• Animal Bioscience
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• v.35 no.2_spc
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• pp.317-331
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• 2022

The aim of the present investigation is to determine the nutritional composition of various insects and their potential uses as alternative protein sources in animal diets. The feeding industry requires production systems that use accessible resources, such as feed resources, and concentrates on the potential impacts on production yield and nutritional quality. Invertebrate insects, such as black soldier flies, grasshoppers, mealworms, housefly larvae, and crickets, have been used as human food and as feed for nonruminants and aqua culture while for ruminants their use has been limited. Insects can be mass-produced, participating in a circular economy that minimizes or eliminates food- and feed-waste through bioconversion. Although the model for formula-scale production of insects as feed for domestic animals has been explored for a number of years, significant production and transformation to being a conventional protein resource remains to be deeply investigated. This review will focus on the nutritional composition of various insects and their potential use as alternative protein sources, as well as their potential use to promote and support sustainable animal production. Furthermore, nutritional compositions, such as high protein, lauric acid omega 6, and omega 3, and bioactive compounds, such as chitin, are of great potential use for animal feeding.

• Acta Via Serica
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• v.7 no.2
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• pp.153-178
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• 2022

This study analyzes the traces of East-West cultural exchange focusing on the palmette pattern expressed on Sassanid Persian and Silla Korean carpets. The results of the study are as follows. The palmette, which originated in ancient Egypt, is an imaginary flower made up of the transformation of a lotus, which combined with the Mesopotamian quadrant (四分法) and expanded to a four-leaf palmette and further to an eight-leaf palmette by applying the octant (八分法). The palmette, which was brought to Assyria, Achaemenid Persia, Parthia, Greece, and Rome, can be seen lavishly decorated with plant motifs characteristic of the region. Sassanid Persia inherited the tradition of the palmette pattern, which applied the quadrant and octant seen in several previous dynasties. On the one hand, it has evolved more splendidly by combining the twenty or twenty-one-leaf palmette and the traditional pearl-rounded pattern decoration of Sassanid Persia. These Sassanid Persian palmette patterns can be found through the palmette patterns depicted on the ceilings of the Dunhuang Grottoes located on the Silk Road. The palmette pattern of the Dunhuang Grottoes was expressed in the form of a fusion of Persian Zoroastrianism, Indian Buddhism, and indigenous religions. In the Tang Dynasty, it shows the typical palmette pattern of four and eight leaves in the medallion composition, which were mainly seen in Persian palmettes. The palmette pattern handed down to Silla can be found on a Silla carpet, estimated to be from around the 8th century, in the collection of Shoso-in (正倉院), Japan. The Silla carpet shows a unique Silla style using motifs such as peonies and young monks, which were popular in Silla while following the overall design of the Persian medallion.

• Transactions of the Korean Society of Pressure Vessels and Piping
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• v.20 no.1
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• pp.56-65
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• 2024

Cast austenitic stainless steels (CASS) and austenitic stainless steel weldments with a ferrite-austenite duplex structure are widely used in nuclear power plants, incorporating ferrite phase to enhance strength, stress relief, and corrosion resistance. Thermal aging at 290-325℃ can induce embrittlement, primarily due to spinodal decomposition and G-phase precipitation in the ferrite phase. This study evaluates the effects of thermal aging by collecting and analyzing various mechanical properties, such as Charpy impact energy, ferrite microhardness, and tensile strength, from various literature sources. Different model expressions, including hyperbolic tangent and phase transformation equations, are applied to calculate activation energy (Q) of room-temperature impact energies, and the results are compared. Additionally, predictive models for Q based on material composition are evaluated, and the potential of machine learning techniques for improving prediction accuracy is explored. The study also examines the use of ferrite microhardness and tensile strength in calculating Q and assessing thermal embrittlement. The findings provide insights for developing advanced prediction models for the thermal embrittlement behavior of CASS and the weldments of austenitic steels, contributing to the safety and reliability of nuclear power plant components.

• Journal of Marine Bioscience and Biotechnology
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• v.16 no.1
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• pp.45-54
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• 2024

Microalgae have great potential in the biomedical and pharmaceutical industries as a new type of bioreactor that can produce proteins for specific purposes, including recombinant proteins, pharmaceuticals, and industrial enzymes. Despite the production advantages and importance of microalgae-based expression systems, studies on secretion efficiency are limited. In this study, for stable expression and efficient secretion of the heterologous protein (human SCF and human INFγ) in Chlorella vulgaris, we constructed SP:hSCF:His and SP:hINFγ:His plant binary vectors using the signal peptide (SP) of Chlamydomonas reinhardtii, and we obtained stable transformants through the effective agrobacterium-mediated transformation of these vectors. Transformants with accurately inserted hSCF and hINFγ demonstrated stably increased mRNA and protein expression using RT-PCR and western blotting under the same culture conditions. Following the analysis of the proteins secreted into the culture medium using ELISA, it was confirmed that hINFγ was effectively produced in the transformed C. vulgaris culture medium. The overall findings indicate that the combination of heterologous protein and SP may be crucial for ensuring the expression and secretion of recombinant proteins in Chlorella culture systems.

• Korean Journal of Plant Tissue Culture
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• v.25 no.1
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• pp.13-19
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• 1998

We have reported previously that intact embryogenic cells can be used instead of protoplasts for electroporation-mediated transformation of zoysiagrass and rice. In this study, conditions of the tissue electroporation were examined to optimize the procedures. Embryogenic cell suspensions were established in liquid MS medium containing 2 mg/L of 2,4-D with embryogenic calluses induced from mature embryos of Z. japonica. The suspension-cultured cell clumps were electroporated with 35S-gusA expression vector DNA, and degrees of DNA introduction into the cells were determined by histological expression rates of the gusA marker gene. DNA transfer into the cell clumps occurred in wide range of voltage (100-400 V) and capacitance (10-1980 $\mu\textrm{F}$), but more in the ranges of 200-300 V and 330-800 $\mu\textrm{F}$ DNA concentrations higher than 6 $\mu\textrm{g}$/mL were adequate for GUS expression of the electroporated cells. DNA transfers were confirmed in all three embryogenic cell lines but only in one out of eleven non-embryogenic lines. Positive GUS expressions occurred with DNAs added even 20-40 h after pulse treatments. As a promoter of gusA, Act1 and Ubi1 were effective 7 and 5 times than 35S respectively in number of GUS expression units on electroporated cell clumps. Embryogenic cell clumps survived and regenerated into plantlets after pulse treatments of wide range of conditions.

• Journal of Plant Biotechnology
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• v.34 no.1
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• pp.55-59
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• 2007

The study was carried out to develop transformants resisting to Phyophthora blight disease in the domestic pepper cultivar Subicho. In transforming of syn600 promoter with elicitin gene using Agrobacterium (LBA4404/pBI101 syn600-syn${\alpha}$-elicitin) to cotyledons of pepper, rate of shoot formation in 'Subicho' was 11.1% in medium containing 3 mg/L zeatin and 0.05 mg/L NAA, and also 12.8% in medium containing combination of 4 mg/L zeatin and 0.05 mg/L MAA. For PCR reaction using elicitin gene primer of transformants regenerated from cotyledons, we detected a specific band of 536 bp, and also showed strong signal at position of 536 bp in accordance with NPTII gene used as probe in Southern blot. Transformants pepper shown resistance to blight fungus was inoculated to seedlings of the $T_{1}\;and\;T_{2}$ transformants by concentration (density: zoo spore $10^{3}/mL$).

• Journal of Plant Biotechnology
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• v.42 no.3
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• pp.186-195
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• 2015

Anthranilate synthase (AS) is a key enzyme in the biosynthesis of tryptophan (Trp), which is the precursor of bioactive metabolites like indole-3-acetic acid and other indole alkaloids. Alpha anthranilate synthase 2 (OsASA2) plays a critical role in the feedback inhibition of tryptophan biosynthesis. In this study, two vectors with single (F124V) and double (S126F/L530D) point mutations of the OsASA2 gene for feedback-insensitive ${\alpha}$ subunit of rice anthranilate synthase were constructed and transformed into wildtype Dongjinbyeo by Agrobacterium-mediated transformation. Transgenic single and double mutant lines were selected as a single copy using TaqMan PCR utilized nos gene probe. To select intergenic lines, the flanking sequence of RB or LB was digested with a BfaI enzyme. Four intergenic lines were selected using a flanking sequence tagged (FST) analysis. Expression in rice (Oryza sativa L.) of the transgenes resulted in the accumulation of tryptophan (Trp), indole-3-acetonitrile (IAN), and indole-3-acetic acid (IAA) in leaves and tryptophan content as a free amino acid in seeds also increased up to 30 times relative to the wildtype. Two homozygous event lines, S-TG1 and D-TG1, were selected for characterization of agronomic traits and metabolite profiling of seeds. Differentially expressed genes (DEGs), related to ion transfer and nutrient supply, were upregulated and DEGs related to co-enzymes that work as functional genes were down regulated. These results suggest that two homozygous event lines may prove effective for the breeding of crops with an increased level of free tryptophan content.

• Journal of Plant Biotechnology
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• v.36 no.1
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• pp.23-29
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• 2009

We have previously isolated a CCCH type zinc-finger protein gene, OsZF2 (Oryza sativa Zinc Finger 2), from the cold-treated rice cDNA library. To investigate the potential role of OsZF2, transgenic rice lines over-expressing OsZF2 under the control of CaMV 35S promoter have been developed through Agrobacterium-mediated transformation. Elevated level of OsZF2 transcripts was confirmed by RNA gel blot analysis in transgenic rice. Under the 100 mM NaCl condition, the transgenic rice showed significantly enhanced growth rate in terms of shoot length and fresh weight, implicating that OsZF2 is likely to be involved in salt response of rice. In the field condition, however, the transgenic rice showed a dwarf phenotype and flowering time was delayed. Genome expression profiling analysis of transgenic plants using the 20K NSF rice oligonucleotide array revealed many up-regulated genes related to stress responses and signaling pathways such as chaperone protein dnaJ 72, salt stress-induced protein, PR protein, disease resistance proteins RPM1 and Cf2/Cf5 disease resistance protein, carbohydrate/ sugar transporter, OsWAK kinase, brassinosteroid LRR receptor kinase, and jasmonate O-methyltransferase. These data suggest that the CCCH type zinc-finger protein OsZF2 is a upstream transcriptional factor regulating growth and stress responsiveness of rice.

• Korean journal of applied entomology
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• v.51 no.3
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• pp.245-253
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• 2012

Benzylinedeneacetone (BZA) is a bacterial metabolite which is synthesized by at least two entomopathogenic bacteria, namely Xenorhabdus nematophila and Photorhabdus temperata subsp. temperata. It has been shown to possess inhibitory effects on insect cellular and humoral immune responses as well as antimicrobial activities against various species of bacteria and fungi. However, its relatively high phytotoxicity, and nonsystematic effect have thus far prevented its development into an optimal pesticide. This study screened five different BZA derivatives in order to select an optimal compound, which would have relatively high solubility and low phytotoxicity while retaining sufficient degrees of the immunosuppressive and antimicrobial activities associated with BZA. Hydroxylation of the benzene ring of BZA was found to significantly suppress its immunosuppressive and antimicrobial activities. Transformation of the ketone of BZA by carboxylation also suppressed the inhibitory activities. However, a shortening of the aliphatic chain of BZA into acetate form (4-hydroxyphenylacetic acid: HPA) did not decrease the inhibitory activity. HPA also showed much less phytotoxicity against the hot pepper plant Capsicum annuum, when compared to BZA. This study identified an optimal BZA derivative, which exhibited relatively little phytotoxicity, but retained a high degree of inhibitory activity to suppress insect immune responses and antimicrobial activities against plant pathogens.

• Journal of Plant Biotechnology
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• v.40 no.4
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• pp.224-230
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• 2013

Lily is an important cut-flower in Korea and world as well due to it's a variety of flower colors and various sizes of flowers. To develop elite lily cultivars, conventional breeding techniques have been used so far. However, an introduction of tissue culture system in mass propagation of bulbs and regeneration of shoots with a high efficiency is prerequisite at this moment. Especially, growth of bulbs and shoots as well as reduction of browning is critical factor to proliferate bulbs with shoots of superior lines or cultivar in lily. For this purpose, we tried to test whether ascorbic acid, citric acid and silver nitrate in medium to facilitate growth of bulbs and shoots as well as reduction of browning of bulb scales in lily. As a result, ascorbic acid and silver nitrate showed no significant differences compared to control plants in the growth of bulbs and shoots. When bulb scales were treated with $150mg{\cdot}l^{-1}$ of citric acid, formations of shoots and bulbs showed best result. While, bulb scale treated with $100mg{\cdot}l^{-1}$ of citric acid showed the growth of shoot and root as well as increasing of fresh weight compared to other treatments. Regarding the reduction of browning, $150mg{\cdot}l^{-1}$ of ascorbic acid showed the best result with the less than 2%. Although more experiments with several commercial varieties are needed in the future to establish mass propagation of bulbs of lily, results obtained in this study are supposed to provide the basic knowledge and contribution in tissue culture system of lily.