• 한국어병학회지
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• 제35권1호
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• pp.65-75
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• 2022

Mirror carp, Cyprinus carpio nudus (weight 26.2±3.1 g, length 11.8±0.5 cm) were exposed to waterborne total ammonia nitrogen (TAN) at 0, 2, 4, 8, 16, 32, 64 and 128 mg TAN/L. The lethal concentration 50 (LC₅₀) of mirror carp, C. carpio nudus exposed to waterborne ammonia was 60.38 mg TAN/L. The red blood cell (RBC) count was significantly reduced by ammonia exposure, whereas there was no significant changes in the hemoglobin concentration and hematocrit value. In the plasma components, glucose, total protein, aspartate aminotransferase (AST) and alkaline phosphatase (ALP) were significantly increased by ammonia exposure. The results of this study suggest that the ammonia exposure to C. carpio nudus affects the survival rates, hematological parameters and plasma components as toxicity.

• Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences
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• 제19권10호
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• pp.44.1-44.8
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• 2016

Rockfish, Sebastes schlegelii (mean length $14.53{\pm}1.14cm$ and mean weight $38.36{\pm}3.45g$), were exposed for 4 weeks with the different levels of ammonia in the concentrations of 0, 0.1, 0.5, and 1.0 mg/L at 19 and $24^{\circ}C$. The indicators of growth performance such as daily length gain, daily weight gain, condition factor, and hematosomatic index were significantly reduced by the ammonia exposure and high temperature. The ammonia exposure induced a significant decrease in hematological parameters, such as red blood cell (RBC) count, white blood cell (WBC) count, hemoglobin (Hb), and hematocrit (Ht), whose trend was more remarkable at $24^{\circ}C$. Mean corpuscular volume (MCV), mean corpuscular hemoglobin (MCH), and mean corpuscular hemoglobin concentration (MCHC) were also notably decreased by the ammonia exposure. Blood ammonia concentration was considerably increased by the ammonia concentration exposure. In the serum components, the glucose, glutamic oxalate transaminase (GOT), and glutamic pyruvate transaminase (GPT) were substantially increased by the ammonia exposure, whereas total protein was significantly decreased. But, the calcium and magnesium were not considerably changed.

• 한국어류학회지
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• 제29권1호
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• pp.13-21
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• 2017

본 연구는 능성어(Epinephelus septemfasciatus)를 해수 순환여과양식시스템(RAS)에 적용하는데 문제가 되는 암모니아의 농도 기준을 제시하기 위하여 96시간 동안 암모니아 노출에 따른 생존율 및 혈액학적 특성 변화를 조사하였다. 생존율 실험구의 암모니아 농도는 대조구, 0.35, 0.4, 0.5, 0.8 mg/L였으며, 96-h $LC_{50}$ 농도는 0.6 mg/L로 나타났다. 능성어 치어의 암모니아 96-h $LC_{50}$ 농도인 0.6 mg/L에서 0, 3, 6, 12, 24, 48, 72, 96시간 간격으로 12마리씩 혈액 샘플링을 하였다. 실험구의 암모니아 노출 시간이 경과할수록 혈장 코티졸, 글루코스, GOT 및 GPT 농도가 증가하는 경향을 보였다. 혈장 암모니아와 총 단백질은 암모니아 노출 12시간째까지는 증가하였고 이후로는 감소하였지만, 대조구와 비교하여 유의하게 높은 값을 나타내었다. 또한 혈장 전해질이온($Na^+$, $Cl^-$)과 삼투압은 감소하는 경향이 관찰되었다.

• Journal of Korean Society for Atmospheric Environment
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• 제21권E2호
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• pp.57-65
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• 2005

An experimental study was performed on the decomposition of gaseous ammonia and two selected volatile organic compounds (VOCs: toluene and acetone) in a combined nonthermal plasma reactor with corona and glow discharges. A lab pilot scale reactor (206 liter) equipped with a high electric power pack was used to determine the decomposition efficiency in relation with the inlet concentration and applied voltage. Three different types of discharging electrode such as wired rack, wire strings for corona discharge, and thin plate for glow discharge were put in order in the reactor. While decomposition of ammonia decreased with an increase in the initial concentration, acetone showed an opposite result. In the case of toluene however no explicit tendency was found in toluene and aceton. Negative discharge resulted in high decomposition efficiency than the positive one for all gases. A better removal of gas phase element could be achieved when fume dust were present simultaneously.

• 한국수산과학회지
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• 제29권6호
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• pp.828-836
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• 1996

The histological changes of gill, liver, spleen and muscle, and respiration and blood variables and liver glycogen content were examined in black seabream, Acanthopagrus schlegeli. Fish were exposed to a high level of total ammonia nitrogen (10.4 mg/l) and recovered from exposure $(0.4{\pm}0.2mg/l)$ in a closed recirculating seawater system. In the process of exposure, mortality was $9\%$, and hyperplasia, necrosis or inflammation appeared in all tissues except for muscle. Oxygen consumption was decreased by $49\%$, and red blood cell (RBC) number, hematocrit and hemoglobin concentration were significantly decreased, while plasma glucose contents, activities of glutamate-oxaloacetate transaminase (GOT) and glutamate-pyruvate transaminase (GPT) increased. Liver glycogen content significantly increased from $6.6\%\;to\;10.4\%$. A large amount of hemosiderin was observed in the splenic tissue. During the recovery period, RBC number, hematocrit, hemoglobin concentration, GOT and GPT activities were returned to the normal status. Histological status of liver tissue was returned to the normal, but liver glycogen content was not recovered. During the recovery period, spleen melanin-macrophages temporarily increased, but subsequently decreased to the normal status.

• 환경생물
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• 제32권4호
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• pp.344-352
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• 2014

본 연구에서는 암모니아 노출에 따른 조피볼락의 생리학적 반응을 조사하고자 아가미 $Na^+/K^+$-ATPase (NKA) 활성을 비롯한 혈장 parameters를 분석하였다. 실험구의 암모니아 농도는 대조구(자연해수), 1, 2, 4, $8mg\;L^{-1}$였으며, 조피볼락을 각각의 실험구에 3시간동안 노출한 다음 혈액 및 아가미 조직을 샘플링하였다. 실험구의 암모니아 농도가 높아질수록 혈장 암모니아 농도가 증가하였으며, 아가미 NKA 활성 또한 증가하는 경향을 보였다. 혈장 $Cl^-$를 제외한 외부의 암모니아 영향을 받지 않았으나, 4, $8mg\;L^{-1}$구의 $Na^+$, $K^+$ 및 삼투질농도는 대조구 및 1, $2mg\;L^{-1}$구보다 유의하게 높았다. 암모니아 노출에 따른 조피볼락의 혈장 코티졸은 암모니아 농도와 선형관계를 보였으며, 혈장 글루코스 또한 코티졸과 동반상승하는 것으로 나타났다. 1, $2mg\;L^{-1}$구의 hematocrit는 대조구와 차이를 보이지 않았으나, 4, $8mg\;L^{-1}$구는 나머지 실험구보다 유의하게 높았다. 암모니아 농도가 높을수록 아가미 조직 손상은 심하였으며, 특히 4, $8mg\;L^{-1}$구에서는 상피세포의 과증식, 분리, 괴사 및 2차새변의 곤봉화(club-shaped lamella) 현상이 관찰되었다.

• 한국환경과학회지
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• 제23권9호
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• pp.1627-1634
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• 2014

Odor control technology include absorption, adsorption, incineration and biological treatments. But, most of processes have some problems such as secondary organic acids discharge at the final odor treatment facility. In order to solve the problems for effective treatment of organic acids in odor, it is necessary to develop a new type advanced odor control technology. Some of the technology are plasma only process and plasma hybrid process as key process of the advanced technology. In this study, odor removal performance was compared DBD(Dielectric Barrier Discharge)plasma process with PCHP(plasma catalysis hybrid process) by gaseous ammonia, formaldehyde and acetic acid. Plasma only process by acetic acid obtained higher treatment efficiency above 90%, and PCHP reached its efficiency up to 96%. Acetic acid is relatively easy pollutant to control its concentration other than sulfur and nitrogen odor compounds, because it has tendency to react with water quickly. To test of the performance of DBD plasma process by applied voltage, the tests were conducted to find the dependence of experimental conditions of the applied voltage at 13 kV and 15 kV separately. With an applied voltage at 15 kV, the treatment efficiency was achieved to more higher than 13 kV from 83% to 99% on ammonia, formaldehyde and acetic acid. It seems to the odor treatment efficiency depends on the applied voltage, temperature, humidity and chemical bonding of odors.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• 제13권7호
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• pp.922-928
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• 2000

The effects of animal species and supplements on rumen fluid characteristics, plasma urea-N (PUN) concentration, plasma urea-N pool size, urea-N degradation in the gut and urea-N net flux (urea-N synthesis rate) were studied in goats and sheep, with some minor differences detected. The animals were fed either chopped rice straw ad libitum+200 g soybean meal (SBM), or chopped rice straw ad libitum+190 g soybean meal+300 g sago meal (SBM+SM) for 14 days. The supplements were isonitrogenous (80 g crude protein/animal/d). [$^{14}C$]-urea was used as the marker for urea metabolism studies. Two animals from each species were fed either supplement in a cross-over design in two periods. The results showed that rumen pH was significantly (p<0.001) lower in animals fed SBM+SM than those fed SBM supplement. The ammonia concentrations of rumen fluid were significantly (p<0.01) higher in sheep (382.9 mg N/L) than goats (363.1 mg N/L) when fed SBM supplement but lower (282.5 mg N/L) than that of goats (311.0 mg N/L) when fed SBM+SM supplement. Total VFA concentrations were significantly (p<0.05) higher in animals fed SBM+SM supplement than those fed SBM supplement. Goats had significantly (p<0.01) higher molar proportions of acetate (79.1, 77.7%, respectively) than sheep (75.8, 74.0%, respectively) in both supplements. The molar proportion of acetate was significantly (p<0.05) higher, while that of butyrate lower in animals fed SBM supplement than those fed SBM+SM supplement. In animals fed SBM supplement, the molar proportion of propionate was significantly (p<0.01) higher in sheep (18.0%) than in goats (15.6%), but in animals fed SBM+SM, the molar proportion of butyrate was significantly (p<0.01) higher (9.6%) in sheep than in goats (7.2%). Plasma urea-N concentration, plasma urea-N pool size, urea-N degradation in the gut, urea-N net flux and the fraction of urea-C from the blood entering the rumen were not significantly different between goats and sheep fed either supplement. However, PUN concentration was significantly (p<0.05) lower in animals fed SBM+SM supplement (average of 13.8 mg N/100 ml) than in those fed SBM supplement (average of 16.5 mg N/100 ml). The urea net flux was significantly (p<0.05) higher in goats (average of 14.5 g N/d) than sheep (average of 12.9 g N/d), and animals fed SBM supplement showed higher (average of 14.9 g N/d) urea net flux than animals fed SBM+SM supplement (average of 12.9 g N/d). A significant (p<0.05) positive correlation was observed between urea-N net flux and urea-N degradation; urea-N net flux and pool size; urea-N net flux and urea excretion in the urine; and PUN and rumen ammonia in goats. While in sheep, significant (p<0.05) positive correlation was observed between urea-N net flux and urea excretion in the urine; and PUN and rumen ammonia.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• 제30권7호
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• pp.1048-1053
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• 2017

Objective: The objectives of the study were to assess the effect of cacao bean husk as bedding material in free-stall barn on the behavior, productivity, and udder health of dairy cattle, and on the ammonia concentrations in the barn. Methods: Four different stall surfaces (no bedding, cacao bean husk, sawdust, and chopped wheat straw) were each continuously tested for a period of 1 week to determine their effects on nine lactating Holstein cows housed in the free-stall barn with rubber matting. The lying time and the milk yield were measured between d 4 and d 7. Blood samples for plasma cortisol concentration and teat swabs for bacterial counts were obtained prior to morning milking on d 7. The time-averaged gas-phase ammonia concentrations in the barn were measured between d 2 and d 7. Results: The cows spent approximately 2 h more per day lying in the stalls when bedding was available than without bedding. The milk yield increased in the experimental periods when cows had access to bedding materials as compared to the period without bedding. The lying time was positively correlated with the milk yield. Bacterial counts on the teat ends recorded for cows housed on cacao bean husk were significantly lower than those recorded for cows housed without bedding. Ammonia concentration under cacao bean husk bedding decreased by 6%, 15%, and 21% as compared to no bedding, sawdust, and chopped wheat straw, respectively. The cortisol concentration was lowest in the period when cacao bean husk bedding was used. We observed a positive correlation between the ammonia concentrations in the barn and the plasma cortisol concentrations. Conclusion: Cacao bean husk is a potential alternative of conventional bedding material, such as sawdust or chopped wheat straw, with beneficial effects on udder health and ammonia concentrations in the barns.

• 한국대기환경학회지
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• 제27권4호
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• pp.387-394
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• 2011

A study on the removal of sulfur dioxide and nitrogen oxide was carried out using a non-thermal nano-pulse corona discharger at different gas temperatures. Pulse voltage with a high voltage of 50 kV, a pulse rising time of about 100 ns, a full width at half maximum of about 500 ns and a frequency of 1 kHz was applied to a wire-cylinder corona reactor. Ammonia and propylene gases were added into the corona reactor as additives with a static mixer. Ammonia addition had less effect on $SO_2$ reduction at the higher temperature because of the retardation of ammonium sulfate formation. However, propylene addition enhanced NO reduction at higher temperature due to increased gas mixture. $SO_2$ was further removed at the mixed $SO_2$ and NO gas due to increased $NO_2$ by the conversion of NO. The addition of ammonia and propylene gases was more highly dominant for the removal of sulfur dioxide compared to the sole pulse corona without the additives. However, the specific energy density per unit concentration of pulse corona as well as propylene additive was an important factor to remove NO gas. Therefore, the specific energy density per unit concentration of 0.04 Wh/($m^3{\cdot}ppm$) was necessary for the NO removal of more than 80% with the concentration ratio of 2.0 for propylene and NO. Hydrogen peroxide was another alternative additive to remove both $SO_2$ and NO in the nano-pulse corona discharger.