• English Language & Literature Teaching
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• v.7 no.1
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• pp.35-48
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• 2001

One of the areas of second language acquisition that enjoyed popularity in recent years is interlanguage pragmatics. The main reason for this popularity lies in the critical role of pragmatic competence in appropriate use of a target language. The aim of this paper was to examine L2 learners' pragmatic behavior in their speech act performance and determine main sources causing pragmatic difficulty. Four major sources of pragmatic errors were identified: linguistic proficiency, L1 transfer, waffling and teaching activities. Each source was discussed with empirical evidence in some detail, and teaching suggestions were provided for developing learners' pragmatic competence in EFL classrooms.

• Korean Circulation Journal
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• v.52 no.6
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• pp.401-413
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• 2022

Pragmatic clinical studies, an emerging clinical research discipline, include a wide range of studies that are largely embedded with routine clinical practice and aim to evaluate the comparative effectiveness and safety of different clinical intervention strategies. Increased availability and quality of electronic medical/health records drives the development of pragmatic clinical studies. In this review, we describe evolution of the conceptual framework of pragmatic clinical studies and share perspectives on the importance of pragmatic clinical studies in evidence-based practice for cardiovascular diseases, as a complement to conventional randomized controlled trials. We also highlight specific needs of pragmatic clinical studies in improving evidence-based practice for cardiovascular disease in Asian countries. The main challenges of pragmatic clinical studies are discussed briefly in this review.

• Journal of Acupuncture Research
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• v.26 no.5
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• pp.105-116
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• 2009

The use of acupuncutre has been increased worldwide, and large number of researches on acupuncture with improved quality has been conducted. Nevertheless, results of acupuncture treatment in those research tend to show mixed results, while many patients continuously seek acupuncture treatment as an adjuvant or alternatives for their health. Researchers and clinicians relevant to acupuncture are faced at this problematic discrepancy between the results of acupuncture in clinical trial including an randomized controlled trial and those of day-to-day clinical practice. The methodology of pragmatic clinical trial seems to be one of the promising research tools administering this problem especially in the area of complementary alternative medicine and traditional Korean medicine. In this study we first reviewed articles on the pragmatic clinical trial, summarized the essential concepts of 'explanatory' clinical trial 'pragmatic' clinical trial and then presented recent recommendations and arguments on this issue. We also analyzed and compared two similar pragmatic clinical trial protocols to show the readers the complexity of research designing. We hope more researchers in traditional Korean medicine will be interested in the methodology of pragmatic clinical trials and this study will serve to produce various high-quality clinical trials.

• The Proceeding of the Korean Institute of Electromagnetic Engineering and Science
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• v.4 no.1
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• pp.20-27
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• 1993

In this paper, a model of TCM / M-PSK with set partitioning and a model of the combined M-ary PSK system with pragmatic coding for digital radio communication are realized. The equations of error probability for TCM / M-PSK system and the combined M-ary PSK system with pragmatic coding are derived on the conditions of the Rayleigh fading with the AWGN. It is found that the combined M-ary PSK systemwith pragmatic coding in the AWGN channel can not be applied to the fading channel since uncoded bits cause parallel:parallel paths in the trellis diagram to degrade the performance of the system. However, the use of pragmatic coding in the AWGN channel could simplify the given system since single convolutional encoder / decoder is required.

• Language and Information
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• v.10 no.2
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• pp.47-65
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• 2006

In this paper I address the problems of defining the semantics of numerals and accounting for how pragmatic inferences are made. I basically assume that a numeral n simply means '${\lambda}P{\lambda}x[#(x)n\;&\;P(x)]$', as commonly assumed. Even when a numeral n has 'at least' interpretation, a sentence with the number does not entail a sentence with n replaced with n-1. But when a sentence with n-1 holds, it is possible that a sentence with n or a larger number holds too. This is not based on a semantic relation, but on pragmatic informativeness. In addition to pragmatic strength, the actual reading of a numeral is affected by some background knowledge of generalizations about the world, but the ordering of pragmatic strength among numbers always plays a role in determining unilateral interpretations. In such a case, we can assume that a set of numbers relevant in the context forms a scale. Forming a scale does not necessarily lead to a unilateral interpretation. The bilateral interpretation of a number is possible in the context where it is known whether or not alternative sentences with contextually salient alternative numbers are true.

• English Language & Literature Teaching
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• v.11 no.4
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• pp.49-77
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• 2005

This paper has an aim to examine English native speakers' requests, and offer an instructional technique to develop EFL students' pragmatic ability. For this purpose, English-speaking native speakers' requests were collected in six different face-threatening situations, and analyzed in three ways: directness levels, internal modification and sequence of request. The analysis of requests showed that they were realized mainly through conventionally indirect level in most situations, were internally modified frequently through the use of downgraders, and had a certain sequence of utterances realizing a request. On the basis of these findings, two kinds of interactional activities (Jigsaw and pair work) were provided as sample activities to promote EFL students' pragmatic knowledge about the appropriate ways of making requests given the fact that pragmatic errors can be more serious and more problematic than grammatical errors in social interaction.

• The Journal of the Korea Contents Association
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• v.12 no.5
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• pp.280-292
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• 2012

Cognitive-pragmatic language ability decreases during the normal aging process. Evaluating the ability might be useful in testing predicting cognitive level and diseases such as dementia. The aim of this study is to analyze various assessment protocols for normal aging, and evaluate the content validity of the currently developing cognitive-pragmatic language test domains and items. Content Validity Index(CVI) was calculated based on ratings judged by 17 experts including speech-language pathologists and clinical psychologists. As a result, it was found that CVIs of all 7 domains including attention, memory, organization, reasoning, problem solving, executive function, pragmatic language were above .75. It was concluded that the test items contained the appropriate content validity to assess cognitive-pragmatic language for normal aging.

• Journal of the Korea Society of Computer and Information
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• v.22 no.3
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• pp.155-162
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• 2017

The purpose of this paper is to study renovation plan of value chain from a user's viewpoint by making practical application of digital technology in Korea and China. And it is surely meaningful to investigate the important motivation factors of continuous using smart-phone in two countries, and to analyze the improving effect toward to the quality of life in continuous using smart-phone. By this study we can expect the value improving effect of user experience. The results of hypothesis testing can be summarized as follows: First, the hypothesis that positive affect has a plus effect on pragmatic value is accepted in Korea and China. Secondly, the hypothesis that positive affect has a plus effect on hedonic value is accepted in two countries. Thirdly, the hypothesis that negative affect has a minus effect on pragmatic value is accepted in Korea, but rejected in China. Fourthly, the hypothesis that negative affect has a minus effect on hedonic value is accepted in two countries. Fifthly, the hypothesis that pragmatic value has a plus effect on life satisfaction is rejected in two countries. Sixthly, the hypothesis that hedonic value has a plus effect on life satisfaction is accepted in Korea, but rejected in China. Seventhly, the hypothesis that there is a difference in positive affect, negative affect, pragmatic value, hedonic value and life satisfaction between Korea and China is rejected in positive affect and negative affect, but accepted in pragmatic value, hedonic value and life satisfaction. In the competition among enterprises, user experience instead of goods themselves became influential as a differential factor. And many advanced enterprises began taking a serious view of customer's happiness and user experience improvement.

• Korean Journal of Logic
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• v.21 no.2
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• pp.269-300
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• 2018

In his recent three papers, Joohan Lee defends the following three theses. First, an ordinary term 'believes' is polysemous in that it can refer to three different types of mental attitudes; that is, it can refer to a belief as an involuntary mental disposition, or a pragmatic acceptance as a voluntary mental action, or an epistemic acceptance as a different voluntary mental action. Second, a person's pragmatic acceptance of a proposition is his voluntary mental action which takes it to be true for pragmatic reasons, despite the fact that there is no adequate epistemic evidence for the proposition, whereas a person's epistemic acceptance of a proposition is his voluntary mental action which takes it to be true for epistemic reasons, despite the fact that there is a pragmatic reason to the contrary. Third, mental attitudes to which epistemic norms apply are epistemic acceptances as voluntary mental actions, rather than beliefs as involuntary mental dispositions. If these theses are correct, then they will have important implications for contemporary epistemology. In this paper, however, I argue that Joohan Lee is not successful in defending these theses.

• Korean Journal of Cognitive Science
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• v.6 no.2
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• pp.97-116
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• 1995

This study was conducted to investigate how syntaction and pragmatic constraints influence the sentential representation and memory accessibility. In order to seperate the syntactic constraints from the pragmatic constraint from the pragmatic constraints,the syntactic role of constituent in the sentence (subject or object) and the order of mention(first or second) were manipulted.After each sentence was presented by RSVP procedure,the probe recognition time was measured to investigate memory accessibility.In Experiment 1,in which SOA interval was 255ms,it was found that the subject of a sentece were more accessible than the object and participants first in a sentence were more accessible than participants mentioned later.However, in Experiment 2,in which SOA interval was 1540ms,it was found that participants mentioned first in a sentence were more accessible than participants mentioned later while there was no significant difference between the subject and object of a sentece.These results suggest that the syntactic and pragmatic constraints have an independent effect on the initial senential representation at the early stage of constructing representation,but as time passes only the pragmatic constraints influence sentential representation.These results also support a theoretical position which assumes that sentential representation is constructed through the process of convergent statisfaction of multiple constraints.