• IE interfaces
• /
• v.18 no.3
• /
• pp.288-296
• /
• 2005

Many jobs and activities in our daily lives require squatting postures. The fore part includes housekeepers, farmers, and welders and the latter includes a wide variety of activities such as housekeeping; planting, cultivating and harvesting various agricultural products; grinding, welding, etc. It is speculated that prolonged squatting postures without any supporting stool would gradually cause musculoskeletal injuries to workers. This study is conducted to examine the proper height of stools according to the position of the working materials and to develop wearable stools for workers with squatting posture. Forty male and female subjects participated in the experiment to find the proper height of stools according to the position of the working materials. Subjects were asked to squat and work with 3 different working positions: floor level; ankle level; shank level of 3 different stool height conditions: 10cm height; 15cm height; and 20cm height. After 5 minutes of maintaining a squatting work posture while sitting on the different height stools, Likert summated rating method as well as pairwise ranking test was applied to evaluate the user preferences for provided stools under the conditions of different working positions. The results of statistical analysis show that the subjects preferred 10cm height stool for floor level, 15cm height stool for ankle level, 20cm height stool for knee level. We thus strongly recommend to use appropriate height stools in accordance with the different working positions. Moreover, a prototype wearable stool was designed such that workers with squatting posture do not need to move the stool while they are moving about. The purpose of developing wearable stool was to decrease the physical stress and hence promote worker's health who work with squatting posture.

• Journal of Forest and Environmental Science
• /
• v.38 no.1
• /
• pp.64-73
• /
• 2022

Increasing carbon and PM_2.5 concentrations have been emerging as serious environmental issues worldwide. The purpose of this study was to quantify carbon and PM_2.5 reduction by urban parks in Gangneung, Korea. A total of 35 parks were sampled by applying a random sampling method to survey tree planting structures and the areal distribution of land cover types of urban parks. These survey data and the Green Evaluation Technique (GET) computer program were used to estimate carbon and PM_2.5 reduction by trees. Mean tree density and cover in the study parks were 3.5±0.2 tree/100 m² and 44.5±3.0%, respectively. Annual carbon uptake and PM_2.5 deposition per unit area by trees averaged 2.8±0.2 t/ha/yr and 30.2±2.8 kg/ha/yr. Gangneung's urban parks annually offset the carbon emissions by 3.4% and the PM_2.5 emissions by 3.5%. Thus, urban parks played a significant role in reducing atmospheric carbon and PM_2.5 concentrations. Total annual carbon uptake and PM_2.5 deposition of urban parks in Gangneung were about 1,338.2 t/yr and 14,433.2 kg/yr. This study is expected to contribute to raising awareness of the role and importance of urban parks regarding carbon and PM_2.5 reduction.

• Journal of People, Plants, and Environment
• /
• v.23 no.1
• /
• pp.47-53
• /
• 2020

This study conducted a horticultural therapy program for trainees entrusted to the Juvenile Classification Review Center in order to fill the educational gap while providing emotional stability during the one-month period of commissioned education. The effects of horticultural therapy were examined by the pretest and posttest changes of the emotional items such as anxiety, self-esteem, self-efficacy and stress index. As the research method, this study used the one-group pretest-posttest experimental design on 16 female trainees of commissioned education staying at the Juvenile Classification Review Center in the juvenile reformatory located in A city. The horticultural therapy program was carried out in four sessions: two on flower arrangement and two on planting. The scores before and after the horticultural therapy program were measured using the Revised Children's Manifest Anxiety Scale (RCMAS) to examine the effects of horticultural therapy on the reduction of anxiety for the adolescents staying in the Juvenile Classification Review Center. The results show that there was significant decrease in the mean of anxiety from 62.5 (SD = 6.8) to 57.6 (SD = 8.1) points after the program (p = .002). There was no significant change in self-esteem, which was 76.9 (SD = 11.2) before the horticultural therapy and 78.3 (SD = 8.7) after the therapy (p = .420). In self-efficacy, there was no significant change from 72.9 (SD = 10.9) before and 75.1 (SD = 11.0) after horticultural therapy (p = .178). In order to examine the physiological changes in such emotional functions, this study measured the stress index using the uBioMacpa as the tool. The result of the measurement showed that there was a significant change in the mean from 33.8 (SD = 2.3) before to 31.1 (SD = 2.2) after the horticultural therapy (p < .001).

• Journal of the Korean Institute of Landscape Architecture
• /
• v.46 no.3
• /
• pp.14-26
• /
• 2018

The Biotope Area Ratio (BAR) is a quantitative pre-planning index for sustainable development and an integrated indicator for the balanced development of buildings and outdoor spaces. However, it has been pointed out that there are problems in operations management: errors in area calculation, insufficiency in the underground soil condition and depth, reduction in biotope area after construction, and functional failure as a pre-planning index. To address these problems, this study proposes implementing LIM. Since the weights of the BAR are mainly decided by the underground soil condition and depth with land cover types, the study focused on the terrain and pavements. The model should conform to BIM guidelines and standards provided by government agencies and professional organizations. Thus, the scope and Level Of Detail (LOD) of the model were defined, and the method to build a model with BIM software was developed. An apartment complex on sloping ground was selected as a case study, a 3D terrain modeled, paving libraries created with property information on the BAR, and a LIM model completed for the site. Then the BAR was calculated and construction documents were created with the BAR table and pavement details. As results of the study, it was found that the application of the criteria on the BAR and calculation became accurate, and the efficiency of design tasks was improved by LIM. It also enabled the performance of evidence-based design on the terrain and underground structures. To adopt LIM, it is necessary to create and distribute LIM library manuals or templates, and build library content that comply with KBIMS standards. The government policy must also have practitioners submit BIM models in the certification system. Since it is expected that the criteria on planting types in the BAR will be expanded, further research is needed to build and utilize the information model for planting materials.

• Journal of the Korean Institute of Traditional Landscape Architecture
• /
• v.32 no.2
• /
• pp.12-26
• /
• 2014

This study has researched the forms of arrangement and use of the oddly shaped stones which were used at palaces during Joseon Dynasty based on arrangements of stones as shown in Donggwoldo(東闕圖), and tried to identify its special features. The sorts of stone's arrangements which set formal patterns by assisting an axis in Donggwoldo can be classified as the single type using one stone, the symmetrical type using 2 stones symmetrically and the parallel type using 3 or more stones. The single type was used to endow a focal point and to accent centrality by arranging a stone on the axis performed from formal shaped buildings. The symmetrical type was used to show order and hierarchy by placing two odd-shaped stones on either side of a building. And the parallel type which is arranged three stones side by side, is put a middle stone on the central axis line to determine strong directional and frontality. Also similarity to method of arrangement of stones can be found from planting trees in a prominent way for scenery or planting trees symmetrically. Stones and trees can be chosen according to nature and scale of places and basically their effects of formation of axis and creating typical space is same. Based on these respect, the characteristics of arrangement of stones shown in Donggwoldo can be briefly summarized as follows. First, the oddly shaped stones were used by creating a centripetal space in order to show a grade of rank. Second, the distances among stones could be adjusted to the sizes of the architecture which was at the center. The aim was to provide stability through the balanced composition between the central axis and symmetrical structures. Third, the form of regularity was added by using stone vase in consideration of irregular shape of stone causing interference in forming regular symmetry. Fourth, a centrality was emphasized by adding change to central stones in the parallel type used 3 erect stones. Fifth, the sizes of stone were limited in order to make smooth for the mix and adjustment of its position with the types of other garden ornaments, so the oddly shaped stones in palace have portability. Sixth, the oddly shaped stones in palace which were appreciated as inspirational object basically were a sculpture of the same quality with suiseki (壽石), and the appreciative method, the composition and shape had developed in the same texture. Finally, the even number of stones by parallel type were arranged by equal partition. But odd number of stones followed the method with symmetrical arrangement on its center stone. These principles of stone arrangement are judged as distinguishing methods which oddly shaped stones was made and used in Joseon palaces.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Floral Art and Design
• /
• no.43
• /
• pp.123-138
• /
• 2020

This study found Flower Jewelry works in the monthly magazine specializing in flower decoration for nine years from 2011 to 2019. Based on the analysis of the type of expression, method of expression, type and number of plant materials used, and the type and number of non-plant materials used for the flower jewelry found, it was conducted to find out the trend of flower jewelry in Korea. By expression type, a total of 96 works were analyzed as 20.83% for headdresses, 57.29% for necklaces, 5.21% for earrings, 6.25% for lists, and 10.42% for other works(χ²=94.833, p<.001). According to the analysis of the frequency of use of expression techniques, headdresses, necklaces, and lists for each work were produced using five to six different expression techniques and earrings were produced using two to four expression techniques. Material coupling techniques 34.43%, flower and leaf utilization 30.17%, visual techniques 16.63%, collectivization techniques 14.12%, technical highlighting techniques 4.26%, and other 0.39% (χ²=455.222, p<.001). The most frequently used techniques were framing techniques 16.63% and knotting techniques 16.44%. Plant materials used in flower jewelry were found to be 22.61% for Phalaenopsis spp., 13.48% for Gomphrena globosa, 9.57% for Gloriosa rothschildiana, 7.39% for Epidendrum cinnabarinum, 6.96% for Chamelaucium uncinatum and 4.78% for Craspedia globosa (χ²=718.104, p<.001). In the case of branch, the most common was used with 70.00% of the Cornus walteri, and 10.00% of Actinidia arguta, Celastrus orbiculatus, and Salix pseudolasiogyne were used respectively (χ²=10.800, p=.013). In the case of foliage, 24.65% Aspidistra elatior, 24.62% Asparagus asparagoides, 11.54% Senecio rowleyanus, and 6.15% Ceropegia woodii (χ²=269.385, p<.001). In the case of berries, 44.44% of the fruits of the Smilax china, 33.33% of the Hypericum patulum, and 11.11% of the Phytolacca americana were found (χ²=11.444, p =.022). Non-planting materials used in the manufacture of flower jewelry were found to be 47.34% of 2mm aluminium wire, 33.73% of copper wire and 10.06% of 1mm aluminum wire (χ²=186.704, p<.001). The figure was 53.57% for pearls, 12.50% for ribbons, and 4.14% for spangles and feathers.

• Proceedings of the Korean Society of Crop Science Conference
• /
• 2017.06a
• /
• pp.225-225
• /
• 2017

This study is to investigate the effect of split application and adapted fertilization application cultivation in stable medicinal herbs production of Acorus graminens S. And it accomplished one's purpose to GAP guide manual established standard method of cultivation technology, contribute to the enlargement of farm's income. Method of fertilization application were conducted under five condition compose to standard application(N-P-K-Compost: fermented mixed oil cake fertilizer applied at $4-2-6-300kg.10a^{-1}$, twofold application(N-P-K-Compost applied at $8-4-12-600kg.10a^{-1}$) cultivation. Compost (fermented mixed oil cake fertilizer) and fused phosphate applied at 100% of basal fertilizer in April 14. The split application level of standard application and twofold application(N-K) applied at 100%, 50%, 40% of basal fertilizer in April 14, 50% and 40% of top dressing were three times application (N-K) in June 1, July 15, August 15, 25% and 20% respectively. Transplanting with Naju varieties in May 12 by growing pot seedling for 40 days in 2015. Planting density were spaced 30 cm apart in rows 30 cm apart with black vinyl mulching on open cultivation. Plot design randomized block 3 repetition. Therefore, growth characteristics by 50% and 40% of top dressing were three times application (N-K) compared to standard application and twofold application (N-K) applied at 100% basal fertilizer, aerial part as a result were so many such amount of growth as number of leaf per plant, etc., Length of diameter and main root of subterranean part growth increment rising highest. Dried roots yields treated standard fertilizer 100% application($250kg.10a^{-1}$) compared to 100% from twofold application (N-K) applied at 50% basal fertilizer, 50% and 40% of top dressing were three times application increased by 16%, 20%. respectively.

• Journal of vocational education research
• /
• v.29 no.3
• /
• pp.107-132
• /
• 2010

The purpose of this study was to investigate the effects of learning achievement by comparing project approach group and the control group on the unit of growing flowers and vegetables in practical arts education. For this purpose, the experimental study on the unit of growing flowers and vegetables was achieved with 63 students(5th grade 2 classes) in S elementary school. The project approach model (Chung, Sung-bong) was applied to the experimental group, and the traditional model to the control group. To verify the effects of each class, nonequivalent control group post test-only design was applied 10 times. The SPSSWIN(ver 12. 0. 1) was used for analyzing the frequency and t-tests. The results of this study were as follows ; First, there was significant effect of learning achievement(cognitive domain) in the project approach groups. In addition, learning achievement of the experimental group has been showed significant difference about intellectual function and ability but not about knowledge. Second, there was significant effect of learning achievement(psychomotor domain) in the project approach groups. In other words, there has been showed significant difference in basic skill and integrated skill for growing flowers and vegetables but not in elemental skill for planting. Third, as the post test, there existed significant effect(affective domain) in the project approach groups. In other words, there was a meaningful difference in acceptance, value, belief, actualization but not in interest. Based on these results, It is believed that the project approach model in the unit of 'growing flowers and vegetables' is more effective than the traditional learning method in learning achievement of learners' cognitive, psychomotor and affective domain.

• Journal of the Korean Institute of Traditional Landscape Architecture
• /
• v.37 no.4
• /
• pp.1-10
• /
• 2019

The purpose of this study is to examine the design ＆ construction methods of the traditional landscape space of the past and the repair and maintenance of cultural heritages to maintain it today. To this end, the method of narrative description, process extraction and construction related to traditional landscaping were compared to each other based on the 『Imwongyeongjeji』 「Seomyongji」 and 'Standard Specification for Repairing Cultural Heritages'. The results are as follows; First, to analyze at the description methods of the 『Imwongyeongjeji』 「Seomyongji」 and 'Standard Specification for Repairing Cultural Heritages' and related processes in the field of traditional landscaping. 『Imwongyeongjeji』 「Seomyongji」 was an encyclopedia of the overall construction method of the living space, describing the location, effect, and advantages and disadvantages of each component and presenting quantitative figures to institutionalize the construction of traditional landscaping spaces. 'Standard Specification for Repairing Cultural Heritages' presented the entire process of repairing cultural heritages, and it is becoming a kind of guide for reference at the site. Among them, foundation construction, roof construction, landscape construction, and fence construction were drawn as items that could be applied to traditional landscaping areas. Second, the traditional landscape space construction method was divided into the processes of foundation construction, roof construction, landscaping construction, and fence construction. Foundation construction is a way of repeating the process of land-tramping. During the construction of the roof, the tile-roofed building was built on top of the rafters and roofed with tiles. And thatched roof was made to a number of rice straws bundles to cover the roof one after the other. Instead of tiles, the stone roof was made of thin and wide stones, and the wooden boards were used for the single roof and the bark roof were constructed with many layers of dried corrugations. Landscape construction mainly consists of the Paving technique through tramping rubble and the construction of terraced flower by planting stone, plants, and shrubs on the top. According to the building materials, the wall construction was derived from the earth-stacked earthen wall, stone walls using stone and clay, marble walls made of tile patterns, and the construction of a board wall using a wood board as a wall. Third, comparing the construction methods of the 『Imwongyeongjeji』 「Seomyongji」 and 'Standard Specification for Repairing Cultural Heritages', 『Imwongyeongjeji』 「Seomyongji」 focuses on standardizing the construction methods to create a new traditional space. There is a difference in the setting of the scope of the 『Imwongyeongjeji』 「Seomyongji」 and the construction because 'Standard Specification for Repairing Cultural Heritages' provides the overall construction procedure considering the diversity of the cultural heritages. In addition, the traditional landscape space used to be a residential space in the past, but today, the maintenance process of the already established facilities as designated cultural heritages has been carried out, and construction methods have been added to create viewing conditions. In terms of the succession of traditional knowledge, some similar methods were found in the repair of cultural assets today, and some cases were also confirmed in the reconstruction of traditional technologies such as application of some materials or mix, separation of added facilities and introduction of efficient construction methods.

• Journal of the Korean Institute of Traditional Landscape Architecture
• /
• v.29 no.2
• /
• pp.52-62
• /
• 2011

By studying the classic poetry and prose with a theme of Plantain, I would like to study why Plantain has been planted in our traditional garden for a long time. Also, through this study, I want to find when Plantain was introduced to in our country. We use description study method for studying the classic poetry and prose with a theme of Plantain. As a result, we found a few things like below. First, the introduction of Plantain to our country traces back to unified Silla in the poetry of Choe Chi Won. Also, Plantain was planted and loved generally as a general garden plant in the middle of Goryeo through poetry and paintings. Second, the meaning of Plantain is like this. 1) It means development and enjoyment of arts of summer because the leaves of Plantain were used for drinking alcohol and writing and poetry instead of papers. 2) In Buddhism, Plantain was thought to awaken 'gong(空)', 'mua(無我)', and 'brevity' of lesson of Buddha by the special shape and the image of falling rain to the leaves. Also, it was used widely in Buddhist temples because of the story of 'Hye ga dan bi(慧可斷臂)'. 3) In Confucianism, it is the emblem of lesson 'a wise man tries to be strong and tries not to stop following to God'(自强不息). 4) The large leaf of Plantain is called 'bongmi(鳳尾)' thanks to the image of likeness with tails of Bongwhang(鳳凰). Third, design use of Plantain is like this. 1) The large leaf of Plantain was used for giving an image of freshness and brightness in the garden in summer. 2) Our ancestor thought 'the sound of falling rain to Plantain'(芭蕉雨聲) as a picturesque sound in summer. Also, Plantain was highly utilized because our ancestor thought Plantain is the best plant for implementing 'soundscape'. Thus, the most characteristic use of several design uses is 'acoustic use'. 3) Plantain was also planted in a indoor pot for viewing. 4) Plantain was used for making food and medicine in the palace and private house as a practical use. The limit of this study is that I mainly use the text translated into Korean of database of overall Korean classics. We hope the new things related to this study would be added up to this study by translating original texts into Korean more.