geleugnet. Ein Verbrauch des Wahlrechts ist anzunehmen, sobald die Klage vor dem staatlichen Gericht erhoben oder das Schiedsverfahren eingeleitet wurde. Steht das Wahlrecht nur einer Partei zu, ist es entsprechend §381 KBGB Frist zu setzen, nach deren fruchtlosem Ablauf das Wahlrecht ubergeht.

• Journal of Digital Convergence
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• v.11 no.7
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• pp.305-312
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• 2013

The purpose of this qualitative study is to analyze the experience of multicultural couples who participated in the movie making educational activity within the program "Communication Development among Multicultural and Indigenous Couples Through Intercultural Praxis." This program was held for 8 months from March 10, 2012 to November 11, 2012. Among the participants, 4 couples agreed for both individual and group interviews and provided data for this paper. The interview result can be categorized into the following four: quality relationship, acceptance and support, positive thinking, and accomplishment.

• Korean Medical Education Review
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• v.14 no.1
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• pp.25-36
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• 2012

For decades medical educators have continually emphasized medical professionalism, which is reflective response to the challenges of a rapidly changing medical environment. This study aimed to review the experience of implementing medical professionalism education at Yonsei University College of Medicine (YUCM). YUCM introduced a new curriculum in 2004 designed by Curriculum Development Project 2004 (CDP2004), a project that was launched in 2001. CDP2004 reorganized lectures as organ-based integrated lectures, introduced an introductory course for clinical medicine and medical humanities courses for premedical and medical students. Problem-based learning (PBL), elective courses, and self-study sessions in the afternoon were implemented in order to equip students with a self-directed learning attitude as medical professionals. Professors were asked by the CDP2004 curriculum to spend more time on student education and to adopt new teaching methods. Experiences of the CDP2004 curriculum reveals 1) difficulty of motivating professors to be PBL tutors 2) students' dissatisfaction with the medical humanities course (major critique was that the course was impractical and unrealistic), and 3) students' optimistic understanding about their future role as medical professionals in influencing and helping people in spite of their perception of the general medical environment not as promising. To foster professionalism, the following are necessary in our experiences: 1) faculty development of medical humanities and medical professionalism, 2) establishment of an environment throughout the whole institution to support medical professionalism education and to integrate the concept into praxis, 3) emphasis on the fact that medical professionalism education is not contradictory to biophysical medical education.

• Korean Journal of Health Education and Promotion
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• v.25 no.1
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• pp.83-104
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• 2008

Objectives: Community-Based Participatory Research (CBPR) is a kind of health promotion approach to increase social cohesion and sense of community, which has built the collaborated partnership in all phases. This has the co-ownership of research objectives and knowledges produced by residents, and the outcome was taken to enhance community empowerment. This study performed to embody CBPR, which had regulated collective health status approached by social epidemiology. Methods: Reference review had been exercised focused on CBPR books and papers published since 1990. Our interests were aimed at its paradigm and methodological issues. Particularly, we problematized its feasibility in the social and behavioral foundations of pubic health. Results: According to the review, CBPR shared critical understanding and decision-making related to their community development including health status. Therefore, it was strength-based approach in spite of scientific dichotomy. CBPR created social cohesion and community empowerment with all participants, because it sublated contradiction between subjectivism and objectivism. Conclusions: The success of CBPR needs what we so called trust, democracy, collaboration, devotion, and consensus of equity. Despite these factors, CBPR may be a methodological transition to prepare some intervention of health inequality. This is because it does emphasize a mixture of theory and praxis to manage vulnerable people in community.

• The Journal of the Korea Contents Association
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• v.17 no.9
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• pp.225-234
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• 2017

Scholars suggests global citizenship education(GCE) as an important direction for the future education. Although many academic discussions have been internationally going on, the studies in Korea are still on the beginning stage. Thus, it is asserted that studies for GCE should be proceeded more actively and widely, especially for a theoretical background because it might give a concrete direction for GCE. In the international trend, studies suggest that GCE should be discussed among post-modernism, post-colonialism, and critical theory as theoretical framework. So, this study purports to find a theoretical framework which represents those three. It is critical pedagogy (CP) which also includes educational values for GCE. The reason is because CP tries to achieve emancipation in terms of consciousness, reason and rationality through educational praxis and it should be a background for GCE in terns of current situation in the world. Therefore, this study asserts and tries to prove that CP is currently at the center of theoretical backgrounds for GCE.