• 한국정밀공학회지
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• 제21권11호
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• pp.75-82
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• 2004

A metrological atomic force microscope (M-AFM) was developed fur the length measurements of nanometer range, through the modification of a commercial AFM. To eliminate nonlinearity and crosstalk of the PZT tube scanner of the commercial AFM, a two-axis flexure hinge scanner employing built-in capacitive sensors is used for X-Y motion instead of PZT tube scanner. Then two-dimensional displacement of the scanner is measured using two-axis heterodyne laser interferometer to ensure the meter-traceability. Through the measurements of several specimens, we could verify the elimination of nonlinearity and crosstalk. The uncertainty of length measurements was estimated according to the Guide to the Expression of Uncertainty in Measurement. Among several sources of uncertainty, the primary one is the drift of laser interferometer output, which occurs mainly from the variation of refractive index of air and the thermal stability. The Abbe error, which is proportional to the measured length, is another primary uncertainty source coming from the parasitic motion of the scanner. The expanded uncertainty (k =2) of length measurements using the M-AFM is √(4.26)$^2$+(2.84${\times}$10$^{-4}$ ${\times}$L)$^2$(nm), where f is the measured length in nm. We also measured the pitch of one-dimensional grating and compared the results with those obtained by optical diffractometry. The relative difference between these results is less than 0.01 %.

• 대한방사선치료학회지
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• 제13권1호
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• pp.14-22
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• 2001

Purpose: The aim of this study is to investigate geometrical and volumetrical changes of liver due to breathing and its impact to NTCP. In order to attain better treatment results it should be considered deliberately during planning session. Mehtods and Materials : Seven patients were examined in this study who have done TACE for accurate tumor margin drawing. After contrast media injection, C-T scan data were obtained in supine position during breathing free, inhalation and exhalation, respectively. For all patients C-T scan were done with same scanning parameters- 5 mm index, 5 mm thickness and pitch 1. Based on C-T data we have measured differences of each variables between breathing status such as changes of total and remained liver volumes, GTV, beam path length and superior to inferior shift. NTCP were calculated using Lyman's effective volume DVH reduction scheme and for this NTCP calculation, the V50 was computed from DVH and each m, n value were referred from Burmans data. Results : The measured total tilter volume and the remained liver volume changed between inspiration and expiration about $1.2-7.7\%(mean+2.7\%)$ and $2.5-13.23\%(mean=5.8\%)$ respectively, and these results were statistically significant(p>0.1). The GTV difference in each patient varied widely from $1.17\%\;to\;30.69\%$, but this result was not statistically significant. Depending on the breathing status, the beam path length was changed from 0.5 cm to 1.1 cm with the average of 0.7 cm, and it was statistically significant(p=0.006). The measured superior to inferior shifts were ranged from 0.5 cm to 3.74 cm. The NTCPs were changed relatively small in each patient, but the variation was large between the patients. The mean NTCP difference was $10.5\%$, with the variation ranged from $7\%\;to\;23.5\%$. Conclusion : Variations of liver volume and of beam path length were changed significantly depending on the breathing statues and the range of variation itself was very different between the patients. Since this variance could seriously affect the clinical outcomes of radiation treatments, the breathing of patients need to be accounted when a final treatment planning is derided.

• 폴리머
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• 제33권2호
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• pp.144-152
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• 2009

폴리{1-(콜레스테릴옥시카보닐알카노일옥시)에틸렌}들(PCALEn, n=2$\sim$8,10, 유연격자중의 메틸렌 단위들의 수)의 열 및 광학 특성을 검토하였다. 모든 동족체들은 좌측방향의 나선구조를 지닌 단방성 콜레스테릭 상들을 형성하였다. n=2 혹은 10인 PCALEn은 $3{\leq}n{\leq}8$인 PCALEn과 달리 콜레스테릭 상의 전 온도구간에서 반사색깔을 나타내지 않았다. 이러한 사실은 콜레스테릴 그룹에 의한 나선의 비틀림력은 콜레스테릴 그룹과 폴리에틸렌 사슬을 연결하는 유연격자의 길이에 민감하게 의존함을 시사한다. 유리전이온도들은 n이 증가함에 따라 낮아졌다. 액체 상에서 콜레스테릭 상으로의 전이온도들은 n이 7까지는 낮아지며 홀수-짝수 효과를 나타냈다. 그러나, n>7인 동족체들의 전이온도는 거의 일정하게 되었다. 이러한 거동은 유연격자의 홀수-짝수의 변화에 기인한 곁사슬 그룹의 평균적인 형태변화의 견지에서 설명된다. 전이온도에서 관찰되는 엔트로피 증가의 변화도 동일한 관점에서 설명된다. PCLAEn에서 관찰되는 액정 상의 열적 안정성과 질서도 그리고 광학피치의 온도의존성은 셀룰로오스 트리(콜레스테릴옥시카보닐)알카노에이트들에 대해 보고된 결과들과 현저히 달랐다. 이들의 결과를 주사슬의 화학구조와 유연성 그리고 반복단위당의 메조겐 단위들의 수의 차이들의 견지에서 검토하였다.

• 대한기계학회논문집B
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• 제36권1호
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• pp.1-8
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• 2012

본 연구에서는 주름높이가 고려된 판형열교환기의 완전발달유동 및 열전달특성을 수치적으로 해석하였다. 여러 개의 단위셀(5개 또는 7개)을 연결한 다중셀에 입구부와 출구부가 부착된 모델을 기본으로 P/H비 변화($2.0{\leq}P/H{\leq}4.0$)에 따른 모델에 대하여 수치해석을 수행하였다. 작동유체는 물이며, 수치조건은 쉐브론각 $20^{\circ}$, $300{\leq}Re{\leq}1,500$이다. 그리고 마찰인자는 $f=CRe^m$의 형태로, Colburn 계수는 $j=CRe^m$의 형태로 상관관계식을 제시하였다. 수치해석 결과 완전발달유동은 세 번째 셀부터 시작되었으며, 누셀트수는 P/H비가 작을수록 큰 값을 나타냈다.