• Korean Journal of Environment and Ecology
• /
• v.10 no.1
• /
• pp.66-75
• /
• 1996

To propose basic information for national resource management and planting disign, plant community structure of evergreen broad-leaved forest was investigated. Fifty-two plots(each size 300m$^{2}$) were set up at Ch'omch'alsan area of Chindo, Korea. TWINSPAN and DCA methods were used for classification and ordination analysis. Fifty-two plots were divided into seven groups, which were Quercus variabilis-Carpinus tschonoskii community, Q. glauca community, Castanepsis cuspidata var. sieboldii-Q. stenophylla community, Castanopsis cuspidata var. sieboldii-Camelia japonica community, Q. acuta-Camelia japonica community, Carpinus coreaca-Q spp. community, C. coreana community. Pinus densiflora almost have been selected. Carpinus tschomoskii, Q. variabillis and Q. serrata were to be succeeded by Castanea cuspidata var. sieboldii, Q. stenophylla, Q. acuta and Neolitsea sericea in canopy layer. And Neolitsea sericea, Q. glauca and Camellia japonica was showed high importance values in fertile soil condition. Future restoration plan was necessary for a tourist resort or national forest in warm temperate region. And evergreen broad-leaved plants shall be planted in considering of environmental condition at warm temperate and industrial complex area.

• Journal of the Korean Institute of Landscape Architecture
• /
• v.22 no.4
• /
• pp.149-160
• /
• 1995

We investigated the seasonal changes flower color of 163 deciduous woody landscape plants in the Suwon region from January 1, 1992 to March 20, 1993. The results were as follows; 1. By the month of anthesis of woody landscape plants, only one plant of Hamamelis japonica flowered in February, 15 species in March, 48 species in April, 63 species in May, 23 species in June, 12 species in July, and one plant of Hydrangea paniculata was flowered in August. 2. The flowering period was about 220 days from February 24, 1992 that Hamamelis japonica was anthesis to October 5, 1992 when Hydrangea paniculata was deblossomed. 3. By the flowering period of woody landscape plants, 81 species continued for 11 days through 20 days, and Rosa spp., 118 days, Hibiscus syriacus 'Yungkwang', 80 days, Largerstroemia indica, 65 days, and 6 species continued for 41 through 60 days, 10 species were 31 through 40 days, 43 species were 21 through 30 days, and 20 species were for less than 11 days. 4. The woody landscape plants flowering before leaf spreading, Hamamelis japonica, Abeliophyllum distichum, Prunus mume 'Hwahyangmi', Prunus mume 'Baekkaha', Lindera obtusiloba, Cornus officinalis, Prunus armeniaca. The others were plants with leaves spreading white flowering; Forsythia ovata 'Tetra gold', Forsythia ovata, Corylus hetrophylla, Rhododendron mucronulatum, Magnolia denudata, Forsythia koreana 'Seoul Gold', Forsythia koreana, Magnolia stellata, Acer negundo 'Elegans', Magnolia kobus, Forsythia viridissima 'Bronxensis', Prunus yedoensis, Prunus leveilleana var. pendula, Prunus persica for. albiplena, Prunus tomentosa, Prunus persia, Magnolia liliflora, Prunus glandulosa for. sinensis, Cercis chinensis, Poncirus trifoliata. 5. In terms of flower color based on KBS standard color number, 83 species were white, 44 species wer red, 21 species were yellow, 12 species were violet, and 3 species were green. 6. In terms of the flower color by month. Hamamelis japonica was yellow February. Flower colors in March were : yellow-7 species, red-3 species and white-5 species. Flower colors in April were : White-21 species, red-19 species and yellow-6 species. Flower colors in May were : White-36 species, red-16 species. The white flowers in June were 16 species. Flower colors in July were : white-4 species, red-4 species. 7. The white flower color of woody landscape plants of trees was 35 species. The red flower color was 18 species, yellow flower color was 5 species, violet flower color was 2 species, and green flower color was 3 species. Also the white flower color of woody landscape plants of shrubs was 48 species, red flower color was 25 species, yellow flower color was 17 species and violet flower color was 10 species. 8. The new 'Cultivars' of woody landscape plants are needed to introduced the development of planting design. 9. Present data of illustrated books of plants should be checked by new data that was studied in this research.

• Journal of the Korean Institute of Traditional Landscape Architecture
• /
• v.38 no.3
• /
• pp.35-49
• /
• 2020

The purpose of this study is to provide the baseline data for conservation and management of the ecosystem of urban forest by surveying and analysing the vascular plants distributed in Hwangseong Park, Gyeongju-si. The results of the survey of vascular plants from April 2018 to May 2020 were summarized as 338 taxa including 78 families, 222 genera, 296 species, 5 subspecies, 18 varieties, 6 forms, 4 hybrids and 9 cultivars, and 110 taxa of planted species and 235 taxa of native species were identified. The representative planting species was Liriope muscari. The 7 taxa of rare plants and 5 taxa of Korean endemic plants were investigated. The specific plants by floristic region were totally 24 taxa, which were 1 taxa of grade V, 4 taxa of grade IV, 7 taxa of grade III, 4 taxa of grade II and 8 taxa of grade I. The 57 taxa of naturalized plants and 6 taxa of invasive alien plants were showed. In particular, Chionanthus retusus represent traditional landscape trees in Korea and have high ecological value. Therefore, the old trees of Chionanthus retusus will have to be managed by assigning a number for each individual. The invasive alien plants will need periodic control and development of programs that can work in conjunction with civic groups.

• Journal of Korean Society of Forest Science
• /
• v.78 no.2
• /
• pp.228-241
• /
• 1989

The objectives of this study are to identify flood disasters resulted from heavy rainstorm including earth and stone-debris avalanches and also to develope the scientific data to be needed for establishing the landslide-related disaster prevention countermeasures. For this study, 5 Gun (district) regions including Booyeo, Seochun, Gongju, Boryung, and Chungyang in Chungchongnam-do of the central part of Korea, in which severe landslide damages have been triggered during 3 days from July 21 to July 23, 1987, were investigated. Mostly, landslides having death of human lives triggered from 6 a.m, to 8 a,m. on July 22, and the principal factor was proved to be the continuous heavy rain ; the continuous rainfall of internal region for 3 days measured about 300-673 mm. The structural measures for slope failure prevention countermeasures at the hollow part of upper hillslope should be required. Natural drainage network on slopes should not be disturbed in case of land use alteration, such as a chestnut planting work on hillslopes behind the houses particularly. There are so many problems in recognition of landslide disaster prevention countermeasures including evacuation exercises. More actual education of countermeasures for control of flood and landslide should be put to practice through "civil defense education" and "inhabitants' meeting." In this context, existing Erosion Control Stations of 13 regions established in each Province should not be reduced. The designation criterion and surveying processes of "Landslide Prone Site" published by Forest Administration should also be improved scientifically.

• Journal of the Korean Recycled Construction Resources Institute
• /
• v.7 no.1
• /
• pp.16-21
• /
• 2019

This study has its aim to judge both applicability and suitability of recycling of waste soil for the use of farmland amelioration and low-lying farmland reclamation through growth and development experiment and component analysis. As results of physical characteristic evaluation on recycling of waste soil, the classification based on unified soil classification system has investigated as SW and SP affiliation and soil classification has appeared to be a loamy sand. As results of chemical component analysis, pH has appeared to be 7.0~8.4 which is relatively higher than general soil, however, heavy metal has investigated within the 1 region's standard value of soil pollution standards. As results of germination experiment, when using it by mixing recycling soil less than 75%, there is no significant influence on germination, and in the growth and development experiment, when using horticultural bed soil which is mixed with less than 40% of recycling of waste soil, it has confirmed that there is no significance difference with general soil. In case of farmland, the growth disorder of recycling of waste soil rate no more than 40% has shown that it has relatively small influences, and in case of using it by mixing with agricultural soil, it has evaluated to require concrete review of factors which may restrict growth condition including nutrition and pH.

• KOREAN JOURNAL OF CROP SCIENCE
• /
• v.66 no.4
• /
• pp.411-418
• /
• 2021

The yield potential of sesame depends on genetic factor, environmental factor, genetic × environmental interaction, as well as agronomic factors such as sowing date, planting density or seed rate for sowing. The main aim of this study was to analyze the effects of different sowing dates on the yield-related traits and total seed weight of sesame. The analysis of variance revealed that different sowing dates affected sesame yield-related traits such as plant height, number of branch per plant, number of capsule per plant, 1,000-seed weight, and total seed weight. Early or late sowing date showed negative effect of yield-related sesame traits and total seed weight. Optimum sowing date for sesame in the middle region of Korean peninsula was May 10^th, in which total seed yield recorded 90 kg per 10 are. Path-coefficient analysis revealed that the number of capsule per plant and plant height were major factors that affected the total seed weight of sesame across different sowing dates.

• Korean Journal of Environment and Ecology
• /
• v.36 no.1
• /
• pp.87-101
• /
• 2022

This study analyzed changes in the vegetation structure of 16 permanent plots (experimental and control) installed in Wando Arboretum in 1996 to monitor the long-term change process of evergreen broad-leaved forests in warm temperate. Especially, this study discusses the effects of trial treatment (selection cutting and plant introduction), introduced as a restoration technique in 1996, on vegetation development. In communities dominated by Quercus acuta in the canopy (permanent plots 1 through 3), this species's mean important percentage (MIP) decreased, and the evergreen broad-leaved species was introduced from outside increased, likely to change the vegetation structure in the future. The expansion of the evergreen broad-leaved species group was also confirmed in Q. acuta-deciduous broad-leaved forests (permanent plots 5 and 7) and Pinus densifloraforests (permanent plots 9 and 10). In the experimental plots where thinning was carried out, the zoochory (the dispersal of seeds by birds), Cinnamomum yabunikkei, Neolitsea sericea, Machilus thunbergii, etc., and the expansion of the influence of evergreen broad-leaved species were remarkable, so it is considered to have effectively promoted the vegetation development in warm temperate forests. Although evergreen broad-leaved species were planted in the experimental plot to change vegetation structure, it seems the effect on the change was weak due to the small amount of planting. Compared to other vegetation types, the change in the vegetative structure of the pine forest to an evergreen broad-leaved forest was clear due to the decline of P. densiflora and P. thunbergii.

• Journal of Korean Society of Rural Planning
• /
• v.29 no.3
• /
• pp.39-52
• /
• 2023

There is a clear need to enhance the attractiveness of rural areas by leveraging their core assets to respond to emerging mega-trends. This paper analyzes the progress of the direct payment program that has been implemented to preserve agricultural landscapes in rural areas, using spatial information data. The study identified the planting characteristics of landscape crops, spatial utilization characteristics of the system, and utilization characteristics of the system by the beneficiaries. According to the analysis, the spatial utilization characteristics of the system could be classified into eight types: tourism resources and nearby agricultural areas, designation across the entire rural area, agricultural areas around villages, large-scale agricultural areas, small-scale agricultural areas, scattered and dispersed areas, independent parcels of land, and ranches. Based on the characteristics and limitations of the landscape preservation direct payment system, this study provides directions for future rural specialized zones. The landscape preservation direct payment system focuses on income support for farmers and providing agricultural benefits in terms of public interest. Meanwhile, the landscape agricultural zone serves as a rural specialized zone, highlighting the need to explore the direction of integrated rural landscape management. It is important for farmers, as the key stakeholders, to preserve the agricultural landscape in rural areas. Forming community-level cooperatives and engaging in relevant activities are crucial for achieving this goal. In order to actively preserve the agricultural landscape, it is necessary to consider the resumption of financial support for village landscape preservation activities, along with the designation of landscape agricultural zones. There is a need to conduct a specific review and explore measures to accommodate the designated landscape complexes at the local government level. The higher the ratio of designated landscape complexes, the more agricultural landscape management based on public value has been carried out. The designation of such landscape complexes can be seen as a demand for voluntary utilization of agricultural landscapes in the region. Moreover, as the ratio of designated landscape complexes increases, it becomes evident that farmers at the village level actively participate in agricultural landscape preservation and contribute to providing public value or utilize it as a tourism resource. This highlights the need for managing agricultural landscapes at the village level within the appropriate context.

• Ecology and Resilient Infrastructure
• /
• v.10 no.4
• /
• pp.237-249
• /
• 2023

This study was carried to establish a new landscape-oriented gardening model based on climate, vegetation, and forest landscape characteristics. In addition, innovative forest garden models were suggested through an integrated approach to the ecological characteristics of forest vegetation communities and existing garden planting types. For the study, the key landscape elements that make up the main forest vegetation community were identified. And the vertical layers and horizontal distribution patterns of the community structure were typified by diagnostic species and their growth forms & habits such as dominant species, character species, and differential species, and degree of dominance-sociability. Based on this, a standardized vegetation structure and formation was developed by stratifying the landscape into main features, minor features, and detailed features according to visual dominant elements. Also, the applicability of the forest garden model was examined by applying the concept of borrowing landscape to representative deciduous broadleaf forests in the temperate northern region of Korea. Additionally, an integrated forest garden models based on the conceptual definition and typology of forest gardens, and a strategic approach to forest vegetation were proposed

• Journal of Ginseng Culture
• /
• v.6
• /
• pp.105-115
• /
• 2024

Wild ginseng, grown in undisturbed forest environments, has been maintained for centuriesthrough human intervention and knowledge, leading to the development of current ginseng agriculture. The practice of ginseng farming has long been established in various regions of Korea. However, the ginseng farming specifically in Geumsan was recognized as a Globally Important Agricultural Heritage System (GIAHS) by the Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations (FAO) in 2018. This designation was granted after a thorough evaluation, which confirmed that Geumsan's ginseng farming met the necessary criteria, including historical importance, traditional knowledge system, agrobiodiversity, and agricultural landscape. Traditional ginseng farming in Geumsan practices the 'rotating agriculture system', a sustainable land use approach that has been developed over several cycles of long duration (10-15 years). It contains the knowledge to choose locations for cultivation that prioritize the direction of sunlight and wind circulation. Furthermore, it received significant recognition for its agricultural heritage value based on its maintenance of several traditional knowledge systems, including ancestral wisdom and knowledge regarding pre-planting field management techniques. As of December 2023, there are currently 86 locations in 26 nations that have been designated as GIAHS. Among these sites, Geumsan stands out as the first and only site in the world specifically recognized for the cultivation of ginseng crops. This historical record serves as a significant reminder of Korea's prominent position as a major producer of ginseng on a global level. This article first provides an overview of the concept of agricultural heritage, the designation criteria, and the status of the designation. It then identifies, among the GIAHS designation criteria, the agricultural heritage value of traditional ginseng farming in the Geumsan region from the perspective of local traditional knowledge systems.