Browse > Article
http://dx.doi.org/10.7747/JFES.2022.38.1.64

Effect of Urban Parks on Carbon and PM2.5 Reduction in Gangneung  

Choi, Seong-Gyeong (Department of Landscape Architecture, Graduate School, College of Forest and Environmental Sciences, Kangwon National University)
Jo, Hyun-Kil (Department of Ecological Landscape Architecture Design, College of Forest and Environmental Sciences, Kangwon National University)
Publication Information
Journal of Forest and Environmental Science / v.38, no.1, 2022 , pp. 64-73 More about this Journal
Abstract
Increasing carbon and PM2.5 concentrations have been emerging as serious environmental issues worldwide. The purpose of this study was to quantify carbon and PM2.5 reduction by urban parks in Gangneung, Korea. A total of 35 parks were sampled by applying a random sampling method to survey tree planting structures and the areal distribution of land cover types of urban parks. These survey data and the Green Evaluation Technique (GET) computer program were used to estimate carbon and PM2.5 reduction by trees. Mean tree density and cover in the study parks were 3.5±0.2 tree/100 m2 and 44.5±3.0%, respectively. Annual carbon uptake and PM2.5 deposition per unit area by trees averaged 2.8±0.2 t/ha/yr and 30.2±2.8 kg/ha/yr. Gangneung's urban parks annually offset the carbon emissions by 3.4% and the PM2.5 emissions by 3.5%. Thus, urban parks played a significant role in reducing atmospheric carbon and PM2.5 concentrations. Total annual carbon uptake and PM2.5 deposition of urban parks in Gangneung were about 1,338.2 t/yr and 14,433.2 kg/yr. This study is expected to contribute to raising awareness of the role and importance of urban parks regarding carbon and PM2.5 reduction.
Keywords
offset; GET (green evaluation technique); uptake; land cover types; climate change;
Citations & Related Records
Times Cited By KSCI : 9  (Citation Analysis)
연도 인용수 순위
1 Jo HK. 2002. Impacts of urban greenspace on offsetting carbon emissions for middle Korea. J Environ Manag 64: 115-126.   DOI
2 Kim PR, Park CR. 2021. Evaluation of Particulate Matter's Traits and Reduction Effects in Urban Forest, Seoul. Korean J Environ Ecol 35: 569-575. (in Korean with English abstract)   DOI
3 Kim WJ, Woo SY, Yoon CR, Kwak MJ. 2018. Evaluation on the Reduction Effect of Particulate Matter through Green Infrastructure and Its Expansion Plans. The Seoul Institute, Seoul.
4 Korean Government. 2019. Comprehensive Plan for Fine Dust Management (2020-2024), Korea. Korean Government, Sejong.
5 Korean Government. 2020. Korea's 2050 Carbon Neutral Strategy for Sustainable Green Society, Korea. Ministry of Environment, Sejong.
6 Lee AR, Jeong SJ, Joo JW, Park CR, Kim JH, Kim SK. 2021. Potential Role of Urban Forest in Removing PM2.5: A Case Study in Seoul by Deep Learning with Satellite Data. Urban Clim 36: 100795.   DOI
7 Liu C, Li X. 2012. Carbon storage and sequestration by urban forests in Shenyang, China. Urban For Urban Green 11: 121-128.   DOI
8 Ministry of Environment. 2019. Climate Scenario. https://me.go.kr/home/web/board/read.do?menuId=10392&boardMasterId=713&boardId=1058100. Accessed 14 Oct 2021.
9 NIER (National Institute of Environmental Research). 2020. Annual Report of Air Quality in Korea 2019. National Institute of Environmental Research, Incheon.
10 Nowak DJ, Crane DE. 2002. Carbon storage and sequestration by urban trees in the USA. Environ Pollut 116: 381-389.   DOI
11 Nowak DJ, Greenfield EJ, Hoehn RE, Lapoint E. 2013a. Carbon storage and sequestration by trees in urban and community areas of the United States. Environ Pollut 178: 229-236.   DOI
12 Nowak DJ, Hirabayashi S, Bodine A, Greenfield E. 2014. Tree and forest effects on air quality and human health in the United States. Environ Pollut 193: 119-129.   DOI
13 Nowak DJ, Hirabayashi S, Bodine A, Hoehn R. 2013b. Modeled PM2.5 removal by trees in ten U.S. cities and associated health effects. Environ Pollut 178: 395-402.   DOI
14 Nowak DJ, Hoehn RE III, Bodine AR, Greenfield EJ, Ellis A, Endreny TA, Yang Y, Zhou T, Henry R. 2013c. Assessing urban forest effects and values: Toronto's urban forest. USDA Forest Service, Northern Research Station, Newtown Square, PA. Resource Bulletin NRS-79.
15 WHO (World Health Organization). 2013. Outdoor air pollution a leading environmental cause of cancer deaths. https://www.euro.who.int/en/health-topics/environment-and-health/urbanhealth/news/news/2013/10/outdoor-air-pollution-a-leadingenvironmental-cause-of-cancer-deaths. Accessed 29 Dec 2021.
16 WMO (World Meteorological Organization). 2019. The Global Climate in 2015-2019. WMO, Geneva.
17 UN (United Nations). 2015. Paris Agreement. UN, New York, NY.
18 Jo HK, Park HM. 2017. Changes in Growth Rate and Carbon Sequestration by Age of Landscape Trees. J Korean Inst Landsc Archit 45: 97-104. (in Korean with English abstract)   DOI
19 Jo HK. 2001. Indicator for CO2 Uptake and Atmospheric Purification Evaluation of Vegetation. Ministry of Environment, Seoul.
20 Hwang KI, Han BH, Kwark JI, Park SC. 2018. A Study on Decreasing Effects of Ultra-fine Particles (PM2.5) by Structures in a Roadside Buffer Green - A Buffer Green in Songpa-gu, Seoul. J Korean Inst Landsc Archit 46: 61-75. (in Korean with English abstract)
21 IEA. 2021. CO2 Emissions in South Korea. https://www.iea.org/data-and-statistics/data-browser/?country=KOREA&fuel=CO2%20emissions&indicator=TotCO2. Accessed 14 Oct 2021.
22 Jeanjean APR, Monks PS, Leigh RJ. 2016. Modelling the effectiveness of urban trees and grass on PM2.5 reduction via dispersion and deposition at a city scale. Atmos Environ 147: 1-10.   DOI
23 Jo HK. 2020. Development of Model and Technology for Establishment, Management and Evaluation of Urban Forests in Living Zone to Improve carbon Sequestration Sources and Multi-dimensional Benefits Against New Climate Change Regime. Korea Forest Service, Daejeon.
24 McPherson EG. 1998. Atmospheric carbon dioxide reduction by Sacramento's urban forest. J Arboric 24: 215-223.
25 Jo HK, Ahn TW. 2006. Structural Conditions of Greenspace in a Rural Region and Strategies for its Functional Improvement - In the Case of Yanggu, Gangwon Province. Korean J Environ Ecol 20: 493-502. (in Korean with English abstract)
26 Jo HK, Lee KE, Yun YH, Seo OH. 1998. Land Use and Greenspace Structure in Several Cities of Kangwon Province. J Korean Inst Landsc Archit 25: 171-183. (in Korean with English abstract)
27 Jo HK, Ahn TW. 2012. Carbon Storage and Uptake by Deciduous Tree Species for Urban Landscape. J Korean Inst Landsc Archit 40: 160-168. (in Korean with English abstract)   DOI
28 Jo HK, Cho DH. 1998. Annual CO2 Uptake by Urban Popular Landscape Tree Species. J Korean Inst Landsc Archit 26: 38-53. (in Korean with English abstract)
29 Jo HK, Kil SH, Park HM, Kim JY. 2019a. Carbon Reduction by and Quantitative Models for Landscape Tree Species in Southern Region - For Camellia japonica, Lagerstroemia indica, and Quercus myrsinaefolia. J Korean Inst Landsc Archit 47: 31-38. (in Korean with English abstract)   DOI
30 Jo HK, Kim JY, Park HM. 2013. Carbon Storage and Uptake by Evergreen Trees for Urban Landscape - For Pinus densiflora and Pinus koraiensis. Korean J Environ Ecol 27: 571-578. (in Korean with English abstract)   DOI
31 Jo HK, Kim JY, Park HM. 2014. Carbon Reduction Effects of Urban Landscape Trees and Development of Quantitative Models - For Five Native Species. J Korean Inst Landsc Archit 42: 13-21. (in Korean with English abstract)
32 Jo HK, Kim JY, Park HM. 2018. Carbon Storage and Uptake by Street Trees in Seoul. J For Environ Sci 34: 162-164.
33 Jo HK, Kim JY, Park HM. 2019b. Carbon reduction and planning strategies for urban parks in Seoul. Urban For Urban Green 41: 48-54.   DOI
34 Jo HK, Kim JY, Park HM. 2020a. Carbon and PM2.5 Reduction and Design Guidelines for Street Trees in Korea. Sustainability 12: 10414.   DOI
35 Jo HK, McPherson GE. 1995. Carbon Storage and Flux in Urban Residential Greenspace. J Environ Manag 45: 109-133.   DOI
36 Jo HK, Park HM, Kim JY. 2019c. Carbon offset service and design guideline of tree planting for multifamily residential sites in Korea. Sustainability 11: 3543.   DOI
37 Jo HK, Park HM, Kim JY. 2020b. Carbon Reduction and Enhancement for Greenspace in Institutional Lands. J Korean Inst Landsc Archit 48: 1-7. (in Korean with English abstract)
38 Ahn TW. 2010. A study on establishment of greenspace planning indicators to accomplish low carbon green city in the case of Chuncheon. PhD thesis. Kangwon National University, Chuncheon, Korea.
39 Gangneung. 2020. Gangneung-si Population. https://www.gn.go.kr/www/contents.do?key=1423. Accessed 15 Oct 2021.
40 Gratani L, Varone L, Bonito A. 2016. Carbon sequestration of four urban parks in Rome. Urban For Urban Green 19: 184-193.   DOI