• Asia pacific journal of information systems
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• 제23권4호
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• pp.103-128
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• 2013

When a consumer needs a product or service and multiple sellers are available online, the process of selecting a seller to buy online from is complex since the process involves many behavioral dimensions that have to be taken into account. As a part of this selection process, consumers may set minimum trust expectation that can be used to screen out less trustworthy sellers. In the previous research, the level of consumers' trust expectation has been anchored on two important factors: product involvement and perceived risk. Product involvement refers to the extent to which a consumer perceives a specific product important. Thus, the higher product involvement may result in the higher trust expectation in sellers. On the other hand, other related studies found that when consumers perceived a higher level of risk (e.g., credit card fraud risk), they set higher trust expectation as well. While abundant research exists addressing the relationship between product involvement and perceived risk, little attention has been paid to the integrative view of the link between the two constructs and their impacts on the trust expectation. The present paper is a step toward filling this research gap. The purpose of this paper is to understand the process by which a consumer chooses an online merchant by examining the relationships among product involvement, perceived risk, trust expectation, and intention to buy from an e-tailer. We specifically focus on the mediating role of perceived risk in the relationships between enduring product involvement and the trust expectation. That is, we question whether product involvement affects the trust expectation directly without mediation or indirectly mediated by perceived risk. The research model with four hypotheses was initially tested using data gathered from 635 respondents through an online survey method. The structural equation modeling technique with partial least square was used to validate the instrument and the proposed model. The results showed that three out of the four hypotheses formulated were supported. First, we found that the intention to buy from a digital storefront is positively and significantly influenced by the trust expectation, providing support for H4 (trust expectation ${\rightarrow}$ purchase intention). Second, perceived risk was found to be a strong predictor of trust expectation, supporting H2 as well (perceived risk ${\rightarrow}$ trust expectation). Third, we did not find any evidence of direct influence of product involvement, which caused H3 to be rejected (product involvement ${\rightarrow}$ trust expectation). Finally, we found significant positive relationship between product involvement and perceived risk (H1: product involvement ${\rightarrow}$ perceived risk), which suggests that the possibility of complete mediation of perceived risk in the relationship between enduring product involvement and the trust expectation. As a result, we conducted an additional test for the mediation effect by comparing the original model with the revised model without the mediator variable of perceived risk. Indeed, we found that there exists a strong influence of product involvement on the trust expectation (by intentionally eliminating the variable of perceived risk) that was suppressed (i.e., mediated) by the perceived risk in the original model. The Sobel test statistically confirmed the complete mediation effect. Results of this study offer the following key findings. First, enduring product involvement is positively related to perceived risk, implying that the higher a consumer is enduringly involved with a given product, the greater risk he or she is likely to perceive with regards to the online purchase of the product. Second, perceived risk is positively related to trust expectation. A consumer with great risk perceptions concerning the online purchase is likely to buy from a highly trustworthy online merchant, thereby mitigating potential risks. Finally, product involvement was found to have no direct influence on trust expectation, but the relationship between the two constructs was indirect and mediated by the perceived risk. This is perhaps an important theoretical integration of two separate streams of literature on product involvement and perceived risk. The present research also provides useful implications for practitioners as well as academicians. First, one implication for practicing managers in online retail stores is that they should invest in reducing the perceived risk of consumers in order to lower down the trust expectation and thus increasing the consumer's intention to purchase products or services. Second, an academic implication is that perceived risk mediates the relationship between enduring product involvement and trust expectation. Further research is needed to elaborate the theoretical relationships among the constructs under consideration.

• 한국콘텐츠학회논문지
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• 제9권6호
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• pp.178-186
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• 2009

의료장비의 정도관리는 시스템 성능평가와 시스템의 유지.보수를 지속적으로 수행하고 다양한 측정 및 평가하여 의료정보의 정확성을 나타내기 위해 필요하여 한국의료영상품질관리원은 특수의료장비의 품질 관리 교육은 매년 정기적으로 실시하고 있다. 하지만 품질관리교육은 영상의학과 전문의 위주로 행해지고 있으며 의료기관에서도 영상의학과 전문의와 일부 방사선사에게 교육의 기회가 주어지지만 이차적인 내부교육의 실시 또는 내용 전달 등이 미비하여 장비를 직접 다루는 방사선사들은 잘 모르거나 교육을 이수하였더라도 정확히 모르고 있다. 본 연구는 2008년 대한자기공명기술학회에 등록된 전국의 방사선사를 대상으로 설문을 실시하여 2008년 5월부터 9월까지 5개월 동안 자료를 수집하여 분석하였다. 500명을 대상으로 우편 설문조사를 실시하였으며, 설문응답률은 6%(n=180)이었다. 본 연구 결과는 품질관리검사의 필요성은 86.7%가 필요하다고 느끼지만 특수의료장비 관리자 교육이수는 27.8%밖에 되지 않았고, 품질관리검사를 숙지하는 사람도 53.9%로 거의 절반 밖에 되지 않았다. 품질관리교육의 이수는 성별, 나이, 근무지의 규모, 근무지의 방사선사 인원, MR실내의 방사선사 인원, 방사선사 경력 및 MR실내의 경력과 병원에 의공학과의 유무와 상관관계는 없었다. 한국의료영상품질관리원에서 실시하는 품질관리교육 이수자 중 78.0%가 검사숙지를 하고 있는 것(p<0.05)에 비교하여 병원자체의 교육은 43.9%의 병원이 하고 있었지만 검사 숙지자는 54.4%에 이르기 때문에 병원자체교육은 검사숙지에 큰 영향을 미치지 못하였다. 이는 교육의 내용, 교육의 방법, 교육이수에 대한 전반적인 환경요인이 품질관리교육에 얼마나 중요한지를 알 수가 있다.

• Journal of Preventive Medicine and Public Health
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• 제22권4호
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• pp.555-577
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• 1989

각급 의료기관에서 정상분만 개조와 제왕절개 분만시 시행하는 임상병리 검사 와 시술 그리고 투약의 종류, 입원기간, 의료비를 비교하여 봄으로써 적정진료에 대한 평가와 적정의료비에 대한 연구의 방향 설정에 필요한 자료를 얻고저 1989년 1월 15일부터 2월 15일 사이에 1개직할시내 2개 대학병원, 2개 종합병원, 3개 병원, 2개 개인산부인과의원 그리고 2개 조산소에서 분만한 산모 789명을 대상으로 의무기록지와 의료비 계산서를 이용하여 임상병리검사, 투약, 입원기간, 입원비 등을 비교분석 하였다. 총 분만건수 중 정상분만은 606명(76.8%)이었고 제왕절개분만은 183명 (23.2%)이었다. 정상분만의 경우 CBC, Hb/Hct, 혈액형검사, 매독검사(VDRL), B형 간염 항원 및 항체검사, 그리고 소변검사는 각 의료기관에서 일률적으로 시행하였으나 개인의원과 조산소에서는 B형간염 검사와 Hb/Hct 검사를 전혀 하지 않은 곳도 있었다. 그 외 1개 대학병원에서는 71.4%에서 초음파 검사를 하였고 또 1개 종합병원에서는 76.7%에서 간기능 검사를 시행하였다. 제왕절개분만의 경우는 정상분만시 실시하는 검사 이외에 대부분 흉부X-선 촬영과 출혈시간 및 혈액응고시간 그리고 간기능 검사를 일률적으로 시행하였다. 시술에 있어서는 각 의료기관이 정상분만시 97.2%에서 회음부절개를 시행하였다. 정상분만 및 제왕절개분만시 투여한 수액과 항생제의 종류와 기간에도 의료기관 사이에 큰 차이를 나타내었다. 즉, 어떤 대학병원은 제왕절개 분만 후 전혀 항생제를 쓰지 않는 반면 어떤 종합병원과 병원에서는 모든 환자에게 1-2종의 항생제를 평균 1주일 정도 투여하였다. 또 어떤 의원에서는 제왕절개 분만시 모든 환자에게 전혈을 수혈하는 곳도 있었다. 이 외에도 의료기관에 따라 비타민제제, 지혈제, 자궁수축제, 진통제, 해열제, 소염제, 진정진경제, 소화제, 변비완화제, 항히스타민제, 이뇨제 등을 투여하는 빈도와 약품종류가 다양하였다. 입원기간에 있어서는 정상분만의 경우 평균 입원기간이 초산은 2.6일, 경산은 2.4일로 초산이 경산보다 약간 길었으며 어떤 병원에서는 3.5일로서 약간 긴 경우도 있었으나 대체로 비슷한 양상이었다. 제왕절개 분만에 있어서는 평균 입원기간이 초산 7.5일, 경산 7.6일로 별다른 차이는 없었다. 그러나 의료기관에 따라 가장 짧은 것은 6.5일에서 가장 긴 것이 9.4일로 차이가 났다. 평균 입원비는 일반환자인 경우 정상분만의 초산 비용은 182,100원이었고, 경산은 167,300원이었다. 의료보험인 경우 본인 부담액이 초산은 82,400원, 경산은 75,600원이었으며 제왕절개분만은 일반환자 초산인 경우 946,500원, 경산은 753,800원이었고, 의료보험인 경우 초산은 256,200원, 경산은 253,700원이었다. 대학병원간에도 정상분만 비용이 268,000원과 350,000원으로 큰 차이를 보이며 제왕절개 분만의 경우에도 각 의료기관별로 차이를 나타내고 있다. 이와 같이 의료기관에 따라 정상분만과 제왕절개분만시 임상병리검사, 투약 등에 큰 차이를 나타내고 입원기간에도 차이가 있어 결과적으로 의료비에도 큰 차이를 나타내고 있으며 어떤 기관에서는 포괄수가제를 적용하고 있는 곳도 있었다. 따라서 적정의료 제공을 위해 진료의 내용을 어느 정도 표준화 할 필요가 있다고 생각한다.

• Journal of Preventive Medicine and Public Health
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• 제11권1호
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• pp.86-97
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• 1978

The mobile medical service has been operated for many years by a number of medical schools and hospitals as a most convenient means of medical service delivery to the people residing in such area where the geographical and socioeconomic conditions are not good enough to enjoy modern medical care. Despite of official appraisal showing off simply with numbers of outpatients treated and medical persons participated, however, as well recognized, the capability (in respect of budget, equipment and time) of those mobile medical teams is so limitted that it often discourages the recipients as well as medical participants themselves. In the midst of rising need to secure medical service of good quality to all parts of the country, and of developing concept of primary health care system, authors evaluated the effectiveness of and problems associated with mobile medical servies program through the community diagnosis of a village (Opo-myun, Kwangju-gun) to obtain the information which may be halpful for future improvement. 1. Owing to the nationwide Sae-Maul movement powerfully practiced during last several years, living environment of farm villages generally and remarkably improved including houses, water supply and wastes disposal etc. Neverthless, due to limitations in budget time and lack of knowledge (probably the most important), these improvements tend to keep up appearances only and are far from the goal which may being practical benefit in promoting the health of the community. 2. As a result of intensive population policy led by the government since 1962, there has been considerable advances in understanding and the rate of practicing family planning through out the villages and yet, one should see many things, especially education, to be done. Fifty eight per cent of mothers have not received prenatal check and the care for most (72%) delivery was offered by laymen at home. 3. Approximately seven per cent of the population was reported to have chronic illness but since only a few (practically none) of the people has had physical check up by doctors, the actual prevalence of chronic diseases may reach many times of the reported. The same fact was observed also in prevalence of tuberculosis; the patients registered at local health center totaled 31 comprising only 0.51% while the numbers in two neighboring villages (designated as demonstration area of tuberculosis control and mass examination was done recently) were 3.5 and 4.0% respectively. Prevalence rate of all dieseses and injuries expereinced during one month (July, 1977) was 15.8%. Only one tenth of those patients received treatment by physicians and one fifth was not treated at all. The situation was worse as for the chronic patients; 84% of all cases either have never been treated or discontinued therapy, and the main reasons were known to be financial difficulty and ignorance or indifference. 4. Among the patients treated by our mobile clinic, one third was chronic cases and 45% of all patients, by the opinion of doctors attended, were those who may be treated by specially trained nurses or other paramedics (objects of primary care). Besides, 20% of the cases required professional managements of level beyond the mobile team's capability and in this sense one may conclude that the effectiveness (performance) of present mobile medical team is quite limitted. According to above findings, the authors would like to suggest following for mobile medical service and overall medicare program for the people living in remote country side. 1. Establishment of primary health care system secured with effective communication and evacuation (between villages and local medical center) measures. 2. Nationwide enforcement of medical insurance system. 3. Simple outpatient care which now constitutes the main part of the most mobile medical services should largely be yielded up to primary health care unit of the village and the mobile team itself should be assigned on new and more urgent missions such as mass screening health examination of the villagers, health education with modern and effective audiovisual aids, professional training and consultant services for the primary health care organization.

• 한국강구조학회 논문집
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• 제22권1호
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• pp.1-12
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• 2010

현행 강구조내진설계철학의 근거인 역량설계법(capacity design method)에 의할 때 중심가새골조의 에너지 소산요소인 가새가 인장항복하고 압축좌굴 할 때 보와 기둥은 탄성상태를 유지해야 한다. 중심가새골조의 대표적 형식인 역V형 가새골조의 경우 가새가 좌굴하면 인장가새와 압축가새 사이에 수직불균형력이 발생하여 보와 기둥에 추가적인 하중이 가해지므로 이를 반영하여 보 및 기둥 부재를 탄성설계해야 한다. 지진하중 발생시에 모든 가새가 동시에 좌굴하지 않는다는 것은 잘 알려져 있지만, 특정층의 좌굴발생 유무를 정확히 예견하는 방법은 아직 존재하지 않는다. 따라서 현행 설계기준에서는 모든 층에서의 동시 좌굴을 가정하여 보수적으로 설계하거나 시스템초과강도계수로 증폭된 특별지진하중에 대해 기둥부재를 탄성설계하는 경험적이고 우회적인 방법을 제시하고 있다. 이를 개선하기 위한 첫 번째 단계는 우선 지진 내습시에 좌굴발생이 예견되는 층을 정확히 예측하는 것이다. 본 논문에서는 1차모드 푸쉬오버해석, 고차모드 푸쉬오버해석, 선형고유치해석에 의해 좌굴층을 예측한 후 이를 토대로 가새좌굴이 기둥에 가하는 축력을 산정하는 세 가지의 새로운 방법, 즉 FMPM(First Mode Pushover Method), MMPM (Multi-Mode Pushover Method), MSBM(Mode Shape Based Method)을 제안하였다. 이 세 가지 방안의 핵심은 좌굴 포텐셜이 높은 것으로 감지된 층의 수직불균형력은 선형합산하고 그렇지 않은 층의 수직불균형력은 SRSS(square root of sum of squares)법에 의해 조합하여 기둥에 가해지는 축력을 산정하는 것이다. 3층에서 15층에 이르는 5개의 골조모델에 대해 20개 지진가속도기록을 입력으로 한 방대한 비선형동적해석을 수행하여 제시한 방안의 타탕성을 검증하였다. 세 방법에 의한 기둥설계 결과는 모두 현행 설계기준의 방법보다 기둥의 물량을 대폭 줄이면서도 기둥부재가 탄성상태를 유지하여 역량설계법의 철학을 만족시켰다. 특히 MSBM은 간단한 선형 고유치해석결과만을 이용하지만 본 연구에서 가장 정확한 축력산정법인 MMPM과 큰 차이를 보이지 않을 정도로 정확하다. 실무 여건에서도 사용 가능한 방법으로 MSBM을 추천한다.

• 벤처창업연구
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• 제8권4호
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• pp.95-109
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• 2013

대학에 산학협력 제도가 정착되었지만, 대부분의 한국 대학이 연구중심 인사관리 체계를 유지하며, 교육과 연구의 현장 적합성이 부족하다. 대학의 학술중심 문화와 인사제도 때문에 정부정책과 지원에도 불구하고 산업현장친화형 교수는 자리 잡기 어렵다. 본 연구의 목적은 산업현장친화형 교수인력을 채용하고 평가할 수 있는 인사제도를 연구하여, 한국 대학의 문화에 산학협력 풍토가 자리 잡을 수 있도록 변화시키는 제도적 기반을 마련하는 것이다. 연구방법으로 내용분석, 연구문헌조사, 사례분석, 면접 등을 사용하였다. 연구결과는 한국 대학의 교원 인사제도는 법제도에 근거하여 운영되기 때문에 대부분 유사하며, 산학협력을 잘 하지 못하는 이유는 대학과 산업체가 다른 요구와 문화를 갖고 있다는 '죽음의 계곡' 개념으로 설명할 수 있다. 이를 극복하려면 대학교원 인사제도를 혁신해야 한다. 다양한 산학협력프로그램 운영은 산학협력성과, 연구성과와 교육성과 향상에 영향을 준다. 산학협력 인사제도와 지원제도의 도입은 산학협력 성과, 교육성과와 연구성과 향상을 촉진한다. 교육성과를 높이기 위해서 다양한 산학협력 프로그램 운영, 산업체 경력 전임교원 확보 등 산업친화형 대학풍토조성이 중요하다. 정책제안으로 산업현장 친화형 대학교원 인사제도 도입 및 확산을 위해서 간접 지원정책과 제도 환경 조성을 제시한다. 산업현장친화형 교원인사 자율목표 채택 대학에 인센티브 제공, 산학협력 지원프로그램과 산업현장 친화형 교원인사 연계, 산업현장 친화형 대학교육을 강화하는 정보공개 등이 중장기적으로 성과를 낼 수 있다. 기대성과와 활용방안은 산업현장 친화형 대학교원 인사제도 개선방안을 제시, 대학 특성화 유형별 인사제도 제시, 산업현장 전문가의 교수채용 활성화를 통한 대학의 산학협력 인식 제고, 산학현장 친화형 교원 인사제도 강화를 통한 자발적인 산학협력 활성화, 대학유형별 산학협력 특성화 대학의 육성 정책수립 방향 제시, 산학연 협력 선진화 지원정책의 근거 조사자료를 제공했다.

• 한국토양비료학회지
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• 제45권6호
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• pp.983-991
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• 2012

본 연구는 현재 오이재배농가에서 활용하고 있는 우수한 기술을 파악하고 체계화하여 다른 오이재배농가의 고품질 오이생산 및 소득향상을 위한 기초자료를 제공하기 위해 수행하였으며, 그 얻어진 결과는 아래와 같다. 오이 촉성재배 농가들의 토양조건은 하성평탄지 사양질 내지 식양질 토양이었고, 유효토심은 60~100 cm, 작토심은 20~28 cm이었다. 오이 반촉성재배 농가들의 토양조건은 하성평탄지 내지 곡간지에 위치한 사양질 또는 사력질 토양으로, 유효토심은 50~100 cm, 작토심은 20~28 cm이었다. 오이 촉성재배 농가들의 토양관리는 볏짚 $3,000{\sim}15,000kg\;ha^{-1}$을 시용하고, 밑거름으로 퇴비, 유박, 파쇄목, 화학비료 등을 시용하였으며, 이들의 3요소 성분 (질소-인산-가리)의 평균 시용량은 815-464-529 kg $ha^{-1}$ 이었다. 오이 반촉성재배 농가들은 볏짚을 평균 $3,000kg\;ha^{-1}$ 정도를 시용하였고, 밑거름은 퇴비, 유박, 화학비료 등을 시용하였으며, 이들의 3요소 성분 (질소-인산-가리)의 평균 시용량은 197-135-151 kg $ha^{-1}$ 이었다. 웃거름은 촉성재배농가들의 경우 4종류의 양액을 제조하여 2~3일 간격으로 한 종류씩 관비형태로 시용하였고, 반촉성재배 농가들은 농가마다 다르게 수용성비료들을 용액으로 제조하거나, 자가 제조 발효액 또는 미생물제 등을 2~3일 간격으로 관비형태로 시용하였다. 오이 묘의 정식은 경운 로타리 후 정식하였다. 하우스 내 볏짚의 시용은 월동기 토양온도를 증진시키거나 높게 유지하는 역할을 하며, 공기의 유통과 뿌리 뻗음을 좋게하고, 특히 토양 중 염류와 영양성분들의 집적을 방지하거나 감소시키는 역할을 하는 것으로 조사되었다. 오이 촉성재배시 호당 평균수량은 $168,000kg\;ha^{-1}$ 이었고, 평균 조수익은 381,000 천원 $ha^{-1}$ 이었으며, 반촉성재배 시 평균수량은 $115,000kg\;ha^{-1}$ 으로, 평균 조수익은 177,000 천원 $ha^{-1}$ 이었다. 농가의 소득은 월동기인 12~ 3월의 오이 가격이 높아 농가소득에 영향이 큰 것으로 조사되었다.

• 한국사회복지학
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• 제67권2호
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• pp.85-112
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• 2015

이 연구는 저소득층이 디스트레스를 완화하기 위해 사회복지사를 비롯한 전문가로부터 도움을 추구하고자 결정하는 데 기여하는 개인 및 사회인지 요인들의 구조를 살펴보고 보다 적절한 모형을 선정하여 사회복지실천에 유용한 지식을 얻고자 하였다. 편의표집에 의한 저소득층 331명의 자료를 구조방정식모형으로 계획행동이론(TPB)을 응용한 기본모형과 확장된 모형 두 단계로 분석하였다. 우선 TPB 기본모형의 분석을 통해 사회인식을 반영하는 주관적 규범, 도움추구에 대한 긍정적 태도, 자신의 행동통제력 순서로 추구의도에 정적으로 기여하고 다시 의도는 추구결정에 정적인 기여를, 행동통제력은 추구결정에 부적 기여를 하는 것으로 나타났다. 다음 단계로, 디스트레스와 가족지지의 영향을 포함하고 합리적 행동계획인 의도(intention)와 함께 상황에 대한 반응으로서 자진 추구의사(willingness) 경로를 포함하여 확장한 모형을 탐색적으로 검토하였다. 확장모형의 경로분석에서 디스트레스와 가족 지지 각각은 도움추구에 대한 태도, 주관적 규범, 행동통제력에 상당한 수준으로 정적 영향을 주었다. 태도와 주관적 규범은 추구의도와 의사 각각에 유의한 정적 영향을, 행동통제력은 추구의사에 정적 영향을, 추구결정에는 부적 영향을, 그리고 의도는 추구결정에 정적인 직접효과를 보였다. 행동통제력이 추구의사를 통해 추구의도에 미치는 간접효과와 추구의사가 의도를 통해 추구결정에 미치는 간접효과가 유의하였다. 이러한 결과들은 TPB 모형이 저소득층의 전문가 도움추구와 관련되는 개인 및 사회인지 요인들의 관계구조 파악에 유용함을 시사하였고, 특히 주관적 규범의 영향력을 통해 사회인지의 중요성이 함의되었다. 나아가 저소득층의 특수성을 살릴 수 있는 확장모형의 필요성과 함께 행동통제력과 자진 추구의사가 시사하는 클라이언트의 자기의지의 중요성과 활용 등 사회복지실천을 위한 함의를 제시하였다.

• 대한간호학회지
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• 제18권2호
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• pp.162-188
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• 1988

The purpose of this study is to guide the direction of the Korean nursing education to analysize ⑴ the philosophy and objectives ⑵ curriculum, and ⑶ educational environment. This analysis is based on the data from 50 nursing schools (14 4-year colleges and 35 3-year colleges) The survey was conducted from Dec. 1986 through Jan. 1987 by mail. 1) Educational philosophy and objectives 10 4-year colleges and 8 3-year college program have curricular philosoph. Most popular curricular philosophies are human beings, health, nursing, nursology, nursing education, nurses role in the present and in the future. 10 nursing schools mentioned that human being is the subject to interact with : environment physically, mentally and socially. 2 schools mentioned that health is the state of functioning well physically, mentally and socially. 13 schools mentioned that the nursing is the dynamic act to maintain and to promote the highest possible level of health. 4 schools mentioned that the nursology is an applied science. 4 schools mentioned that nursing education is the process to induce the behavioural changes based on the individual ability. There is different opinion about the nurses' role between 4-year college and 3-year college. In the responses from 4-year colleges they focus on the leadership in effective changes, self-regulating and self-determining responsibilities, applying the new technology, continuing education, and participation in research to further nursing knowledge. In the responses from 3-year colleges, they focus on the education in college, primary health care nursing, direct care provider and public health education. Among 50 respondents 40 schools have educational goals which can be divided into two categories. One is to establish the moral and the other is to develop the professionalism. 2) Curriculm The analsis of curriculum is only based on the data from the 4-year colleges because the most of 3-year colleges follow the curriculum guideline set by the Ministry of Education. a) Comparison of the credits in cultural subject and in nursing major. The average required credit for graduation is 154.6 and the median credit is the range of 140-149. The average credit of cultural subjects is 43.4. In detail, the average number of credit of required course and elective courses are 24.1 and 19.3 respectively. The average credit for major subject is 111.2. In detail, the average credit for required courses and electives course are 100.9 and 10.4 respectively. In 5 colleges, students are offered even on elective course b) Comparison of the credit by class. The average earned credits are as follows : 41.1 in freshman, 400 in sophormore 38.3 in junior and 32.4 in senior. Cultural subjects are studied in early phases. c) Comparison of the compulsory and elective cultural subject by institute. The range of credit is 7-43 in compulsory cultural subjects and there are lot of differences among institutions. While all respondents require liberal arts as compulsary subjects, few respondents lists social science, natural science and behavioral science as required subjects. Social science-related subjects are frequently chosen as cultural subjects d) Distribution of creditsin cultural subjects by institute. The liberal art subjects are taught in 20 institute. English and physical education courses are taught in all instituions. The social science subjects are taught in 15 colleges and the basic Psycology and the Basic sociology are the most popular subjects. The natural science subjects are taught in 7 colleges and Biology and Chemistry are the most popular subjects among them. e) Distribution of credits in major basic courses by institute. Most of the institutes select Anatomy, Microbiology, Physiology, biochemistry and Pathology as basic major courses. f) Comparison of the required and elective courses for nursing major by institutions. Subjects and credit ranges in major are varing by institute. More than half of the respondents select the following subjects as required major subjects. (1) Adults Health Nursing and Practice (19.5 credits) (2) Mother and Child Care and Practice (8.9 credits) (3) Community Health Care and Practice (8.5 credits) (4) Psychiatric Nursing Care and Practice (8.1 credits) (5) Nursing Management and Practice (3.9 credits) (6) Fundamental of Nursing, Nursing Research and Health Assessment and Practice. Three institutions select Introduction to nursing, Rehabilitation Nursing, School Nursing, Public Health Nursing, Nursing English, Communication, Human Development as electives in nursing major. 3) Educational environment a) Nursing institution There are forty-three 3-year colleges and seventeen 4-year colleges and 81.4% of which are private b) Number of students and faculty 19.2% of the students are in 4-year colleges and 80.8% of the students are in 3-year colleges. In 4-year colleges, the number of nursing faculty members is in the other of assistant professor, instructor and professor. In 3-year colleges, the orderiis lecturer, associate professor, full time instructor and assistant professor. In 4-year colleges, 18.8 students are allocated per nursing faculty and in 3-year colleges, 33.1 students are allocated per nursing faculty. c) Clinical practices 66.7% of the 4-year colleges practice over 1201 hours in clinic and 28.5% of 3-year colleges practice over 1201 hours in clinic. In 4-year colleges, 11.5 students are allocated per nursing faculty and in 3-year colleges,17 students are allocated per nursing faculty The survey shows no difference in the procedure between 4-year colleges and 3-year colleges but 3-year colleges choose the more variety practicing site such as special hospital and community health clinic. d) Audiovisual facilities The survey shows a lot of difference in audiovisual facilities among institution and 3-year colleges are less equipped than 4-year colleges.

• 농촌의학ㆍ지역보건
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• 제12권1호
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• pp.5-27
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• 1987

It is widely recognized that primary health care in the community is one of the most important and effective health measures in these days. However, it is reality that unsatisfactory health care system, ineffective utilization of health care by the community people in the rural area are hampering better understanding for primary health care. Therefore promoting health for the rural people and increasing understanding about primary health care, the baseline survey in the community focused in examination for safe community water supply was carried out. The survey was conducted through August 25-31, 1986 in order to find out health problems and relevant factors and to define the demographic characteristics of $^*$Sanpuk village, Kumsa-Myun, Yuju-Gun, Kyunggi-Do, Korea. Household survey was carried out for every home by trained interviewers. The major results are found out as follows : 1) 84.2%(400 houses) of total households were surveyed because 15.8%(75 houses) were unable to survey due to either refusal against interview or absence of family. These 400 households were composed of 1,697 residents(male:830, female 867). Educational level of respondents showed 34.1% as elementary school graduated. Religion distribution showed Buddism(23.8%) as the most dominant. 50.7% of respondents married in the area. 2) Most households(91.5%) have lived in their own house in Sanpuk area. Average family size showed 4.3. More than half of residents(64.2%) have used public supplied water tap. Only 1.5% of the households had a flush toliet. The rest of households have still used primitive insanitary latrines. 3) 32.5% of residents have used gas burner for cooking and for heating in the house, and the coal briquet were used for boiler. Lack of convenient public transportation was the chief complaint for their day life. 4) Each household occupied 1,990 pyungs of rice paddy and 1,170 pyungs of ordinary field in average. Beside farming products, mushroom was the highest product. 5) Sixth percent of households in the survey area regularly participated in community meeting one hand and on the other hand 39.5% never participated. Most of respondents closely contacted with their neighbours and they seemed very friendly each other. 6) The prevalence rate of illness and injury during recent 15 days showed 48.3 per 1,000. The prevalence rate of chronic illnesses during the past one year showed 74 per 1,000. Injury and accident lead the higher portion(22.0%) in the former and in the latter pain(arthritis, back-pain) showed 27.0% as the dominant sickness. 87.8% of the ill residents in the former received medical treatment. As the most frequently utilized medical facility, the clinic or hospital were counted. Among the residents suffering from chronic illnesses, 77.3% in Sanpuk area get some kind of medical treatments and they rarely utilized the clinic or hospital. The reason why the patient did not receive any medical care was found out the fact that symptoms of illness was light or mild and economic problems was serious. 7) Average age of marriage showed 21.6 years old in the women and the average duration of marital period was shown for 15.1 years. The married woman in reproductive age in Sanpuk area had experienced pregnancies 4 times in the aver-age including 0.7 time of pregnancy in average were interrupted by induced abortion and 0.3 time by spontaneous abortion respectively. The practicing rate of the family planning of the married woman during reproductive ages showed 70.7% and the tuballigation was found out as the most frequently used contraceptives. 8) Among woman who has children under 2 years old, 70.0% had received the prenatal care for the last pregnancy. However, the average number of prenatal care visitis per woman showed 3.3 times. Fifty-two % of woman who received the postnatal care for the last delivery showed only 37.5%. 9) Immunization rate of the children under 2 years old showed relatively high and looked successful. The breast feeding for these children showed dominantly in the most. Most of the mothers in Sanpuk area had started the supplementary diet during weaning period of their infants of 6th and 7th month after birth. * : Sanpuk area is a demstration area for community development which has been supported by the Community Development Foundation during the part 10 years. The village is relatively closer to urban area such as Seoul, However, it has a similar characteristics shown as a remote village because of geographical location and inconvenient transportation at present.