• Nuclear Engineering and Technology
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• 제55권8호
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• pp.2977-2983
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• 2023

During normal operation, some parts of the fission product in the defective fuel rods can release into the primary loops in PWR and the escape rate coefficients are widely used to assess quantitatively the release behaviors of fission products in the industry. The escape rate coefficients have been standardized and have been validated by some drilling experiments before the 1970s. In the paper, the model to determine the escape rate coefficients of fission products has been established and the typical escape rate coefficients of noble gas and iodine have been deduced based on the measured radiochemical data in one operating PWR. The result shows that the apparent escape rate coefficients vary with the release-to-birth and decay constants for different fission products of the same element. In addition, it is found that the escape rate coefficients from the defective rod with large defects are much higher than the standard escape rate coefficients, i.e., averagely 4.4 times and 1.8 times for noble gas and iodine respectively. The enhanced release of fission products from the severe secondary hydriding of several defective fuel rods in one cycle may lead to the potential risk of the temporary shutdown of the operating reactors.

• Physical Therapy Rehabilitation Science
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• 제13권1호
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• pp.124-133
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• 2024

Objective: This study aims to investigate the immediate effects of myofascial release and Duoball assisted self-relaxation (DASR) techniques on pain and muscle tension in patients experiencing chronic cervical pain. Design: A randomized controlled trial. Methods: This study is a randomized controlled experimental study. Eighteen patients with chronic neck pain who met the selection criteria were randomly assigned to myofascial release group and myofascial release group using Duoball. Results: The frequency results for assessment muscle tension showed a decrease of about 10% in the suboccipital muscle, SCM, Pect m, UT, and LS in both the MFR and DASR groups, and the stiffness results showed a decrease in all muscles except the upper trapezius in the MFR group and the DASR group. All were found to decrease by about 10% in the suboccipital muscle, SCM, Pect m, UT, and LS, and the decrement results showed an increase of about 15% in the suboccipital muscle, SCM, Pect m, UT, and LS in both the MFR and DASR groups(p<0.05). Conclusions: In patients experiencing chronic neck pain, application of MFR and duoball assisted self relaxion was shown to be effective on pain and muscle tension. MFR is a non-pharmacological intervention method with few potential side effects and is considered a universal and easily applicable treatment method.

• Biotechnology and Bioprocess Engineering:BBE
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• 제9권6호
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• pp.476-481
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• 2004

The aim of this study was to formulate a sustained release system for indomethacin (IND) with rosin gum obtained from a pine tree. Rosin microparticles were prepared by a disper­sion and dialysis method without the addition of surfactant. In order to investigate the influence of solvents on the formation of colloidal microparitcles, various solvents like ethanol, DMF, DMAc, and acetone were used. The rosin microparticles containing IND were characterized by X­ray differactometry (XRD) and differential scanning calorimetry (DSC). The morphologies of rosin microparticles observed by scanning electron microscopy (SEM) were spherical. The solvents used to dissolve rosin significantly affected the drug content and drug release rate of IND. The release behaviors of IND from the rosin microparticles were dependent on the drug content and size of the particles. Rosin micorparticles with a higher drug content and of a larger particle size had a slower drug release rate. Also, the IND release rate from the rosin microparticles could be regulated by the rosin content in the microparticles. From these results, rosin microparticles have the potential of being used as a sustained release system of IND.

• Journal of Pharmaceutical Investigation
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• 제23권1호
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• pp.19-26
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• 1993

The purpose of this paper is to explore the possible applicability of alginate beads as an oral controlled release system of polymeric drugs. Cellulase was used as a model polymeric drug. The release of cellulase from alginate beads was moderately affected by the ratio of cellulase to sodium alginate and strongly affected by $CaCl_2$ concentration. However, the release was not particularly affected by the other factors such as sodium alginate concentration and curing time. The drug was not released from alginate beads at pH 1.2, but was released continuously up to 8 hr at pH 6.8. At pH 6.8, the beads were swollen highly up to 3 hr, thereafter, were eroded into the bulk solution up to 6 hr, completely. Drug release from the beads can be caused due to diffusion and erosion of the matrix. Activity of cellulase was reduced when alginate beads containing cellulase were stored in simulated gastric juice. Further investigation would be necessary to improve the acid resistance of the beads. Since the release of cellulase as a model polymeric drug could be controlled by the regulation of the preparation conditions of alginate beads, the alginate beads may be used for a potential oral controlled release system of such polymeric drugs as polypeptide drugs.

• Journal of Advanced Marine Engineering and Technology
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• 제39권9호
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• pp.918-922
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• 2015

선박으로부터 배출되는 오염원과 온실가스에 대한 국제적 규제가 점점 더 강화되어 감에 따라, 액화 천연 가스를 선박의 연료로 사용하는데 대한 관심이 높아져 가고 있다. 본 연구는 액화 천연 가스 연료 선박에서 사용되는 두 가지 방식의 연료 가스 공급 장치에 대하여 폭발 잠재 위험 분석을 수행하였다. 8500 TEU 급 컨테이너 선박을 목표 선박으로 선정하여, 액화 천연 가스 저장 탱크를 설계하였고 각 연료 공급 방식의 운전을 위한 압력 조건을 가정하였다. 누출공의 크기를 세 개의 범주로 분류하여, 각 누출공 크기 범주에 대한 누출 빈도를 산출하였고, 대표 누출공의 크기와 누출량을 추산하였다. 방출률의 증가와 누출 빈도는 역비례 관계를 보였으며, 펌프 방식 연료 공급 장치에서는 누출 빈도가 높게 나타났고, 가압 방식 연료 공급 장치에서는 방출률이 높게 나타났다. 전산 유체 역학 시뮬레이션을 통하여 폭발 잠재 위험 분석을 수행하고 각 연료 공급 장치에 대한 결과를 비교하였다.

• 한국진공학회:학술대회논문집
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• 한국진공학회 2014년도 제46회 동계 정기학술대회 초록집
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• pp.411.1-411.1
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• 2014

This study evaluates the utility of an antibacterial microneedle composed of green tea extract (GT) and hyaluronic acid (HA), for the efficient delivery of GT. These microneedles have the potential to be a patient-friendly method for the conventional sustained release of drugs. In this study, a fabrication method using a mold-based technique to produce GT/HA microneedles with a maximum area of ${\sim}60mm^2$ with antibacterial properties was used to manufacture transdermal drug delivery systems. Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectrometry was carried out to observe the potential modifications in the microneedles, when incorporated with GT. The degradation rate of GT in GT/HA microneedles was controlled simply by adjusting the HA composition. The effects of different ratios of GT in the HA microneedles were determined by measuring the release properties. In HA microneedles loaded with 70% GT (GT70), a continuous higher release rate were sustained for 72 h. The in vitro cytotoxicity assays demonstrated that GT/HA microneedles are not generally cytotoxic to chinese hamster ovary cells (CHO-K1), human embryonic kidney cells (293T), and mouse muscle cells (C2C12), which were treated for 12 and 24 h. Antimicrobial activity of the GT/HA microneedles was demonstrated by ~95% growth reduction of gram negative [Escherichia coli (E. coli), Pseudomonas putida (P. putida) and Salmonella typhimurium (S. typhimurium)] and gram positive bacteria [Staphylococcus aureus (S. Aureus) and Bacillus subtilis (B. subtilis)], with GT70. Furthermore, GT/HA microneedles reduced bacterial growth in the infected skin wound sites and improved skin wound healing process in rat model.

• International Journal of Oral Biology
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• 제46권3호
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• pp.119-126
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• 2021

Activation of transient receptor potential vanilloid 1 (TRPV1), a calcium permeable channel expressed in primary sensory neurons, induces the release of glutamate from their central and peripheral afferents during normal acute and pathological pain. However, little information is available regarding the glutamate release mechanism associated with TRPV1 activation in primary sensory neurons. To address this issue, we investigated the expression of vesicular glutamate transporter (VGLUT) in TRPV1-immunopositive (+) neurons in the rat trigeminal ganglion (TG) under normal and complete Freund's adjuvant (CFA)-induced inflammatory pain conditions using behavioral testing as well as double immunofluorescence staining with antisera against TRPV1 and VGLUT1 or VGLUT2. TRPV1 was primarily expressed in small and medium-sized TG neurons. TRPV1+ neurons constituted approximately 27% of all TG neurons. Among all TRPV1+ neurons, the proportion of TRPV1+ neurons coexpressing VGLUT1 (VGLUT1+/TRPV1+ neurons) and VGLUT2 (VGLUT2+/TRPV1+ neurons) was 0.4% ± 0.2% and 22.4% ± 2.8%, respectively. The proportion of TRPV1+ and VGLUT2+ neurons was higher in the CFA group than in the control group (TRPV1+ neurons: 31.5% ± 2.5% vs. 26.5% ± 1.2%, VGLUT2+ neurons: 31.8% ± 1.1% vs. 24.6% ± 1.5%, p < 0.05), whereas the proportion of VGLUT1+, VGLUT1+/TRPV1+, and VGLUT2+/TRPV1+ neurons did not differ significantly between the CFA and control groups. These findings together suggest that VGLUT2, a major isoform of VGLUTs, is involved in TRPV1 activation-associated glutamate release during normal acute and inflammatory pain.

• 품질경영학회지
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• 제17권2호
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• pp.27-35
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• 1989

Software developers often allocate a significant amount of effort to software testing. But for most business-related software system it is natural to expect the continued discovery of defects after the software system is released into field. Such defects are usually very expensive to fix and have the potential to cause great damages to the users. It is important to stop testing the software and release it to the users at the correct time. In this paper, we propose the determination of the optimal number of software test oy minimizing a total expected software cost. A numerical example is used when the criterion is the expected profit. The result indicates that the proposed software release policy based on the number of software test can be a good alternative to the existing policy.

• Natural Product Sciences
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• 제10권5호
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• pp.240-243
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• 2004

In the present study, the alcoholic extract of Terminalia arjuna (TA) and Arjunolic acid (AA) were studied fur its anti-asthmatic and anaphylactic activity. Treatment with TA (250 & 500 mg/kg) and AA (50 & 100 mg/kg) has shown significant protection against mast cell disruption in rats induced by compound 48/80. TA and AA also protected the guinea pig against histamine as well as acetylcholine induced bronchospasm. Both TA & AA exhibited better protection against histamine release than against acetylcholine release. Anti-asthmatic and anaphylactic activity may be possibly due to membrane stabilizing potential and inhibition of antigen induced histamine and acetylcholine release.

• The Korean Journal of Ecology
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• 제26권6호
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• pp.335-340
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• 2003

Patterns of mass loss and nutrient release from decomposing oak (Quercus mongolica) and mixed litters (Q. mongolica, Betula schmidtii, Acer pseudo-sieboldianum, Kalopanx pictus and Tilia amurensis) in a natural hardwood forest in Gyebangsan (Mt.) were examined using litterbags placed on the forest floor for 869 days. Mass loss rates from decomposing litter were consistently higher in mixed litter (59%) than in oak litter types (52%) during the study period. Nutrient concentrations such as nitrogen (N), phosphorus (P), potassium (K), and magnesium (Mg) from decomposing litter were also higher in mixed litter than in oak litter types. Nutrient concentrations (N, P, Ca, and Mg) increased compared with initial concentration of litter, while K concentrations dropped rapidly at the first 5 months and then stabilized. The results suggest that mas loss and nutrient release obtained from decomposing litter of single species in mixed hardwood forest ecosystem should be applied with caution because of the potential differences of mass loss and nutrient release between single litter and mixed litter types.