• YAKHAK HOEJI
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• v.50 no.5
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• pp.301-307
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• 2006

A simple and sensitive high-performance liquid chromatographic method for quantitation of hydrochlorothiazide in human plasma was developed and bioavailability parameters of hydrochlorothiazide were assessed in Korean healthy male volunteers. Caffeine was used as an internal standard. Hydrochlorothiazide and internal standard in plasma sample were extracted using tert-butylmethylether (TBME). A centrifuged upper layer was then evaporated and reconstituted with mobile phase of acetonitrile-25 mM phosphate buffer (20/80, pH 2.5). The reconstituted samples were injected into a Luna C18 column $(250{\times}4.6\;mm,\;5{\mu}m)$ at a flow-rate of 1.0 ml/min. The wavelength was set at 230 nm and no endogenous substances were found to interfere, A linear relationship for hydrochlorothiazide was found in the range of $10{\sim}300\;ng/ml$. The lower limit of quantitation (LLOQ) was 10 ng/ml with acceptable precision and accuracy. Assayed in plasma, the intra- and inter-day validation for all coefficients of variation (R.S.D.%) were found less than 15%. Main pharmacokinetic parameters of 50mg of hydrochlorothiazide were revealed as follows: $AUC_t\;1761{\pm}509.0\;ng{\cdot} hr\;ml,\;C_{max}\;296.5{\pm}95.5\;ng/ml,\;T_{max}\;1.94{\pm}0.85hr,\;K_{el}\;0.12{\pm}0.04\;hr^{-1}\;and T_{12}\;6.81{\pm}2.92\;hr.\;C_{max}\;and\;T_{max}$ were in accordance with the values $(270{\sim}350\;ng/ml\;and\;1.9{\sim}2.7\;hr)$ of Caucasian.

• Polymer(Korea)
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• v.30 no.4
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• pp.291-297
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• 2006

In this study, adsorption properties of oxidized NO by plasma using aminated polyolefin-g-GMA hybrid anion exchange fibers were investigated. The maximum conversion of $NO_2$ by plasma was 49% at the conditions of 200 ppm NO, 10% $O_2$ and 30 L/min of flow rate. The adsorption content for N02 of hybrid anion exchange fibers increased with increasing the swelling ratio and the highest value was 1.5 g $H_2O/g$ IEF. The adsorption of $NO_2$ by hybrid anion exchange fibers were very fast until 10 min and reached its maximum value of 80% at 120 min. Ion exchange capacity of hybrid anion exchange fibers increased with increasing the swelling ratio and it showed the highest 0.6 mmol/g IEF values at L/D=5. The adsorption isotherm model for hybrid anion exchange fibers were closer to Freundlich than Langmuir adsorption isotherm model. It was shown that adsorption of the multi-molecular layer was dominant.

• Journal of Pharmaceutical Investigation
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• v.7 no.1_4
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• pp.38-50
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• 1977

A study on the mechanism of biliary and urinary excretion of chloramphenicol has been performed in the dog. 1) Chloramphenicol administered intravenously to dogs with ligated renal pedicle, readily appeared in bile greater than in plasma. 6.9% of a 50mg /kg i. v. dose of chloramphenicol were excreted into bile within 100 minutes. During the same periods of above experiment, the bile/plasma concentration ratios(B/P ratios) were 46 to 87. 2) Chloramphenicol injected into the vein of dog was rapidly excreted into urine. 18% of the administered dose were excreted into urine within 70 minutes. In the same periods of this experiment, Ccm/Ccr ratios were greater than 1.0 in most cases. 3) In experiment of simultaneous measurement of biliary and urinary excretion of chloramphenicol, Ccm/Ccr ratios were less than 1.0 and B/P ratios were 50 to 52. 4) In experiment measured simultaneously biliary and urinary excretion both Ccm/Ccr and $C^Hcm$(hepatic clearance) were significantly declined by probenecid, but not affected by 2,4-DNP and aminophylline although 2,4-DNP increased only bile flow and aminophylline both bile and urine volume. 5) Ccm/Ccr and $C^Hcm$ were increased in proportion to increment of plasma concentration ranging from 3.3 to 30 mg% of chloramphenicol. But when plasma concentration were increased to 70mg %, Ccm/Ccr were not increased and $C_Hcm$ were reduced about 30% in comparison with values obtajned at 30mg% of chloramphenicol. 6) Free/Bound(free to bouid from) ratios ranging from 1.0 to 90.0mg% of chloramphenicol were 76.2+3.72% $(mean{\pm}S.E.)$ Above results suggest that chloramphenicol is excreted into bile by a process of active trasport, that excretion of chloramphenicol into urine was made up with dual process, reabsorption and secretion, and that renal secretion was attained by active trasport process although renal reabsorption process could not understand.

• Journal of the Korean Vacuum Society
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• v.6 no.4
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• pp.359-363
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• 1997

We have investigated the surface characteristics of n-GaAs (100) treated with Ar plasma (40 W, 5~120 sec) by photoreflectance (PR) measurement. With increasing Ar plasma treatment time, the intensity of $E_0$ peak observed to the minimum at 5 sec. The surface electric field ($E_0$), net carrier concentration ($N_P-N_A$), and surface state density ($Q_{SS}$ are $1.05{\times}10^5V/cm$ and $1.31{\tiems}10^{17}cm^{-3}$ and $1.64{\times}10^{-7}C/m^2$, respectively. These values were about 57.1, 81.4 and 56.9% smaller than those of bulk n-GaAs. On the other hand, the concentration of compensation centers ($N_A$) was maximum with value of $5.75{\times}10^{17}cm^{-3}$ at 5 sec. And penetration depth of defects generated after treated with Ar plasma was about 450 $\AA$ from surface.

• The Korean Journal of Physiology and Pharmacology
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• v.8 no.4
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• pp.213-218
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• 2004

Primary fish-odor syndrome (FOS) is a genetic disorder caused by defective flavin-containing mono-oxygenase 3 gene (FMO3) with deficient N-oxidation of trimethylamine (TMA), causing trimethylaminuria (TMAU). By contrast, secondary FOS can be acquired by decreased FMO activities in patients with chronic liver diseases, but the underlying mechanisms are unknown. In the present study, we examined plasma NOx concentrations and viral DNA contents as well as in vivo FMO activities and their correlations in chronic viral hepatitis (CVH) patients. Plasma concentration of NOx was significantly increased by 2.1 fold $(56.2{\pm}26.5\;vs.\;26.6{\pm}5.4\;{\mu}M,\;p<0.01)$, and it was positively correlated with plasma hepatitis B virus (HBV) DNA contents $(r^2=0.2838,\;p=0.0107)$. Furthermore, the elevated plasma NOx values were inversely and significantly correlated with in vivo FMO activities detected by ranitidine-challenged test $(8.3%\;vs.\;20.0%,\;r^2=0.2109,\;p=\0.0315)$. TMA N-oxidation activities determined in CVH patients without challenge test were also significantly low (73.6% vs. 95.7%, p< 0.05). In conclusion, these results suggested that secondary FOS could be acquired by the endogenously elevated NO in patients with CVH.

• Journal of Nutrition and Health
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• v.23 no.1
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• pp.44-51
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• 1990

The effects of dietary intake of sardine oil containing $\alpha-tocopherol(800mg/kg$ oil), $\delta-tocopherol(1, 000mg/kg$ oil) or rosermary extract(1, 000/kg oil) on the tocopherols and lipid peroxide levels in plasma and liver were investigated in rats. Ten % sardine oil with antioxidant was added to the basic diet containing 30 IU of vitamin E per kg diet. The sardine oil groups showed higher liver weight per body weight than that of lard group. Lipid peroxide(LPO) level in liver was significantly higher in the sardine oil groups, therfore the addition of antioxidants had no effect on the LPO values. $\alpha-Tocopherol$ contents in the plasma and liver were greatly lowered by sardine oil ingestion. The addition of $\alpha-tocopherol, $ $\beta-tocopheral$ or rosemary extract increased the tocopherols contents in plasma and liver. However, with the amount of antioxidants used in this experiment, tocopherols levels in tissue fed sardine oil were lower than those of lard group.

• YAKHAK HOEJI
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• v.38 no.2
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• pp.123-130
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• 1994

Physicochemical properties and hydrolysis kinetics of new some oral cephalosporins were examined in buttered solution and human plasma or rat liver homogenate. The test cephalosporins were 7-[(Z)-2-(2-aminothiazole-4-yl)-2- methoxyiminoacetamido]-3-[4-(2-pyridyl)piperazinyl] thiocarbonylthhiomethyl-3-cephem-4-carboxylic acid (CEN1), 7-[(Z)-2-(2-aminoth iazole-4-yl)-2-methoxyiminoacetamido]-3-[4-(2-pyrimidyl)piperazinyl]th iocarbonylthiomethyl-3-cephem-4-carboxylic acid (CEN2), pivaloyloxymethyl-7-[ (Z)-2-(2-aminothiazole-4-yl)-2-methoxyiminoacetamido]-3-[4-(2-pyridyl)piperazi nyl]thiocarbonylthiomethy1-3-cephem-4-carboxylate (CEN1P), and pivaloyloxymethyl-7-[(Z)-2-(2-aminothiazole-4-yl)-2-methoxyiminoacetamido]-3-[ 4-(2-pyrimidyl)piperazinyl]thiocarbonyl-thiomethyl-3-cephem-4-carboxylate (CEN2P). The partition coefficient(Ko/w) of CEN1P, CEN2P were higher than those of CEN1, CEN2. The calculated pKa values of CEN1, CEN2, CEN1P, and CEN2P were 7.09, 7.75, 4.92, and 5.39, respectively. The hydrolysis of CEN1P and CEN2P were not depend on the composition of pH of the test medium except weak alkaline buffered solution (pH 8.00). CEN1 and CEN2 were very stable in pH 6.80 and 8.00 buffer solutions. CEN1P and CEN2P were rapidly deesterified to CEN1 and CEN2 in human plasma and in rat liver homogenate. Half-lives$(t_{1/2})$ of CEN1 and CEN2 were 3.49 and 4.93 hr in human plasma, 1.47 and 1.26 hr in rat liver homogenate, respectively.

• Proceedings of the KIEE Conference
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• 1996.07c
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• pp.1446-1449
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• 1996

Thin films of diamond-like carbon(DLC) have been deposited using a magnetron plasma-enhanced chemical vapor deposition(PECVD) method with an rf(13.56 MHz) plasma of $C_{3}H_{8}$. From the Langmuir probe I-V characteristics, it can be observed that increasing the magnetic field yields an increase of the temperature($T_e$) and density($N_e$) of electron. At a magnetic field of 82 Gauss, the estimated values of $T_e$ and $N_e$ are approximately $1.5\;{\times}\;10^5$ K(13.5 eV) and $1.3\;{\times}\;10^{11}\;cm^{-3}$, respectively. Such a highly dense plasma can be attributed to the enhanced ionization caused by the cyclotron motion of electrons in the presence of a magnetic field. On the other hand, the negative dc self-bias voltage($-V_{sb}$) decreases with an increasing magnetic field, which is irrespective of gas pressure in the range of $1{\sim}7$ mTorr. This result is well explained by a theoretical model considering the variation of $T_e$. Deposition rates of DLC films increases with a magnetic field. This may be due to the increased mean free path of electrons in the magnetron plasma. Structures of DLC films are examined by using various techniques such as FTIR and Raman spectroscopy. Most of hydrocarbon bonds in DLC films prepared consist of $sp^3$ tetrahedral bonds. Increasing the rf power leads to an enhancement of cross-linking of carbon atoms in DLC films. At approximately 140 W, the maximum film density obtained is about 2.4 $g/cm^3$.

• Korean Journal of Community Nutrition
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• v.7 no.6
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• pp.844-851
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• 2002

Smoking can increase oxidative stress and thereby change the antioxidant defense system in the body. To investigate the relationship between male adolescent smoking and antioxidant status, we surveyed the eating habits and dietary intake of 82 smokers and 44 nonsmokers recruited from a male technical high school. In addition, antioxidant enzyme activity and lipid peroxide values were determined in both the plasma and the erythrocytes. Although the frequency of food intake was not significantly different, most nutrient intake was unexpectedly higher in smokers than in nonsmokers. In comparison with the Korean RDA, especially the average intake of Ca, Fe and vitamin $B_2$ didn t reach 75% of the Korean RDA in either smokers or nonsmokers. An analysis of antioxidant enzyme activity showed that plasma catalase. superoxide dismutase (SOD), glutathione peroxidase (GSH-px), erythrocyte catalase and GSH-px activities showed no significant difference between smokers and nonsmokers. However, the erythrocyte SOD activity of smokers (1.57 unit/mgHb) was significantly lower than that of nonsmokers (2.00 unit/mg Hb). In addition, the plasma ceruloplasmin concentration of smokers (28.68 mg/$d\ell$) was significantly higher than that of nonsmokers (26.30 mg/$d\ell$), whereas the specific ceruloplasmin ferroxidase activity of smokers (0.31 unit/mg) was lower than that of nonsmokers (0.35 unit/mg). The plasma and erythrocyte thlobarbituric acid reactive substance (TBARS) of smokers (2.57 $\mu$mol/L, 0.32 $\mu$mol/gHb) were also significantly higher than those of nonsmokers (2.25 $\mu$mol/L, 0.27 $\mu$mol/gHb). The overall data indicate that adolescent smoking might decrease the antioxidant capacity of the body, in part, by lowering the erythrocyte SOD activity and the specific ceruloplasmin ferroxidase activity.

• The Journal of Pediatrics of Korean Medicine
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• v.20 no.1
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• pp.31-47
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• 2006

Objectives : The purpose of this study is to find out the effect of antioxidation related to aging of Cheongeumyeonsudan which is written on Dongui-bogam experimentally. Method : 14 weeks aged SD albino rats were separated into uncontrolled group, controlled group and CGY group. As controlled and CGY groups were induced aging by subcutaneous injection of D-galactose, at the same time we administered the extract of Cheongeumyeonsudan to CGY group for 6 weeks. After then we drew blood from each group, and took measurements; the activity of SOD, GSH-px, catalase in erythrocytes, TBARS value, concentration of total lipid, tryglycende, total cholesterol, HDL-cholesterol in blood plasma. Results : The activities of SOD, GSH-px in erythrocytes were significantly increased in the CGY group compared with control group. The activity of catalase showed a tendency to increase, but it was nor remarkable. The concentration of total lipid, the values of TBARS and total cholesterol was significantly decreased in the CGY group compared with control group, and the concentration of plasma HDL-cholesterol was not remarkable. The concentration of tryglycende in plasma showed a tendency to decreased. Conclusions : it is suggested that Cheongeumyeonsudan decreased the activities of free radical, the concentration of lipid in plasma and generate enzyme which form lipid peroxide.