Browse > Article
http://dx.doi.org/10.9715/KILA.2013.41.4.085

Urban Parks and Their Economic Roles - In the Context of Urban Redevelopment, United States -  

Yoon, Heeyeun (Dept. of Urban Planning and Design, Graduate School of Design, Harvard University)
Publication Information
Journal of the Korean Institute of Landscape Architecture / v.41, no.4, 2013 , pp. 85-101 More about this Journal
Abstract
The primary goal of this research is to link two currently disconnected literature; the history of urban redevelopment and the one of urban parks and open spaces in the United States (US). Through this exercise, this study attempts to reveal examples of urban parks and open spaces that have yielded economic effects, and emphasize their possibility as a measure of urban redevelopment. Five phases are presented, starting with two Pre-World War II urbanization periods, and three subsequent periods of Post-World War II urban redevelopment (1940s~1960s, late 1960s~1970s, 1980s~present). While urban parks in the 19th century urbanization period held a preeminent place in urban design, policy and economy, ensuing depression and World War II diminished their role as a channel to ease unemployment. In the first phase of urban redevelopment, the economic motive to build open space was to boost the appeal of specific locales in order to draw people and businesses back to a neglected city. In the second phase, public effort to create and maintain urban parks and open spaces declined due to the budget austerity, instead, community open spaces flourished through the voluntary actions and helped neighborhoods to regain desirability. In the third phase, the aspirations and functions of such projects resemble their forerunners of the first phase, but their targets extended to global businesses and elites.
Keywords
Urban Redevelopment; Economic Role; Ripple Effect;
Citations & Related Records
연도 인용수 순위
  • Reference
1 Alexander, C. A.(1979) Battery Park City : Draft Summary Report and 1979 Master Plan prepared for Battery Park City Authority. New York: Alexander Cooper Associates.
2 Altshuler, A. A. and D. E. Luberoff(2003) Mega-Projects: The Changing Politics of Urban Public Investment. Brookings Institution Press.
3 Balliet, R.(2001) Records of Gateway Center. (No. MSS#130). Pittsburgh: Allegheny Conference on Community Development, City of Pittsburgh and Urban Redevelopment Authority.
4 Beauregard, R. A.(Ed.)(1989) Atop the Urban Hierarchy. Rowman & Littlefield.
5 Bolitzer, B. and N. R. Netusil(2000) The impact of open spaces on property values in Portland, Oregon. Journal of Environmental Management 59(3): 185.   DOI   ScienceOn
6 Bone, K.(2004) The New York Waterfront: Evolution and Building Culture of the Port and Harbor (2nd ed.). New York: The Monacelli.
7 Brash, J.(2006) Re-scaling patriotism: Competition and urban identity in Michael Bloomberg's New York. Urban Anthropology and Studies of Cultural Systems and World Economic Development: 387-432.
8 Brash, J.(2011) Bloomberg's New York: Class and Governance in the Luxury City. Athens: University of Georgia Press.
9 Brash, J.(2012) The ghost in the machine: The neoliberal urban visions of Michael Bloomberg. Journal of Cultural Geography, 29(2): 135-153.   DOI
10 Central Philadelphia Development Corporation(2006) OPDC CPDC; 50 Years Remaking Central City. Philadelphia: Central Philadelphia Development Corporation.
11 Chapin, T. S.(2004) Sports facilities as urban redevelopment catalysts: Baltimore's Camden yards and Cleveland's Gateway. Journal of the American Planning Association 70(2): 193-209.   DOI   ScienceOn
12 City of New York(2007) Planyc. New York: New York City.
13 City of New York(2011) Planyc. New York: New York City.
14 Claflen, G.(2000) Framing Independence Hall. Places-Massachusetts- 13(3): 60-69.
15 Clark, T. N., R. Lloyd, K. K. Wong and P. Jain(2002) Amenities drive urban growth. Journal of Urban Affairs, 24(5): 493-515.   DOI   ScienceOn
16 Cleary, R.(1993) Edgar J. Kaufmann, Frank Lloyd Wright and the "Pittsburgh Point Park Coney Island in Automobile Scale". The Journal of the Society of Architectural Historians, pp. 139-158.
17 Cranz, G.(1982) The Politics of Park Design. A History of Urban Parks in America. Cambridge, London: The MIT Press.
18 Cranz, G. and Boland, M.(2004) Defining the sustainable park: A fifth model for urban parks. Landscape Journal 23(2): 102-120.   DOI
19 Crompton, J. L.(2004) The proximate principle: The impact of parks, open space and water features on residential property values and the property tax base. National Recreation and Park Association.
20 Crompton, J. L.(2005) The impact of parks on property values: Empirical evidence from the past two decades in the United States. Managing Leisure 10(4): 203-218. doi:10.1080/13606710500348060   DOI   ScienceOn
21 Crowley, G. J.(2005) The Politics of Place: Contentious Urban Redevelopment in Pittsburgh. Pittsburgh: University of Pittsburgh Press.
22 Currid, E.(2007) How art and culture happen in New York: Implications for urban economic development. Journal of the American Planning Association 73(4): 454-467.   DOI   ScienceOn
23 Cutler, P.(1985) The Public Landscape of the New Deal. New Haven: Yale University Press.
24 Fainstein, S. S.(2001) The City Builders: Property Development in New York and London, 1980-2000. Kansas: University Press of Kansas.
25 Fainstein, S. S.(2007, November 7) Tourism and the commodification of urban culture. The Urban Reinventors, Issue 2.
26 Fein, A.(1972) Frederick Law Olmsted and the American Environmental Tradition. New York: G. Braziller.
27 Fitzgerald, J. and N. G. Leigh(2002) Economic Revitalization: Cases and Strategies for City and Suburb. Sage.
28 Florida, R. L.(2002) The Rise of the Creative Class: And How It's Transforming Work, Leisure, Community, and Everyday Life. New York, NY: Basic Books.
29 Foglesong, R. E.(1986) Planning the Capitalist City: The Colonial Era to the 1920s. Princeton, N.J.: Princeton University Press.
30 Fox, T., I. Koeppel and S. Kellam(1985) Struggle for Space: The Greening of New York City, 1970-1984 Neighborhood Open Space Coalition New York.
31 Francis, M., L. Cashdan and L. Paxson(1984) Community Open Spaces: Greening Neighborhoods through Community Action and Land Conservation. Island Pr.
32 Frieden, B. J. and L. B. Sagalyn(1989) Downtown, Inc: How America Rebuilds Cities. Cambridge: The MIT Press.
33 Fusfeld, D. R.(1956) The Economic thought of Franklin D. Roosevelt and the Origins of the New Deal. New York: Columbia University Press.
34 Gans, H. J.(1965) The Failure of Urban Renewal: A Critique and Some Proposals. League for Industrial Democracy.
35 Garvin, A.(2002) The American City: What Works, What Doesn't. New York: McGraw-Hill.
36 Hackworth, J. and N. Smith(2001) The changing state of gentrification. Tijdschrift Voor Economische En Sociale Geografie 92(4): 464-477.   DOI   ScienceOn
37 Gelobter, M.(1994) Meaning of Urban Environmental Justice, The. Fordham Urb.LJ, 21: 841.
38 Gordon, D. L. A.(1997) Battery Park City: Politics and Planning on the New York Waterfront. Amsterdam: Gordon and Breach.
39 Greiff, C. M.(1987) Independence: The Creation of a National Park. Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania Press.
40 Hannigan, J.(2003) Introduction. International Journal of Urban and Regional Research 27(2): 352-360.   DOI
41 Harnik, P.(2010) Urban Green: Innovative Parks for Resurgent Cities. Island Press.
42 Hou, J., J. Johnson and L. J. Lawson(2009) Greening Cities, Growing Communities: Learning from Seattle's Urban Community Gardens. Landscape Architecture Foundation.
43 Hyra, D. S.(2008) The New Urban Renewal: The Economic Transformation of Harlem and Bronzeville. Chicago: University of Chicago Press.
44 Kang, C. D. and R. Cervero(2009) From elevated freeway to urban greenway: Land value impacts of the CGC project in Seoul, Korea. Urban Studies 46: 2771-2794.   DOI
45 Keating, W. D., N. Krumholz and P. D. Star(1996) Revitalizing Urban Neighborhoods. Kansas: University Press of Kansas.
46 Kostelanetz, R.(2003) SoHo: The Rise and Fall of an Artists' Colony. Psychology Press.
47 Ladd, H. F.(1994) Spatially targeted economic development strategies: Do they work? Cityscape 1(1): 193-218.
48 Leigh, N. G. and E. J. Blakely(2013) Planning Local Economic Development: Theory and Practice. SAGE Publications, Incorporated.
49 Levine, M. V.(1989) The Politics of Partnership: Urban Redevelopment Since 1945. Unequal Partnerships: The Political Economy of Urban Redevelopment in Postwar America: 12-34.
50 Levine, M. V.(1987) Downtown redevelopment as an urban growth strategy: A critical appraisal of the Baltimore renaissance. Journal of Urban Affairs 9(2): 103-123.   DOI
51 Levy, J. M.(2011) Contemporary Urban Planning (9th ed.). Upper Saddle River, NJ: Prentice Hall. p.200.
52 Metraux, S.(1999) Waiting for the wrecking ball skid row in postindustrial Philadelphia. Journal of Urban History 25(5): 690-715.   DOI
53 Miles, M. E., G. Berens, M. A. Weiss and Urban Land Institute (2000) Real Estate Development : Principles and Process (3rd ed.). Washington, D.C.: Urban Land Institute.
54 Muller, E. K.(2006) Renaissance and Renewal. Pittsburgh and the Appalachians: Cultural And Natural Resources in a Postindustrial Age: 7.
55 Musterd, S. and A. Murie(2010) Making competitive cities: Debates and challenges. Making Competitive Cities 38: 1.
56 O'Connor, A.(2009) Poverty Knowledge: Social Science, Social Policy, and the Poor in Twentieth-century US History. Princeton University Press.
57 Olmsted, F. L.(1870) Public Parks and the Enlargement of Towns. The Urban Design Reader: 28-34.
58 Ponte, R.(1982) Building Battery park city. Urban Design International 3: 10-15.
59 Porter, M., C. Ketels, A. Habiby and D. Zipper(2008) New York city: Bloomberg's strategy for economic development. Harvard University, Business School, 9-709-427.
60 Reitano, J.(2010) The Restless City: A Short History of New York from Colonial Times to the Present. New York and London: Routledge.
61 Schuyler, D.(1988) The New Urban Landscape: The Redefinition of City Form in Nineteenth-century America. Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press.
62 Sassen, S.(1990) Economic restructuring and the American city. Annual Review of Sociology: 465-490.
63 Schmelzkopf, K.(1995) Urban community gardens as contested space. Geographical Review: 364-381.
64 Schukoske, J. E.(1999) Community development through gardening: State and local policies transforming urban open space. NYUJ Legis. & Pub. Pol'y 3: 351.
65 Scott, M.(1995) American City Planning Since 1890. American Planning Association Chicago, IL.
66 Seoul Department of Park and Recreation(2009) Seoul Green Space Plan.
67 Smith, C. M. and H. E. Kurtz(2003) Community gardens and politics of scale in New York City. Geographical Review 93(2): 193-212.
68 Smith, N.(1984) Uneven Development: Nature, Capital, and the Production of Space. New York: B. Blackwell.
69 Smith, N. and J. DeFilippis(1999) The reassertion of economics: 1990s gentrification in the lower east side. International Journal of Urban and Regional Research 23(4): 638-653.   DOI
70 Storper, M. and A. J. Scott(2009) Rethinking human capital, creativity and urban growth. Journal of Economic Geography 9(2): 147-167.
71 Strom, E.(2002) Converting pork into porcelain cultural institutions and downtown development. Urban Affairs Review 38(1): 3-21.   DOI
72 Teaford, J. C.(1990) The Rough Road to Renaissance: Urban Revitalization in America, 1940-1985. Johns Hopkins University Press Baltimore.
73 Teaford, J. C.(2000) Urban renewal and its aftermath. Housing Policy Debate 11(2): 443-465.
74 Zipp, S.(2010) Manhattan Projects: The Rise and Fall of Urban Renewal in Cold War New York. Oxford University Press.
75 Voicu, I. and V. Been(2008) The effect of community gardens on neighboring property values. Real Estate Economics 36(2): 241-283.   DOI   ScienceOn
76 Waldheim, C.(2004) CASE--Hilberseimer/Mies Van Der Rohe, Lafayette Park Detroit (Vol. 4). Prestel Pub.
77 Wyly, E. K., and D. J. Hammel(2004) Gentrification, segregation, and discrimination in the American urban system. Environment and Planning a. 36: 1215-1242.   DOI
78 Zukin, S.(1982) Loft Living: Culture and Capital in Urban Change. Johns Hopkins University Press Baltimore.
79 http://www.batteryparkcity.org/
80 http://www.nyc.gov/html/dcp/html/hyards/hymain.shtml
81 http://www.hudsonyardsnewyork.com/
82 http://www.wnyc.org/blogs/wnyc-news-blog/2013/feb/14/text-bloombergsfinal-state-city-address/