• Journal of Animal Science and Technology
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• v.60 no.2
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• pp.3.1-3.9
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• 2018

Background: Poultry breeding has increased by 306% in Korea, inevitably increasing the production of manure which may contribute to environmental pollution. The nutrients (NP) in the manure are essential for crop cultivation and soil fertility when applied as compost. Excess nutrients from manure can be accumulated on the land and can lead to eutrophication. Therefore, a nutrient load on the finite land should be calculated. Methods: This study calculates the nutrient production from Korean poultry by investigating 11 broiler and 16 laying hen farms. The broiler manure was composted using deep litter composting while for layer deep litter composting, drying, and simple static pile were in practice. The effect of weight reduction and storing period during composting was checked. Three weight reduction cases of compost were constructed to calculate nutrient loading coefficients (NLCs) using data from; i) farm investigation, ii) theoretical P changes (${\Delta}P=0$), and iii) dry basis. Results: During farm investigation of broiler and layer with deep litter composting, there was a 68 and 21% N loss whereas 77 and 33% P loss was found, respectively. In case of layer composting, a loss of 10-56% N and a 52% P loss was observed. Drying manure increased the P concentrations therefore NLCs calculated using dry basis that showed quite higher reductions (67% N; 53% P). Nutrient loss from farm investigation was much higher than reported by Korean Ministry of Environment (ME). Conclusions: Nutrients in manure are decreased when undergo storing or composting process due to microbial action, drying, and leaching. The nutrient load applied to soil is less than the fresh manure, hence the livestock manure management and conservation of environment would be facilitated.

• Korean Journal of Poultry Science
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• v.31 no.4
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• pp.221-228
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• 2004

This study was conducted to determine the effects of two chemical additives on nitrogen (N) and soluble reactive phosphorus (SRP) contents in litter (rice hull) after broiler chicks were raised for 42 days. Two different additives were applied as a top dressing to the litter at a rate of 200 g ferrous sulfate $(FeSO_4)$ or 200 g aluminum sulfate [$Al_2(SO_4)_3$ $\cdot$ $14H_2O$, Alum] per kg litter, while the control group did not have the two chemicals added to the litter. A total of 64 broiler chicks (4 treatments$\times$4 replicates$\times$4 birds) were fed the experimental diets for 6 weeks. There was no difference in pH between the two chemical treatments and control group, but SRP content was significantly affected on it (P<0.01). SRP contents from ferrous sulfate and alum treated litter at 6 weeks were reduced by $79\%$ and $60\%$, respectively, as the two chemical treatments decreased the pH compared to the control group. In the ferrous sulfate treated litter, EC, TC, $NH_4-N$, $NO_3$-N, and IN contents did not show any difference between $FeSO_4$ treatment and control. However, the differences between $FeSO_4$ treatment and control were found in moisture, TN, ON, AN, PAN, C:N, and C:ON contents (P<0.01). As seen in the alum treated litter, there were differences in moisture, TC, TN, $NH_4-N$, IN, AN, PAN, and C:N contents between alum treatment and control (P<0.05 and 0.01) but no differences in EC, $NO_3-N$, ON, and C:ON. In conclusion, the results of this research show that ferrous sulfate and alum-treatment of poultry litter has the potential to increase N and reduce SRP content by lowering litter pH and moisture content.

• Proceedings of the Korea Society of Poultry Science Conference
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• 2002.11a
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• pp.103-105
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• 2002

This study was conducted to determine how broiler performance with the level of crude protein(23 CP%, 21 CP% and 19 CP%) can be changed and affected, adding Alum(Al$_{2}$(SO$_{4}$)$_{3}$ㆍ14H$_{2}$O) and no Alum in litter(two ALUM levels and 3 Protein levels with 2$\times$3 factorial design). Alum was added as a top dressing to the litter at a rate of 200g ALUM / kg of rice bran. With the exception of the protein levels for feed ：gain(P〈 0.05), there were no significant differences in feed intake, weight gain and feed ：gain of chicks. For ammonia gas emission, both the main effects of Alum and protein(P〈 0.01 and 0.05) at 3weeks and interaction between Alum and protein(P〈 0.05), the main effect of Alum(P〈 0.01) at 6weeks did affected them. In litter excluded the main effects of Alum(P〈 0.05), there was a significant difference among N contents ranged from pH to the rate of C： Organic-N(P〈 0.01).

• Korean Journal of Poultry Science
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• v.30 no.4
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• pp.253-257
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• 2003

The suitability of processed cardboard(PC) as litter of broiler house was evaluated by comparing the growth performances of broiler chicks reared on the PC with those of birds reared on conventional rice hull litter(RH) as the control group. A total of 180 male broiler chick (5d old, Ross) were randomly divided into 2 groups and placed into 2 types of litter, PC and RH, with 3 replicates of 30 birds per replicate. Commercial broiler feeds and water were provided ad libitum for 5 weeks. The body weight gains of the birds reared on PC were heavier than those on RH(P<0.05). The average feed conversion rate of chicks reared on PC was appeared to be improved as compared to that of the control. The Enterobacter aerogens counts in PC were significantly rduced than those in the control litter(P<0.05), but a total number of Salmonella and E. coli were not affected by the litter materials. No difference was observed between the average moisture contents of the litters. The average mortality of the chicks reared on PC was significantly lower than that of RH(P<0.05). The results indicate that processed cardboard can substitute other conventional litter materials when the others are in short supply or expensive.

• Journal of Animal Environmental Science
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• v.10 no.3
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• pp.183-188
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• 2004

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• v.30 no.10
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• pp.1500-1506
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• 2017

Objective: High $NH_3$ emissions from poultry houses are reported to have negative impacts on health, welfare and safety of birds and humans, and on the environment. Objective of the present study was to determine the effects of two litter amendments on the $NH_3$ levels in broiler closed houses under hot-humid conditions. Methods: Giving a completely randomize design, nine closed houses, each housed 32,500 birds on paddy husk litter, were randomly allocated into two treatment (Mizuho; a bacterial culture mix and Rydall OE; an enzymatic biocatalyst) and control groups. $NH_3$ levels were determined thrice a day (0600, 1200, and 1800 h), at three heights from the litter surface (30, 90, and 150 cm), at 20 predetermined locations of a house, from day 1 to 41. Results: Rydall significantly reduced the $NH_3$ level compared to control and Mizuho. $NH_3$ levels at 30 cm were significantly higher than that of 90 and 150 cm. The $NH_3$ levels at 30 cm height were higher than 25 ppm level from day 9, 11, and 13 in Mizuho, control, and Rydall groups, respectively to day 41. $NH_3$ levels at 150 cm height were higher than maximum threshold limit of 50 ppm for human exposure from day 12, 14, and 15 in Mizuho, control, and Rydall groups, respectively to day 33. Being significantly different among each other, the $NH_3$ level was highest and lowest at 0600 and 1800 h. Litter amendments had no significant effects on growth performance. Rydall significantly increased the litter N content on day 24. Conclusion: It was concluded that the $NH_3$ levels of closed house broiler production facilities under tropical condition are so high that both birds and workers are exposed to above recommended levels during many days of the growing period. Compared to microbial culture, the enzymatic biocatalyst was found to be more effective in reducing $NH_3$ level.

• Korean Journal of Agricultural Science
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• v.50 no.4
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• pp.603-616
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• 2023

This study was conducted to investigate the productivity, meat quality, blood variables, stress responses, and litter quality of broilers offered feed with different levels of Glycine (Gly) supplementation under heat stress condition. A total of 760 one-day-old Ross 308 broiler males were randomly assigned to one of the four dietary treatment groups: (1) basal diet (control; CON); (2) basal diet + Gly 0.1% (Gly 0.1%); (3) basal diet + Gly 0.2% (Gly 0.2%); and (4) basal diet + Gly 0.3% (Gly 0.3%). The environments for all the treatments groups were maintained according to broiler rearing guidelines from day 1 to day 21, and heat stress condition (32 ± 1℃, 60 ±5%) was created from day 22 to the end. The addition of Gly increased weight gain and affected feed intake (p < 0.05). Gly 0.1% group had higher pH and ferric reducing antioxidant power (FRAP) in the chicken meat and lower heterophil (HE)/lymphocyte (LY) ratio in the blood (p < 0.05). In particular, Gly 0.2% treatment group had lower serum corticosterone level (p < 0.05) than other groups. For jejunum morphology, the addition of Gly 0.2% significantly reduced the depth of the crypts (p < 0.05). However, the addition of Gly did not significantly affect litter quality (p > 0.05). In conclusion, the addition of glycine improved productivity and meat quality, alleviated heat stress, and improved intestinal function. Further studies are needed to determine the optimal level and mechanism of action of the additive when ingested.

• Journal of Animal Science and Technology
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• v.61 no.2
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• pp.87-97
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• 2019

Phytate induced excessive mineral excretion through poultry litter leads to poor performance and environmental pollution. Exogenous microbial phytase supplementation to poultry diets reduce the environmental excretion of nutrient and improve bird's performance. However, excessive dietary sodium (Na) level may hinder the phytase-mediated phytate hydrolysis and negate the beneficial effects of phytase. Therefore, this experiment was conducted to investigate the effects of different concentration dietary Na on phytase activity and subsequent impact on broiler performance, bone mineralisation and nutrient utilisation. In this study, six experimental diets, consisting of three different levels of Na (1.5, 2.5, or 3.5 g/kg) and two levels of microbial phytase (0 or 500 U/kg) were formulated by using $3{\times}2$ factorial design. The six experimental diets were offered to 360 day-old Ross 306 male chicks for 35 days, where, each experimental diet consisted of 6 replicates groups with 10 birds. Along with growth performance, nutrient utilization, intestinal enzyme activity, dry matter (DM) content of litter and mineral status in bone were analysed. Dietary Na and phytase had no effect on bode weight gain and feed intake. Birds on the low Na diet showed higher (p < 0.05) feed conversion ratio (FCR) than the mid-Na diets. High dietary Na adversely affected (p < 0.001) excreta DM content. Phytase supplementation to the high-Na diet increased (p < 0.01) the litter ammonia content. High dietary Na with phytase supplementation improved ($Na{\times}phytase$, p < 0.05) the AME value and ileal digestibility of Ca and Mg. The total tract retention of Ca, P, and Mg was reduced with high Na diet, which was counteracted by phytase supplementation ($Na{\times}phytase$, p < 0.001). The diets containing mid-level of Na improved (p < 0.001) the function of Na-K-ATPase and Mg-ATPase in the jejunum. The overall results indicate that high dietary Na did not affect phytase activity but influenced the nutrient utilization of birds, which was not reflected in bird overall performance.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• v.12 no.4
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• pp.642-650
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• 1999

Options available for utilization of animal wastes include sources of plant nutrients, feed ingredients for farm animals, substrate for methane generation, and substrate for microbial and insect protein synthesis. The wastes have the most economic value for use as animal feed. Performance of animals fed diets containing animal wastes is similar to that of animals fed conventional diets. Processing of animal wastes to be used as animal feed is necessary for destruction of pathogens, improvement of handling and storage characteristics, and maintenance or enhancement of palatability. Feeding of animal waste has not adversely affected the quality and taste of animal products. In the USA copper toxicity has been reported in sheep fed high-copper poultry litter, but this is not a serious problem with cattle. Potential pathogenic microorganisms in animal wastes are destroyed by processing such as heat treatment, ensiling and deep stacking. Incidents of botulism, caused by Clostridium botulinum, have been reported in cattle in some countries, and this problem was caused by the presence of poultry carcasses in litter. This problem has not occurred in the USA. With appropriate withdrawal, heavy metal, pesticide or medicinal drug accumulation in edible tissues of animals fed animal wastes is not a problem. Feeding of animal wastes is regulated by individual states in the USA. The practice is regulated in Canada, also. With good management, animal wastes can be used safely as animal feed.

• Journal of Animal Environmental Science
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• v.14 no.3
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• pp.167-174
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• 2008

This survey was conducted to investigate housing types of Korean native cattle and beef cattle farms in Korea. The farm sized over 50 heads of cattle, 7,433 farms were surveyed. Regarding housing types for Korean native cattle and beef cattle, litter barn, freestall, mooring+litter ground and others accounted for 87.1, 9.8, 3.0, and 2.9 %, respectively. Most of Korean native cattle and beef cattle farms (94.7%) used litter floor rather than scraper. As for roof types, slate, panel, iron plate, galvanized plate, colored iron plate and sunlight represented 32.2, 13.7, 12.2, 10.2, 9.7, and 8.9 %, respectively. Open side wall type and winch curtain were 55.6, and 47.6 %, respectively. Bigger farms seemed to used more winch curtain than open style. Utilization period of automatic feeder, waterer, electric facility, and cooling facility was 6.7, 8.0, 8.5, and 6.0 years, respectively.