• 자원환경지질
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• 제56권1호
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• pp.75-85
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• 2023

The potential sources and spatial distribution of heavy metals and polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) were investigated in the leaf plants of Al-Zubair city. A total of 14 samples of conocarpus lancifolius plant leaf were collected and analyzed for their heavy metals and PAHs content using inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry (ICP-MS) and a 7890 Agilent capillary gas chromatograph (GC) respectively. Bioaccumulation factor calculation revealed the highest pollution of heavy metals , due to the activity of a petrochemical in the area. The diagnostic ratio of Ant/(Phe+Ant), BaA/BaA+Chr), In/(In+BghiP), Flu/Pyr, FlA/FlA+Pyr), FlA/FlA+Pyr), ∑LMW/∑HMW are commonly used for determining the origin and source of PAHs in various environmental media. The diagnostic ratio indicated the anthropogenic origin. PAHs with five-to-six membered rings were dominant in the plant leaf, which likely results from anthropogenic activities. The leaves of C. lancifolius have a preponderance of high molecular weight PAHs compared to low molecular weight PAHs, indicating a combustion origin (car exhaust, petroleum emissions, and fossil fuel). C. lancifolius leaves are a reliable indication of atmospheric PAHs absorption. The background level of heavy metals in the city (or the near environment) is in the order of Fe > Cu > Ni > Cr. On the other hand, the bioaccumulation in plant leaves showed greater tendencies as follows: Co>Cd>Zn=As>Cu>Mn>Ni>Pb>Cr>Fe. Cobalt showed high bioaccumulation, indicating strong uptake of Co by plant leaves. These findings point to human activity and car emissions as the primary sources of roadside vegetation pollution in Al-Zubair city.

• 한국수산과학회지
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• 제56권6호
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• pp.798-809
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• 2023

In this study, we evaluated the impacts of land-based pollution sources on seawater and shellfish in the Jindongman area after 20.5 mm and 90.6 mm rainfall events. We analyzed sanitary indicator microorganisms used in survey management, such as total coliform, fecal coliform, Escherichia coli, and male-specific coliphage in Waste water treatment plant (WWTP), major inland pollution source,s seawater, and shellfish for 4 days after rainfall events. Our results showed that the range of coliform group and fecal coliform was 1.8-49 and <1.8-4.5 MPN (most probable number)/100 mL, respectively, after rainfall events in WWTP discharge water. Furthermore, the radius of the calculated impacted area of major inland pollution sources ranged from 5 to 798 m after 20.5 mm of rainfall and 30 to 1,031 m after 90.6 mm of rainfall. The fecal coliform of seawater at 30 stations in the shellfish growing area and areas adjacent to four stations was <1.8-130 and from <1.8-79 MPN/100 mL, respectively. The E. coli level of shellfish at 7 stations in the shellfish growing area was <18-220 MPN/100 g.

• Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences
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• 제13권2호
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• pp.157-166
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• 2010

We investigated the benthic polychaete assemblage in Gwangyang Bay and Yeosu Sound in February 1997. The sediment was an almost entirely muddy facies. The benthic macrofauna comprised 295 species occurring at a mean density of 875 $indiv./m^2$. Polychaetes were the major faunal component; there were 94 species at mean density 765 $indiv./m^2$. The highest abundance and species richness occurred in the Myodo south and north channels, in the mouth of Gwangyang Bay, and in the Noryang channel mouth. The most abundant polychaete was Tharyx sp. (47.9%), followed in rank order by Heteromastus filiformis (9.6%), Melinna cristata (9.3%), and Lumbrineris longifolia (7.3%). Cluster analysis divided the study area into four station groups based on station similarities in benthic polychaete assemblages: the Glycinde-Prionospio cluster in the western inner bay, the H. filiformis cluster in the middle inner bay, the Melinna-Lumbrineris cluster in the Myodo south-north channel, and the Tharyx cluster in the eastern main channel region. The sediment type of Gwangyang Bay has changed gradually from sandy to muddy. Dominant species have also changed from Chone teres and Lagis bocki to Tharyx sp., which is a potential organic pollution indicator.

• 한국환경보건학회지
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• 제36권2호
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• pp.141-147
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• 2010

Indicator bacteria of fecal pollution were enumerated and compared by various detection methods for influent and final effluent of a sewage treatment plant. Total coliforms were enumerated by four methods including most probable numbers, chromogenic enzyme substrate test, membrane filtration, and plate counts and were about $10^4$ for influent and $10^2{\sim}10^3\;CFU/ml$ for final effluent. Fecal coliforms ranged between $10^3$ and $10^4$ for influent and $10^2\;CFU/ml$ for effluent by chromogenic enzyme substrate test and membrane filtration. Fecal streptococci counts were 1-log less than fecal coliforms counts, $10^2{\sim}10^3$ for influent and $10^1\;CFU/ml$ for effluent. Total coliforms numbers by plate count both in influent and in effluent showed 1-log higher than by the other three methods. Statistical analysis revealed that numbers of total coliforms by plate count in final effluent had the highest average of correlation (r=0.778, p<0.01) compared with those by the other three methods. In addition, total coliforms numbers by plate count showed most significant correlation (r=0.835, p<0.01) with those by chromogenic test which is well-known as its highest recovery efficiency. These results suggest that the plate count would be the optimum detection method for total coliforms in wastewater treatment plants which are the only microbiological standard of final effluent from wastewater treatment plants in the Republic of Korea, considering economic aspects and difficulties in laboratories.

• The Korean Journal of Ecology
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• 제11권1호
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• pp.29-36
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• 1988

This present study has been carried out to examine the correlation between the distribution of the coliform bacterial plasmids and the viability test against heavy metals in the upper stream of Han river(Gapyung; clean water) and the its basin (Anyang Cheon; polluted water). And the distribution of plasmids were examined to be used as trophic indicator for analysis between the clean and polluted waters. 1. A total of 110 isolates were analyzed for the presence of plasmids by means of the boiling method and agarose gel techniques. Plasmids were significantly more frequent in the strains which had been isolated from the clean water (14.3%). Also, there were much higher multiplicity of plasmids at the polluted water(41.0%), compared with the clean water (33.0%). By the comparision between molecular weight of bacterial plasmids in the clean water and those of polluted water, there were no significant differences of the clean water from the polluted water, to such extent as 30.0%, 28.6%, respectively, in frequency for occurrence of high molecular weight plasmids iver 35.8% Mdal. 2. Each isolate was carried out the resistance test for mercury(10-5M), nickel(10-3M) and arsenic (0.1%). At the polluted site, the survival ability of the plasmid-carrying straings(Hg, 31.0%l Ni, 5.7%; As, 65.7%) was higher than that of the non plasmid-carrying strains(Hg, 12.1%; Ni, 3.0%; As, 54.6%). This trend was more remarkable in the clean site (plasmid-carrying strains: 16.7%,-,-). As a result it is suggested that plasmids could be used as an indicator of a certain types of water pollution. In addition, heavy metals might have inflyenced, some extent, to the distribution of plasmids in the environment which has been surveyed in the present study.

• 한국산림과학회지
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• 제87권2호
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• pp.188-193
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• 1998

토양의 pH 변화는 토양의 화학적 특성을 결정하는 중요한 요인이며 도시의 환경오염이 토양과 식물생장에 미치는 영향을 평가할 수 있는 지표가 되기도 한다. 서울지역의 대기오염이 도시림 토양에 미치는 영향을 파악하기 위하여 조사지역을 도심에서 외곽방향으로 5km 간격의 동심원으로 구분하고 도시 외곽지역에서 토양산성화에 차이가 있는지 조사하였다. 각 구역의 도시림에서 토양시료를 A, B층에서 채취하여 토양 pH, 토양완충능력, 양이온치환능력 및 염기포화도를 측정하였다. 토양 pH는 A층에서 3.96~5.08, B층에서 4.10~5.25의 분포를 나타냈다. 도심에서 외곽방향으로 구역간 토양 pH 차이에는 통계적인 유의성이 없었으나 외곽 구역에 비하여 도심 구역에서 토양 pH가 비교적 낮은 경향을 보였다. 토양완충능력은 도심 구역 (0-5km와 5-10km)이 외곽 구역(10-15km와 15-20km)에 비하여 현저히 낮은 값을 나타내었다. 양이온치환능력과 이와 관련있는 염기포화도는 구역간 차이에 유의성이 없었다. 대기오염물질의 도시의 외곽 방향으로의 확산을 따라 서울지역 도시림의 토양 산성화가 유사한 진행을 보이고 있는 것으로 나타났다. 토양완충능력이 도심 구역에서 낮은 것은 서울지역에서 대기 중 산성강하물의 유입에 대하여 나타난 토양 반응의 척도로 볼 수 있다.

• 해양환경안전학회지
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• 제27권6호
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• pp.744-753
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• 2021

우리나라의 '해양오염방제 자재·약제의 성능시험기준 및 검정기준 중 '생물에 대한 영향시험'(생태독성시험)의 시험방법과 판정기준의 개정과 관련한 방향을 제시하기 위해 현행 기준의 문제점을 파악하고 국가별 제도 비교를 통한 개선방안을 제시하였다. Skeletonema costatum을 이용한 성장저해시험의 경우, 배양액 색조를 비교하여 판단하는 기준 대신 측정된 성장률을 적절한 통계기법을 이용하여 비교 분석하는 과학적인 기준이 도입되어야 하며 시험기간의 경우, 지수성장기를 고려하여 4일 이내가 합당한 것으로 판단된다. 어류를 이용한 독성시험의 경우, 다양한 물질에 대한 독성시험 및 비교연구를 통해 방제 자재에 대해 일관되고 적절한 민감도를 나타낼 수 있는 보다 적절한 어체크기에 대한 재설정이 필요하고 이에 따른 합리적이고 객관적인 판정기준이 마련되어야 할 것으로 판단된다. 시험종의 경우, Artemia sp. 대신 해양 윤충류인 Rotifer, Brachionus plicatilis가 대안이 될 수 있으며 어류시험의 경우, 굴류(Oyster)와 같은 이매패류의 분류군을 이용한 독성시험으로의 대체 역시 대안으로 고려될 수 있다. 마지막으로 해양오염방제 자재·약제의 형식승인 시험과 관련하여 생태독성시험 분야의 경우, 업무의 특수성과 결과의 신뢰성을 고려하여 별도의 공인시험기관 지정 또는 관련 유사 법률과 연계한 일원화된 창구가 필요하며 수용가능한 수준의 시험비용 산정과 시험항목 조정을 통한 합리적인 제도개선이 필요할 것으로 판단된다.

• International Journal of Internet, Broadcasting and Communication
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• 제12권4호
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• pp.48-54
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• 2020

Researchers recognized air pollution changes causing diseases and difficulties in living due to environmental pollution following various human activities, and have studied how to avoid fine dust harmful to the human respiratory system to be healthy. To this end, Arduino is used to equip fine dust level sensors in drones to measure the fine dust levels, visualize the measurements with LED indicator colors depending on the measurements to inform users of the danger of fine dust, and use the benefits of drones to specify dangerous fine dust zones and measure the fine dust levels. Users can see the changes depending on the fine dust levels in real time with the LED indicators. This will contributes to measuring fine dust levels easily in dangerous areas. Mission Planner (ArduPilot) is used to set up the GPS of drone, and store the data from the dust sensor as contents. This study aims to establish a method for improving the environment to measure fine dust levels with drones with LED indicators for fine dust, and reduce fine dust.

• Ocean and Polar Research
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• 제29권3호
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• pp.233-244
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• 2007

Nine surface sediments from Masan Bay and Gadeog Channel were taken for grain size and geochemical and foraminiferal analyses in August 2002. The sediments consist of mud with 7.29-8.54 $\phi$ in mean grain size. Average concentrations of Al, Fe and Mn are higher in Gadeog Channel than those in Masan Bay. On the other hand, average concentrations of Pb, Cu, Zn, Cd, Cr, Ni and V are higher in Masan Bay than those in the channel. The latter group of elements show the highest concentration at station M4, off the outfall of treated wastewater disposal. Eighty-one foraminiferal species are identified in total assemblages, including 21 species of living populations. The number of individuals, species number, species diversity and equitability in Masan Bay have lower values than those in Gadeog Channel. The foraminiferal fauna off the outfall is relatively poor. Compared to geochemical and foraminiferal data obtained in 1996, heavy metals are more enriched, and the characteristics of foraminifera are little changed. These features indicate that the pollution of Masan Bay has not been reduced.

• Environmental Engineering Research
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• 제25권4호
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• pp.515-521
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• 2020

Nowadays, due to various pollution sources, it is essential for environmental scientists to monitor water quality. Phytoplanktons form the end of the food chain in water bodies and are one of the most important biological indicators in water pollution studies. Chlorophyll-A, a green pigment, is found in all phytoplankton. Chlorophyll-A concentration indicates phytoplankton biomass directly. Therefore, Chlorophyll-A is an indirect indicator of pollutants, including phosphorus and nitrogen, and their refinement and control are important. The present study, Moderate Resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer (MODIS) satellite images were used to estimate the chlorophyll-A concentration in southern coastal waters in the Caspian Sea. For this purpose, Multi-layer perceptron neural networks (NNs) were applied which contained three and four feed-forward layers. The best three-layer NN has 15 neurons in its hidden layer and the best four-layer one has 5 in each. The three- and four- layer networks both resulted in similar root mean square errors (RMSE), 0.1($\frac{{\mu}g}{l}$), however, the four-layer NNs proved superior in terms of R² and also required less training data. Accordingly, a four-layer feed-forward NN with 5 neurons in each hidden layer, is the best network structure for estimating Chlorophyll-A concentration in the southern coastal waters of the Caspian Sea.