• Research in Community and Public Health Nursing
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• v.16 no.1
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• pp.86-94
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• 2005

Purpose: This study investigated the Korean nurses' international migration to provide the basic data for establishing plans of supply and demand for nurses and the status of Korean nurses' application for foreign nurse licenses and overseas employment. Method: The subjects were 5.447 nurses who requested English written nurse license to the Ministry of Health and Welfare for the application of foreign nurse license examinations and overseas employment. Human Resources Development of Korea provided documents of nurses migrated to Saudi Arabia. Data were collected from December, 2002 to July, 2003 and analyzed by using descriptive statistics. Result: The total applicants for foreign nurse license were 3,149 for 2 years. In the year 2001, 1.129 nurses applied, 2,020 nurses in the year 2002. Out of 3,149 total subjects, 2,705(85.9%)nurses applied for U. S. A. nurse license. Eighty percent of the applicants of the U. S. A. nurse license examination applied for the New York states. The number of applicants for Canada was 215(6.8%), followed by Australia 88(2.8%), U. K. 86(2.7%), and New Zealand 45(1.4%). Average age of the applicants was 31, 49.0% of them were in their twenties. Three year college graduates accounted for 64.1% B.S.N. 33.9%. Applicants graduated from universities or colleges of Seoul area were 37.3%, followed by Daegu. The total number of nurses employed overseas were 1,291 during 2001 and 2002. Seven hundred thirty eight nurses(57.2%) were employed in the U. S. A.. Average age was 34, 60.9% were 3year college graduates, nurses graduated from Seoul area were 44.9%. No one applied for Saudi Arabian nurse license, 172 nurses were employed during 1999 and 2002, 39.5% of them were in their thirties. Conclusion: The results of this study shows relatively young and experienced nurses have intention to migrate internationally and they actually migrate to other countries. Comparing the number of nurses migrating to other country with the number of newly issued nurse licenses in Korea every year. the percentage of overseas employment was relatively high. To cope with Korean nurses international migration. new policy to monitor the status of nurse's international migration and an institution to deal with the affairs should be established. And the further study is needed to measure nurse's competence and influencing factors of Korean nurses employed in the U. S. A.

• Journal of Environmental Policy
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• v.6 no.2
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• pp.1-25
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• 2007

This paper attempts to measure the environmental value of the Seomjin-River estuary that has been comparatively well conserved but is confronted with the threat of its development. Especially, in order to elicit the environmental values of its four attributes, contingent valuation method(CVM) based on multi-attribute utility theory is applied and the CVM survey was rigorously designed to comply with the guidelines. for best-practiced CVM studies. We surveyed a randomly selected sample of 300 and 350 households in the Seomjin-River estuary-neighboring area(Gwangyang, Sooncheon, Yeosu, Hadong, Namhae) and seven large cities(Seoul, Busan, Incheon, Daegu, Daejeon, Gwangju, Ulsan), respectively and asked respondents questions in person-to-person interviews about what they would willing to pay for the estuary conservation and management program. Respondents overall accepted the contingent market and were willing to contribute a significant amount(5,763 won in the Seomjin-River estuary-neighboring area and 1,883 won in seven large cities), on average, per household per year, which implies that there is a large difference between the two. The aggregate values of the Seomjin-River estuary in the estuary-neighboring area and seven large cities amount to 1.52 and 14.05 billion won, respectively, per year. The quantitative values can be utilized in planning and decision-making about development versus conservation of the estuary.

• Journal of Intelligence and Information Systems
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• v.9 no.3
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• pp.137-153
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• 2003

Comparison shopping is the most popular functionality in the e-Marketplace. Most of their revenue has been generated kent the Internet advertisement, but the ad earning was declined as the ad costing per action method widespread. Seller less familiar to the customer shrinks from chances for advertising and exposing their products. So, we need an efficient methodology subject to the seller's ad budget and other constraints, and it also has to increase comparison broker's earning in the e-Marketplace. Our research proposed and developed an ad planning methodology using comparison challenge approach which can be applied by 3$^{rd}$ party comparison brokers. Comparison challenge planning is organized with challenge policy of competitor level, product level and specification level. With that policies and basic challenge propositions, we measure the quantified value of functional distance between the specifications of my product and competitor's product. My product challenges the comparison using the comparative ad format to the similar but inferior competitor's product based on quantified valuation. Comparison challenge planning system has two phases of comparative value generation and optimization. We developed a prototype system and applied it to the desktop PC market of five major manufacturers. Our performance was emphasized by comparing to other comparative ad methods such as random display method and minimum distance method..

• Journal of the Korean Institute of Landscape Architecture
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• v.41 no.4
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• pp.85-101
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• 2013

The primary goal of this research is to link two currently disconnected literature; the history of urban redevelopment and the one of urban parks and open spaces in the United States (US). Through this exercise, this study attempts to reveal examples of urban parks and open spaces that have yielded economic effects, and emphasize their possibility as a measure of urban redevelopment. Five phases are presented, starting with two Pre-World War II urbanization periods, and three subsequent periods of Post-World War II urban redevelopment (1940s~1960s, late 1960s~1970s, 1980s~present). While urban parks in the 19th century urbanization period held a preeminent place in urban design, policy and economy, ensuing depression and World War II diminished their role as a channel to ease unemployment. In the first phase of urban redevelopment, the economic motive to build open space was to boost the appeal of specific locales in order to draw people and businesses back to a neglected city. In the second phase, public effort to create and maintain urban parks and open spaces declined due to the budget austerity, instead, community open spaces flourished through the voluntary actions and helped neighborhoods to regain desirability. In the third phase, the aspirations and functions of such projects resemble their forerunners of the first phase, but their targets extended to global businesses and elites.

• Journal of Energy Engineering
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• v.24 no.1
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• pp.32-41
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• 2015

The Metropolitan Area Green Heat Project (MAGHP), which collects unused heat gathered from power plants, steel works, landfills in western Metropolitan area and distribute it to integrated energy business (IEB) companies, is proposed for the purpose of enhancing energy efficiency and providing low-price heat for IEB companies. Therefore, in order to decide on whether to initiate the MAGHP, the economic feasibility analysis of the project is widely demanded. This paper attempts to consider and measure four economic benefits: heat supply benefit, production cost reduction benefit, greenhouse gas mitigation benefit, and air quality improvement benefit. In addition, the paper tries to conduct the economic feasibility analysis. The project requires three-year investment and thirty-year operation. Three important findings emerge from the analysis. First, its net present value is computed to be 1,269 billion won and more than zero. Second, its benefit/cost ratio is calculated to be 1.72 and bigger than 1.0. Third, its internal rate of return is estimated to be 24.26% and larger than the social rate of return, 5.5%. In conclusion, the MAGHP is socially profitable and should be conducted immediately.

• Journal of Nuclear Fuel Cycle and Waste Technology(JNFCWT)
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• v.11 no.3
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• pp.207-212
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• 2013

Since the Fukushima nuclear power plant accident in March 2011, critical views on the increase in operation of nuclear power plants including the safety and the economic feasibility thereof have been expanding across the world. In these circumstances, we are to find out solutions to the controversial questions on whether nuclear power plants are economically more feasible than other energy sources, while the safety thereof is fully maintained. Thereby, nuclear power plants will play a key role as a sustainable energy source in the future as well as at present. To measure the social safety level that Korean people are actually feeling after the Fukushima accident, a method of cost-benefit analysis called the Contingent Valuation Method(CVM) was used, whereby we wanted to estimate the amount of expenses the general public would be willing to pay for the safety based on their acceptance rather than the social safety. As a result of calculating the trade-off value of the economic feasibility versus the safety in nuclear power plants through the survey thereon, it caused the nuclear power generation cost to be increased by 4.75 won/kWh. Reflecting this on the current power generation cost of 39.11 won/kWh would increase the cost to 43.86 won/kWh. It is thought that this potential cost is still more competitive than the coal-fired power generation cost of 67 won/kWh. This result will be available as a basic data for the 2nd Energy Basic Plan to be drawn up this year, presenting policy implications at the same time.

• Journal of Information Management
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• v.40 no.1
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• pp.69-86
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• 2009

The biggest paradigm of the latest telecommunications is ubiquitous computing. It is a technology basis to realize ubiquitous society that would affect social, economical and cultural industries with positive influence. However, there is a simultaneous concern that the approach to ubiquitous society may violate one's privacy. Therefore, the existence of legal and technological regulation would be the biggest obstacle in further RFID technology and industry dissemination. Also, in business side, they must invest with enormous expense and technology if technological method is only approached for the solution. As in the research, 8 RFID applications, application process and inspection items and 85 appraisal list of "An impact assessment for the privacy protection in RFID applications" developed by P. K. Han(2006), will be used as an indicator to measure RFID privacy impact assessment. In addition, it is to develop RFID privacy impact assessment index by applying objective data with survey of applied specialists. This would provide a data with feasibility and reliability to RFID related companies and able to utilize policy making on RFID private data. In addition, it is expected to contribute as an efficiency tool for individual data to build basis of ubiquitous society.

• Korea journal of population studies
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• v.31 no.3
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• pp.27-55
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• 2008

This paper tries to introduce most recent trends of Korean family policies during Roh, Moo Hyun Government of March 2003-February 2008. Focusing on the gender perspectives, discussions are, for heuristic purposes, centered around three major family issues in S. Korea, one of the most dynamically changing societies in the world: 1) the abolishment of male-centered traditional Family Registry System('the hoju') and the launching of brand-new Family Record Book of five different versions for individual from January 2008; 2) the application of Framework Act On Healthy Homes, a first formal measure to step in various forms of family break-ups these days; and 3) the emergence of Multi-Cultural Family Protection Act, thanks to a massive volume of international marriage migrants from overseas. It can be said that all these family policies are the result of rapidly changing socio-demographic trends into an aging society since 1990s. These trends include late/no marriage with low birth rates, high divorce(and thus remarriage) rates, breakdown of male-breadwinner family model and increase of dual-income family, and a sudden increment of international marriage particularly in rural areas. All in all, overall trends of Korean family life these days that have been taking place so far would provide an excellent exemplary how to deal with an unprecedented societal challenges with the brand-new family policies.

• Journal of Preventive Medicine and Public Health
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• v.22 no.4 s.28
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• pp.542-554
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• 1989

The skyrocketing inflation of medical costs has become a major health problem among most developed countries. Korea, which recently covered the entire population with National Health Insurance, is facing the same problem. The proportion of health expenditure to GNP has increased from 3% to 4.8% during the last decade. This was remarkable, if we consider the rapid economic growth during that time. A few policy analysts began to raise cost containment as an agenda, after recognizing the importance of medical cost inflation. In order to Prepare an appropriate alternative for the agenda, it is necessary to find out reasons for the cost inflation. Then, we should focus on the reasons which are controllable, and those whose control are socially desirable. This study is designed to articulate the theory of medical cost inflation through literature reviews, to find out reasons for cost inflation, by analyzing aggregated data with a deterministic model. Finally to identify determinants of changes in both medical demand and service intensity which are major reasons for cost inflation. The reasons for cost inflation are classified into cost push inflation and demand pull inflation, The former consists of increases in price and intensity of services, while the latter is made of consumer derived demand and supplier induced demand. We used a time series (1983-1987), and cross sectional (over regions) data of health insurance. The deterministic model reveals, that an increase in service intensity is a major cause of inflation in the case of inpatient care, while, more utilization, is a primary attribute in the case of physician visits. Multiple regression analysis shows that an increase in hospital beds is a leading explanatory variable for the increase in hospital care. It also reveals, that an introduction of a deductible clause, an increase in hospital beds and degree of urbanization, are statistically significant variables explaining physician visits. The results are consistent with the existing theory, The magnitude of service intensity is influenced by the level of co-payment, the proportion of old age and an increase in co-payment. In short, an increase in co-payment reduced the utilization, but it induced more intensities or services. We can conclude that the strict fee regulation or increase in the level of co-payment can not be an effective measure for cost containment under the fee for service system. Because the provider can react against the regulation by inducing more services.

• Journal of Distribution Science
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• v.13 no.1
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• pp.93-103
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• 2015

Purpose - This study plans to adopt a more sophisticated approach toward service recognition by customers in general supermarkets in order to revise the service quality measurement methods that suit the context of Korean distribution channels. In particular, in general supermarkets, where much of the shopping process is in the form of self-service, there is high reliance on the service recognized by the consumers; therefore, it is highly likely that consumers would make their purchasing decisions based on their recognition of service quality or guarantees. It also utilized service quality elements of a basic level in the KD-SQS development model in order to indicate that the quality recognized by consumers impacts their loyalty to the stores with financial value and abstract value. Research design, data, and methodology - The study suggested a theoretical model comprising 13 hypotheses on relations between theoretic variables, and conducted surveys with consumers using discount stores in Seoul and Gyunggi Metropolitan area in order to verify the hypotheses, while using SPSS 20.0, AMOS 21.0 as the verification program. The survey sheets used amounted to 332, and a structural equation model was used to analyze the reliability and validity of constituent elements and to verify the suggested hypothesis. Therefore, this study analyzes the interrelations between service quality and guarantee factors in the distribution channel and their relations with the loyalty to stores as a dependent variable. Results - First, the results of the hypotheses tests helped identify the relations between service quality, service guarantees, service value, and customer loyalty, providing an opportunity to define the relations between constituent elements. In particular, service convenience in service quality has no impact on financial values. Further, stores' service policy had no impact on abstract values. Service recognition by service convenience has an impact on abstract values such as good image, comfort, and usability, while mileage systems promote financial values for consumers. In order to improve consumer values in service quality and values, general supermarkets should improve their service convenience, membership, and mileage programs using various strategies. Conclusion - In order to improve consumer values in service quality and values, general supermarkets should improve their service convenience, membership, and mileage programs using various strategies. Further, as service guarantee systems have a significant and direct impact on customer loyalty, rather than customer value recognition, service guarantees should be used to encourage customers to re-visit the stores. Finally, this study applied the findings of preceding studies in terms of service quality measurement; it had limitations in referencing preceding studies in a comprehensive manner. It also had limits in expanding upon various preceding studies because it was difficult to apply new measurement tools due to the lack of service quality measurement tools for general supermarkets. Therefore, it is necessary to conduct more studies on service quality to measure service quality and develop measurement tools by incorporating various industry characteristics.