• Journal of Forest and Environmental Science
• /
• 제25권1호
• /
• pp.1-24
• /
• 2009

Teak (Tectona grandis) is one of the most valuable timber yielding species in the world, with predominant distribution in tropical or sub-tropical countries. However, natural teak available only in few countries like India, Myanmar, Laos People's Democratic Republic and Thailand. Teak grows well in deep, well-drained alluvial soils, fairly moist, warm, tropical climate with pH ranges from 6.5-7.5. Teak is cultivated in many Asian, African and South American countries for timber production. The global teak plantations are estimated to be three million hectare with major share in India (44%) followed by Indonesia (33%). India is considered as richest genetic resources of teak with large areas of natural teak bearing forests (8.9 million ha), plantations (1.5 million ha), clonal seed orchards (1000 ha) and seed production areas (5000 ha). The studies on diversity of teak populations showed that teak is an out crossing species with major portion of diversity present within the populations. The productivity and quality of teak timber varies depending upon the site and environmental conditions. Teak wood is moderately heavy, strong and tough,straight grained, coarse textured and ring porous with specific gravity varies from 0.55 to 0.70. The sapwood is white to pale yellow in colour and clearly demarcated while heartwood is dark brown or dark golden yellow in colour. Teak is one of the most durable timbers in the world, practically, impervious to fungus and white ant attack and resistant to decay. Teak wood is used in ship and boat constructions, furnitures and aesthetic needs. Genetic improvement programmes have been undertaken in countries like Thailand, India, Malaysia and Indonesia. The programme includes provenance identification and testing, plus tree selection and clonal multiplication, establishment of seed orchards and controlled hybridization. Several aspects like phenology, reproductive biology, fruit characteristics, silvicultural practices for cultivation, pest and diseases problems, production of improved planting stock, harvesting and marketing, wood properties and future tree improvement strategy to enhance productivity have been discussed in this paper.

• 한국산림과학회지
• /
• 제82권2호
• /
• pp.188-194
• /
• 1993

임령(林齡) 및 환경조건(環境條件)이 유사한 굴참나무천연림(天然林)과 현사시나무인공림(人工林)의 물질생산(物質生産)을 조사(調査) 비교(比較)하기 위하여 전라남도(全羅南道) 모후산지역(母后山地域) 순천대학교(順天大學校) 연습림(演習林)에 위치하고 있는 평균(平均) 20년생(年生) 굴참나무천연림(天然林)과 17년생(年生) 현사시나무인공림(人工林)을 대상으로 각각 $20m{\times}30m$ 조사구를 설치하고 10주씩의 표본목을 선정한 후 뿌리를 제외한 지상부(地上部)의 현존량(現存量), 순생산량(純生産量) 등을 조사하였다. 수종별(樹種別), 부위별(部位別) 현존량(現存量) 추정식(推定式)을 유도 검정한 결과 흉고직경(胸高直徑)(D)과 수고(樹高)(H)를 독립변수(獨立變數)로 하는 상대성장식(相對成長式)(logWt=A+BlogD+ClogH)이 흉고직경(胸高直徑)만을 독립변수(獨立變數)로 하는 상대성장식(相對成長式)(logWt=A+BlogD)에 비하여 적합도(適合度)가 다소 높은 경향을 보였으나 큰 차이는 없는 것으로 나타났다. 임분(林分) 전체(全體)의 지상부(地上部) 현존량(現存量)은 현사시나무림이 55,581kg/ha로서 굴참나무림의 31,275kg/ha보다 1.8배 정도 많았다. 부위별(部位別) 현존량(現存量) 구성비(構成比)는 굴참나무림과 현사시나무림 모두 줄기의 목질부(木質部), 가지, 수피(樹皮), 잎의 순(順)으로 높았으나, 굴참나무림의 경우 현사시나무림에 비하여 수피(樹皮), 가지, 잎의 구성비(構成比)는 높은 반면 줄기의 목질부(木質部) 구성비(構成比)는 낮았다. 임분(林分) 전체의 지상부(地上部) 순생산량(純生産量)은 굴참나무림이 4,267kg/ha/yr.이었으며 현사시나무림은 3,903kg/ha/yr.이었다. 부위별(部位別) 순생산량(純生産量) 구성비(構成比)는 굴참나무림의 경우 잎, 줄기의 목질부(木質部), 가지, 수피(樹皮)의 순으로 높았으며 현사시나무림은 줄기의 목질부(木質部), 잎, 가지, 수피(樹皮)의 순이었다. 순동화율(純同化率)은 현사시나무림이 3.376으로서 굴참나무림의 2.121보다 1.6배 정도 높았으며, 잎의 줄기 생산능률(生産能率)의 경우 현사시나무림이 굴참나무림에 비하여 2.4배 정도 높았다. 현사시나무림은 굴참나무림에 비하여 순동화율(純同化率)이 높은 반면 잎의 현존량(現存量)이 적기 때문에 지상부(地上部) 전체 순생산량(純生産量)은 적었으나, 지속적 축적기관(蓄積器官)인 줄기의 목질부 순생산량(純生産量)이 많기 때문에 임분(林分) 현존량(現存量)이 많은 것으로 나타났다.

• Journal of the Korean Wood Science and Technology
• /
• 제44권4호
• /
• pp.571-588
• /
• 2016

Eucalyptus pellita F. Muell is one of pulp woods that is being developed through breeding plantation programs in Indonesia. The research aimed at exploring the chemical and morphological characteristics of fiber, and to determine the rank of plus trees from 4 provenances based on the suitability for pulps. The materials included the plus trees of E. pellita (9 years) from the 2nd generation of progeny tests in Pelaihari, South Borneo. Wood properties under investigation included the chemical properties and morphological fiber characteristics (fiber dimensions and its derived properties). In the present study, data were analyzed using descriptive statistic, Analytic Hierarchy Process (AHP) and Pearson's correlation. Results showed that the chemical properties of E. pellita, i.e. the contents of ethanol-toluene extractives, hot water soluble extractives, holocellulose, alphacelullose, and lignin were $3.08{\pm}1.00%$, $1.41{\pm}0.38%$, $75.26{\pm}2.58%$, $49.02{\pm}2.88%$, and $29.49{\pm}1.86%$, respectively. The average values of wood fiber morphology were $1.02{\pm}0.08$ mm (fiber length), $13.25{\pm}1.64{\mu}m$ (fiber diameter), of $6.94{\pm}1.70{\mu}m$ (lumen diameter), $3.15{\pm}0.52{\mu}m$ (fiber wall thickness), $0.97{\pm}0.30$ (Runkel ratio), $0.57{\pm}0.10$ (Luce's shape factor), $78.21{\pm}10.34$ (slenderness ratio) and $130.91{\pm}33.77{\times}10^3{\mu}m^3$ (solids factor). The AHP scoring rank indicated that the best individuals were 28.4.3.28 (Kiriwo Utara), 12.1.5.28 (North Kiriwo), 19.11.5.45 (Serisa Village), 3.8.4.9 (South Kiriwo), and 6.6.3.15 (South Kiriwo). Pearson correlation analysis showed significant correlations between the levels of fiber length with alpha-cellulose content (r = 0.39) as well as the fiber length with ethanol-toluene extractive contents (r = -0.41).

• 한국산림과학회지
• /
• 제39권1호
• /
• pp.64-68
• /
• 1978

${\times}$Populus alba glandulosa의 예비선발개체(豫備選拔個體) 39 clones을 경기화성(京畿華城), 경남진주(慶南晋州), 강원명주(江原溟州)에 각각(各各) 식재(植栽)하여 3년생(年生)의 수고생장(樹高生長)을 비교(比較)한바, 선발개체(選拔個體)인 Clone간(間)에는 생장차이(生長差異)가 인정(認定)되었고 지역간(地域間)에도 생장차(生長差)가 있었다. 그러나 Clone과 지역간(地域間)에 Interaction(상호작용(相互作用))은 없었다. 1. 생장(生長)이 우량(優良)한 개체(個體)는 65-29-19, 65-11-106, 67-47-10, 66-14-149, 64-6-44 들이며 2. 경기화성(京畿華城), 경남진주(慶南晋州), 조림지(造林地)는 수고생장(樹高生長)이 각각(各各) 3.83m, 4.02m인데 반하여 강원명주(江原溟州) 조림지(造林地)는 불과 1.06m 밖에 되지 않았다. 3. 강원명주(江原溟州) 조림지(造林地)는 해발고(海拔高) 800m로서 년평균기온(年平均氣溫)이 $6.2^{\circ}C$로서 기온(氣溫)이 낮아 생장(生長)할수 있는 기간(期間) 다른 두조림지(造林地)에 비(比)하여 매년(每年) 2~3개월(個月)가량 짧기 때문에 생장(生長)이 부진(不振)한 것으로 생각된다. 4. 앞으로 우량개체(優良個體)를 선발(選拔)하는데는 생장(生長)뿐만 아니라 수간(樹幹)의 통직성(通直性), 가지(지(枝)) 재질(材質), 내병충성(耐病蟲性) 등(等) 여러 형질(形質)을 감안하여 우량개체(優良個體)를 선발(選拔)해야 할것이다.

• 한국환경복원기술학회지
• /
• 제13권3호
• /
• pp.73-83
• /
• 2010

A technology using continuous fiber soil reinforcement system for the creation of ecological restoration in a damaged area has been developed and introduced. The continuous fiber soil reinforcement system (Geofiber system) is an environmentally friendly slope protection technique that continuous fiber soil reinforced layers are constructed with green plantation on cut slope. The characteristics of this system in terms of the strength and hydraulic performance, and the vegetation were investigated in this study. The main objectives of this comparative study was to quantify the potential contribution of geofiber system for the revegetation on the cut slope in a damaged area. A Geofiber system was constructed to reinforce the lower layer of slopes and revegetation methods including wood chips were carried out on the upper layer by machineries. The results of monitoring during 3 years on cut slopes were as follows : 1) All the quadrat existed in the proper range for vegetation. 2) Species richness was 4.4 (site-1) and 18.5 (site-2) respectively. 3) The averaged coverage rates of quadrats was 90%. It is remarkable that the continuous fiber soil reinforcement system would be capable of applying to a damaged area and also would serve maintaining a healthier environment for floras. However, it behooves to continue monitoring on succession of vegetation for ecological restoration.

• Journal of the Korean Wood Science and Technology
• /
• 제34권4호
• /
• pp.66-75
• /
• 2006

충북 월악산 북동 사면 지역(해발 380 m)에서 24년생 잣나무 인공림의 바이오매스와 에너지량을 조사한 결과, 잣나무림의 바이오매스는 줄기부 26.6 ton/ha, 수피부 4.3 ton/ha, 1년생 가지 0.2 ton/ha, 가지부 8.6 ton/ha, 고사지 1.5 ton/ha, 당년생 잎 1.3 ton/ha, 전년생 잎 6.1 ton/ha로서 고사지를 제외한 지상부 전체는 47.0 ton/ha으로 나타났다. 또한 연간 순생산량은 줄기부 3.0 ton/ha/yr, 수피부 0.4 ton/ha/yr, 1년생 가지 0.2 ton/ha/yr, 가지부 1.1 ton/ha/yr, 당년생 잎 1.3 ton/ha/yr이며, 지상부 합계는 6.0 ton/ha/yr로 추정되었다. 이것을 열 에너지량으로 환산하면 지상부 전체의 에너지량은 1,028 GJ/ha, 연간 에너지 고정량(지상부)은 133 GJ/ha/yr로 나타났다. 한편, 잣나무림의 엽면적 지수는 20.2로 나타났다.

• Journal of the Korean Wood Science and Technology
• /
• 제16권4호
• /
• pp.40-47
• /
• 1988

Our plywood manufacturing industries which entertained prosperous stage in late 1970's have come to be in face of the problems of conceedingly obtaining good quality logs and yield up-grading, which is considered by future-replaceable forest resources. In view of this point, manufacturing characteristic on softwood plywood using Japanese larch, pitch pine as domestic plantation species, and western hemlock as foreign species was studied. In this study, veneer- and plywood manufacturing yields were discussed in relation to log properties and veneer defects (knots). The summarized conclusions were as follows: 1. The majority of sample logs belonged to second grade on the standard. And, eccentricity of larch was the highest 11%, about 2 times those of pitch pine, hemlock. 2. Knot frequency of occurrence of larch reached 19% within log height 8m, and pitch pine 13% within 4m. Correspondingly, the log height of larch available for plywood manufacture was higher by about 2 times that of pitch pine. 3. In the knot types, most of knots of larch appeared dead, whereas those of pitch pine and hemlock appeared live. In size of knots, larch and hemlock showed relatively small 1-2cm dia. by 70% or more and pitch pine did the larger 24cm by 65%. Generally the more knot emerged in the inner side of veneer than the outer. 4. Plywood manufacturing yields by peeling with spindle revolution lathe were 37% in larch > 32% in hemlock> 26% in pitch pine. S. Jointed core veneer yields by peeling with outer perimeter back-up lathe were 55% in hemlock> 53% in larch> and 48% in pitch pine.

• Journal of the Korean Wood Science and Technology
• /
• 제31권4호
• /
• pp.31-37
• /
• 2003

국내에 많이 조림되어 있는 은사시나무(Populus alba×P. glandulosa)의 효율적인 건조를 위해 기본적인 물리적 성질을 조사하였다. 캠퍼스에서 벌채한 원목을 32 mm 판목 판재로 제재하여 관행열기건조(저온건조), 고온건조, 마이크로파-진공(MW/V)건조의 3가지 방식으로 건조하여 건조속도, 건조결함, 길이방향 수분경사, 색상 등을 비교하였다. 평균생재비중(전건무게-생재부피 기준)은 0.349±0.074였으며, 심재의 생재함수율은 200% 내외, 변재는 100%내외로 심재 함수율이 더 높았다. 생재에서 전건까지의 수축율은 방사방향과 접선방향이 각각 2.4%와 7.3%였으며 심·변재간 차이는 없었다. 생재에서 함수율 10%까지 건조시간은 컨디쇼닝시간을 제외하고 저온건조는 65시간, 고온건조는 35시간, MW/V건조는 22시간이었으며, 건조목 표면을 색차계로 조사한 결과 MW/V건조 판재의 색상이 가장 밝고 깨끗하였다.

• 한국산림과학회지
• /
• 제94권5호통권162호
• /
• pp.321-329
• /
• 2005

Based on the data representing four typical Korean pine forest types, the age structure, DBH distribution, species composition, and forking rule were systemically analyzed for old-growth Korean pine forest in Liangshui Nature Reserve, northeast China. The age structure of Korean pine trees was strongly uneven-aged with one dominated peak following normal distribution, and age of trees varied from 100 to 180 years within a stand. The DBH and height differences in same age class (20 years) varied from 28 cm~64 cm and 5 to 20 m, respectively. Many conifer and hard wood species, such as spruce, fir, costata birch, basswood, oak, and elm, were mixed with dominated trees of Korean pine. The canopy of the old-growth Korean pine forest can be divided into two layers, and differences of mean age and height between Layer I and Layer II were ranged 80~150 years and 7~13 m, respectively. The Weibull function was used to model the diameter distribution and performed well to describe size-class distribution either with a single peak in over-story canopy and inverse J-shape in under-story canopy for old-growth Korean pine stands. The forking height of Korean pine trees ranged from 16m to 24 m (mean 19.4 m) and tree age about 120 to 160 years old. The results will provide a scientific basis to protect and recover the ecosystem of natural old-growth Korean pine and also provide the model in management of Korean pine plantation.

• The Korean Journal of Ecology
• /
• 제9권3호
• /
• pp.123-133
• /
• 1986

Black pine, Pinus thumbergii, stands in southwestern Korea were investigated. The black pine forest with 90 percent or more in the relative basal area (black pine basal area/whole pine basal area, RBA) was found in the coastal area. However, from the coastal area to the inland. RBA of the pine was decreased because the competition with red pine (P. densiflora) and/or pitch pine (P. rigida). In 25 year-old plants at the coastal areas, the wood volume of black pine is twofold or more than that of red pine, fourfold or more than that of pitch pine. The optimum rotation period for the maximum yield of black pine is estimated to take 35 years, based on the site index calculated. The optimal temperature for the pine plantation in Korean peninula should be the area in over 105。C.month in warmth index. And the soil conditions with 50% of RBA or over were 0.025%~0.151% of soil salinity, 3~6% of organic matter content, pH value 4.50~5.04, 8.5~11.0 me/100g of C.E.C..