• Geomechanics and Engineering
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• 제34권6호
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• pp.697-726
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• 2023

Brittleness as an important property of rock plays a crucial role both in the failure process of intact rock and rock mass response to excavation in engineering geological and geotechnical projects. Generally, rock brittleness indices are calculated from the mechanical properties of rocks such as uniaxial compressive strength, tensile strength and modulus of elasticity. These properties are generally determined from complicated, expensive and time-consuming tests in laboratory. For this reason, in the present research, an attempt has been made to predict the rock brittleness indices from simple, inexpensive, and quick laboratory test results namely dry unit weight, porosity, slake-durability index, P-wave velocity, Schmidt rebound hardness, and point load strength index using multiple linear regression, exponential regression, support vector machine (SVM) with various kernels, generating fuzzy inference system, and regression tree ensemble (RTE) with boosting framework. So, this could be considered as an innovation for the present research. For this purpose, the number of 39 rock samples including five igneous, twenty-six sedimentary, and eight metamorphic were collected from different regions of Iran. Mineralogical, physical and mechanical properties as well as five well known rock brittleness indices (i.e., B₁, B₂, B₃, B₄, and B₅) were measured for the selected rock samples before application of the above-mentioned machine learning techniques. The performance of the developed models was evaluated based on several statistical metrics such as mean square error, relative absolute error, root relative absolute error, determination coefficients, variance account for, mean absolute percentage error and standard deviation of the error. The comparison of the obtained results revealed that among the studied methods, SVM is the most suitable one for predicting B₁, B₂ and B₅, while RTE predicts B₃ and B₄ better than other methods.

• 한국구조물진단유지관리공학회 논문집
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• 제27권1호
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• pp.46-53
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• 2023

이 논문에서는 고인성 시멘트 복합체 SHCC와 함께 일반 철근, 초고강도 철근, FRP 보강근으로 보강된 3종류의 철근콘크리트 보(SHCC-RB, SHCC-SB, SHCC-FRP)의 휨 성능을 평가하기 위하여 보 실험체를 제작하고, 4점 재하 휨 실험을 수행하였다. 실험 결과, SHCC로 보강된 모든 실험체가 다수의 미세 균열이 발생하면서 휨 균열 폭이 100 ㎛ 이하로 제어되는 특성을 나타내었다. 이는 1축 인장 하에서 인장변형경화 특성을 보이며, 다중 미세균열 특성을 보이는 SHCC의 재료적 성질에 기인하는 것으로 판단된다. 실험체 SHCC-FRP는 실험체 SHCC-RB에 비하여 초기균열하중과 항복 휨모멘트강도가 낮은 반면, SHCC-FRP의 최대 휨모멘트강도는 SHCC-RC에 비하여 우수하게 나타났는데, 이는 FRP 보강근의 인장강도가 일반 철근에 비하여 더 높기 때문이다. 보 실험체 SHCC-SB의 초기균열 하중은 SHCC-RB와 유사하였으나, 항복 휨모멘트강도 및 최대 휨모멘트강도 측면에서는 SHCC-SB가 가장 우수한 것으로 평가되었다. SHCC와 초고강도 철근을 RC보의 보강에 활용하면 작은 단면적의 추가 배근으로도 효과적인 보강이 가능할 수 것으로 판단된다.

• 한국안전학회지
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• 제25권3호
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• pp.34-39
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• 2010

Unidirectional Carbon Fiber Reinforced Plastics (CFRP) are advanced materials which combine the characteristics of the light weight, high stiffness and strength. For those reasons, the use of the unidirectional CFRP has increased in jet fighters, aerospace structures. However, unidirectional CFRP composites have a lot of problems, especially delamination, compared with traditional materials such as steels and aluminums, and so forth. Therefore, the interlaminar fracture toughness for a laminate CFRP composite is very important. In this study, The mode II interlaminar fracture toughness was measured by using center notched flexure(CNF) test specimen. The CNF specimens using unidirectional carbon prepreg were fabricated by a hot-press with the gage pressure and temperature controller. And three kinds of a/L ratio was applied to these specimens. Here, we discuss the relations of the crack growth and the mode II interlaminar fracture under the four point bending CNF test. From the results, we shows that mode II interlaminar was occurred when the more $a_0$/L ratio, the less load. And $G_{IIC}$ also were obtained as 5.33, 2.9 and $0.58kJ/m^2$ according to $a_0$/L ratio=0.2, 0.3 and 0.4.

• Advances in concrete construction
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• 제8권3호
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• pp.173-185
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• 2019

This article presents a comparative study of the effect of steel layouts on the seismic behavior of transition steel-concrete composite connections, both experimental and analytical investigations of concrete filled steel tube-reinforced concrete (CFST-RC) and steel reinforecd concrete-reinforced concrete (SRC-RC) structures were conducted. The steel-concrete composite connections were subjected to combined constant axial load and lateral cyclic displacements. Tests were carried out on four full-scale connections extracted from a real project engineering with different levels of axial force. The effect of steel layouts on the mechanical behavior of the transition connections was evaluated by failure modes, hysteretic behavior, backbone curves, displacement ductility, energy dissipation capacity and stiffness degradation. Test results showed that different steel layouts led to significantly different failure modes. For CFST-RC transition specimens, the circular cracks of the concrete at the RC column base was followed by steel yielding at the bottom of the CFST column. While uncoordinated deformation could be observed between SRC and RC columns in SRC-RC transition specimens, the crushing and peeling damage of unconfined concrete at the SRC column base was more serious. The existences of I-shape steel and steel tube avoided the pinching phenomenon on the hysteresis curve, which was different from the hysteresis curve of the general reinforced concrete column. The hysteresis loops were spindle-shaped, indicating excellent seismic performance for these transition composite connections. The average values of equivalent viscous damping coefficients of the four specimens are 0.123, 0.186 and 0.304 corresponding to the yielding point, peak point and ultimate point, respectively. Those values demonstrate that the transition steel-concrete composite connections have great energy dissipating capacity. Based on the experimental research, a high-fidelity ABAQUS model was established to further study the influence of concrete strength, steel grade and longitudinal reinforcement ratio on the mechanical behavior of transition composite connections.

• 대한토목학회논문집
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• 제13권1호
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• pp.25-37
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• 1993

본 논문은 강섬유보강 콘크리트의 인성을 평가하기 위하여 비선형 파괴역학 파라메터의 하나인 J적분이 최대하중점 파괴기준이 적용될 때 휨시험으로부터 하중-처짐곡선으로부터 간편하게 사용될 수 있음을 설명하고, 강섬유로 보강된 고강도콘크리트를 대상으로 노치를 가진 휨시험편을 제작하여 3점 재하실험을 실시하고, 그것으로부터 $J_{IC}$와 선형파괴역학 파라메터인 $K_{IC}$와 $G_{IC}$를 얻고 각각을 비교 고찰하였다. 그 결과, 강섬유보강 콘크리트의 파괴인성을 평가하기 위해서는 $J_{IC}$가 $K_{IC}$나 $G_{IC}$보다 더 효과적임을 알 수 있었다. 또한 강섬유 혼입률 0.5% 이하에서는 고강도콘크리트의 인성의 증진효과가 거의 없었으나, 섬유혼입률 1.0% 이상에서는 $J_{IC}$가 뚜렸한 증가를 보이고 있어 콘크리트의 개선된 인성특성을 잘 나타내고 있었으며. $K_{IC}$나 $G_{IC}$는 그렇지 못하였다. 그러나, $J_{IC}$의 정량화에 이용하는 공시체의 크기는 $J_{IC}$의 계산에 필요한 최대강도점에서 포텐셜에너지의 변동이 적고 시험편의 취급도 간편한 공시체의 선택이 필요하며, $J_{IC}$ 의 실험적 평가에 의해서 얻어지는 결과는 최대하중점에서 얻어짐으로 인하여 최대하중점의 선정에 아주 크게 좌우되는 문제점을 가지고 있다. 따라서, 강섬유 보강 콘크리트와 같은 비균질(非均質) 재료(材料)의 경우에는 균열의 진전과정(進展過程)이 불규칙적이므로 균열 발생점을 바르게 찾아내는 측정기술(測定技術)과 정도상(程度上)외 문제점을 포함하여, 파괴인성에 대한 좀 더 바람직한 평가방법 등이 이루어져야 할 것으로 판단된다.

• 한국산학기술학회논문지
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• 제11권11호
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• pp.4635-4642
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• 2010

라텍스로 개질된 콘크리트는 높은 휨강도 뿐만아니라 부착강도 및 투수저항성이 좋은 재료특성을 제공한다. 이러한 이점을 활용한 초속경 라텍스개질 콘크리트(VES-LMC)에 관련된 연구결과는 재료에 관한 것이 대부분으로, VES-LMC로 덧씌우기 보강된 RC 보의 부착 경계면 거동특성에 대한 체계적인 연구는 미진하다. 따라서 본 논문에서는 VES-LMC로 보강된 철근콘크리트 보의 비선형 휨 거동에 대한 특성을 알아보고자 ABAQUS를 매개변수 연구를 수행한 결과 다음과 같은 결과를 얻을 수 있었다. 비선형 휨 해석을 위하여 본 논문에 적용된 모델의 적합성 여부를 확인한 결과 실험값과 비교적 유사한 경향을 보이는 것을 확인 할 수 있었다. 두께가 증가함에 따라 최대 저항강도가 증가하는 경향을 보여주었으며, 또한 강성 이 증가하여 내하력이 증진되는 결과를 확인할 수 있었다. 부착강도를 변수로 해석한 결과, 전단강도가 증가함에 따라 휨 저항능력이 향상되는 결과를 확인 하였으며, 두 이질재료의 부착능력이 구조물의 내하력에 지배적인 인자로 작용하는 것을 알 수 있었다.

• 콘크리트학회논문집
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• 제28권4호
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• pp.489-496
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• 2016

최근, 건물의 자중을 저감시킴으로서 시공성을 향상시키기 위한 방안으로 중공 PC슬래브에 대한 관심이 높아지고 있다. 국내에서 생산되는 대표적인 중공 PC슬래브인 HCS는 생산방식 특성상 전단보강근의 배근이 어렵기 때문에 안전성 및 사용성 측면에서 문제가 제기되고 있다. 이와 같은 측면에서, 최근 새로운 형태의 부분 PC 슬래브 시스템인 Tripple Ribs Slab (TRS)가 개발되었다. TRS는 전단보강근의 배근이 가능한 하프PC형 중공슬래브이다. 본 연구에서는 TRS의 전단성능을 검토하기 위해 전단실험을 진행하였다. 시공단계별로 형성되는 단면조건에 대하여 비대칭 1점 가력으로 실험하였으며 실험결과 강도를 기준 식들과 비교하였다. 실험에서의 변수는 CIP 유무와 래티스바의 유무 또는 래티스바의 종류이다. 실험으로부터, TRS는 설계하중을 충분히 지지할 수 있는 전단성능을 가지고 있으며 실험체의 강도는 국내콘크리트구조기준에서 제시하는 일반식으로 적절하게 예측될 수 있는 것으로 나타났다. CIP가 타설되지 않은 시공단계에서는 래티스바의 기여도가 현저히 낮기 때문에 래티스바의 전단강도를 제외하고 설계하는 것이 바람직하다고 판단된다.

• 한국염색가공학회지
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• 제28권4호
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• pp.246-252
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• 2016

In comparison to metal alloys, braided composite features a high impact resistance and crash energy absorption potential, and also it still remained competitive stiffness and strength properties. Braiding angle is one of the most important parameters which affect the mechanical behaviors of braided composite. This paper presents transverse low velocity impact failure behavior analysis on the carbon 3D triaxial braided composite tube with the braiding angle of $20^{\circ}$, $50^{\circ}$ and $80^{\circ}$. The flexural behaviour of 3D triaxial braided composite tube under bending loads was studied by conducting quasistatic three point bending test. Also, the low velocity impact responses of the braided composite tubes were also tested to obtain load-displacement curves and energy absorption. Consequently, the increase of the braided angle, the peak load also increases owing to the bigger bending stiffness.

• 전기학회논문지
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• 제60권6호
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• pp.1163-1168
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• 2011

Most transformers use insulating and cooling fluids derived from petroleum crude oil, but mineral oil has some possibility of environmental pollution and fire with explosion. vegetable oil fluids extracted from seed has superior biodegradation and fire-resistant properties including an exceptionally high fire point enhancing fire safety. In this study, it is aimed at the practicality of substituting natural ester dielectric fluid for mineral oil in liquid insulation system of transformers. As a rise in coil winding temperature has a direct influence on transformer life time, it is important to evaluate the temperature rise of coil winding in vegetable oil in comparison with mineral oil. Four transformers for the test are designed with 10KVA, 13.2KV, one phase unit. The temperature are directly measured in insulating oil of these transformers with the two sorts of natural ester and mineral oil dielectric fluid respectively. Experiment for aging carry out two means. First means remained $120^{\circ}C$ that transformer of mineral oil were operated at 185% load. Second means is that insulating oils of two natural ester and mineral oil were aged by thermal cycles repeating from $30^{\circ}C$ to $120^{\circ}C$. For the heating, Transformers were operated at 185% load. For the cooling, cooling system was operated in the chamber. Samples were analyzed at 42, 63, 93, 143, 190, 240 300cycles. Analysis contents are dielectric strength, total acid value. Mineral oils compared results of first means with results of second means. And compared two sort natural esters respectively with mineral oil in second means.

• 대한물리치료과학회지
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• 제16권3호
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• pp.11-17
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• 2009

Background: The purpose of this study was designed to find out the effectiveness of reposition sense, muscle fatigue response on lumbar spine after apply lumbosacral stabilization exercise program to 4 patients with chronic low back pain and for 12 weeks. Method: In this study the reposition sense was measured in 3 angle(60, 30, 12) of the lumbar spine motion with blind by MedX test machine and the difference of instability to lumbar vertebra segments in flexion, extension test of standing position and spinal load test Mattress Test by Spinal Mouse. The stabilization exercise program was applied 2 times a week for 12 weeks in hospital and 2 times a day for 20 minutes at home. Result: The results of the present study were that the repositioning sense was appeared the most error in 12 angles of lumbar flexion and Men was appeared to decrease an error more than female in average value of 4 angles after 12 weeks. And average error of male was decrease more than female. Thus the effects of lumbosacral stabilization exercise was improved repositioning sense of prorioceptor. Fatigue response test(FRT) results, in male, was raised muscle fatigue rate during increase weight, on the other hand female appeared lower than male. Conclusion: As a results, lumbosacral stabilization exercise was aided to improvement of lumbar spine repositioning sense and vertebra segments stabilization. It was showed the rate of decrease in typically 12 degree angle point of each 3 angle(60, 36, 12). Especially, that spine instability patients will have a risk when in lifting a load or working with slight flexion posture around 12 degree during the daily of living life and it is probably to increase recurrence rate. Thus, not only lumbar extension muscle strength but also stability of vertebra segments in lumbar spine may be very important.