• Korean Journal of Environmental Biology
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• v.25 no.3
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• pp.197-204
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• 2007

Diversity, production and nutrients concentrations of mushroom in a pitch pine forest (Pinus rigida) were studied from March through November 2000 in Kongju, Chungnam Province. Fifteen $2{\times}2m$ permanent quadrats were established randomly in the study area. 32 species of mushrooms were identified in the permanent quadrats during the study period. Although mushrooms occurred from June to October, the heighest diversity and biomass production occurred in August and September. Seasonal dominant species were Collybia confluens in July, Cantharellus lutescens in August and September, respectively. Annual production of mushrooms were 12.13kg $Dwha^{-1}yr^{-1}$. Seasonal production was 0.71kg $Dwha^{-1}$ for July, 3.95kg $Dwha^{-1}$ for August and 6.92 kg $Dwha^{-1}$ for September, respectively. Average concentrations of N, P, K, Ca and Mg in mushrooms was $38.81{\pm}4.82, \;0.90{\pm}0.44,\;28.47{\pm}7.81,\;0.24{\pm}0.16\;and\;0.76{\pm}0.26mg\;g^{-1}$, respectively, which were much higher than those in leaf litter and soil of the study site. Amount of N, P, K, Ca and Mg accumulated in mushrooms in 2000 was 463.41, 10.26, 345.21, 3.14 and $8.99g\;ha^{-1}yr^{-1}$, respectively.

• Proceedings of the International Microelectronics And Packaging Society Conference
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• 2006.10a
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• pp.179-212
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• 2006

1. $Welco^{(R)}$ Ultra fine solder powders are suitable for wafer bumping applications; mass production of ultra fine powders with high quality and high yield. - UFP based pastes for wafer bumping by stencil printing ($60-80{\mu}m$ pitch) are now available - Residue free solder flux was developed; meets voids specification of 20%. - F645 type 5 paste is suitable for components 01005

• Cartoon and Animation Studies
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• s.33
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• pp.173-202
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• 2013

This research focuses on the part of animation production pipeline. Among the four stages in the process (development, pre-production, main production, and post-production), this research explores theoretical features of the development stage. As the development stage is not well-known and theorized in Korea, this research provides roles and values of the development stage. The development stages is very important because two works have to be proceeded in this stage. First, the story idea for making animation should be decided. Ideas have to be developed into definite synopsis. And, the bible to pitch for investors are prepared on the basis of the story. Secondly, the basic production plan has to be initiated. This production plan includes the financial budget, the production schedule, and the production team. These three elements are so crucial that the producer (or executive producer) should take into consideration from the early stage of production.

• Proceedings of the KSPS conference
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• 1997.07a
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• pp.228-229
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• 1997

1 Intonation is important. It cannot be ignored. To convince students of the importance of intonation, we can use sentences with two very different interpretations according to intonation. Example: "I thought it would rain" with a fallon "rain" means it did not rain, but with a fall on "thought" and a rise on "rain" it means that it did rain. 2 Although complex, intonation is structured. For both teacher and student, the big job of tackling intonation is made simpler by remembering that intonation can be analysed into systems and units. There are three main systems in English intonation: Tonality (division into phrases) Tonicity (selection of accented syllables) Tone (the choice of pitch movements) Examples: Tonality: My brother who lives in London is a doctor. Tonicity: Hello. How ARE you. Hello. How are YOU. Tone: Ways to say "Thank you" 3 In deciding what to teach, we must distinguish what is universal from what is specifically English. This is where contrastive studies of intonation are very valuable. Usually, for instance, division into phrases (tonality) works in broadly similar ways across languages. Some uses of pitch are also similar across languages - for example, very high pitch may signal excitement or urgency. 4 Although most people think that intonation is mainly about pitch (the tone system), actually accent placement (tonicity) is probably the single most important aspect of English intonation. This is because it is connected with information focus, and the effects on interpretation are very clear-cut. Example: They asked for coffee, so I made them coffee. (The second occurrence of "coffee" must not be accented). 5 Ear-training is the beginning of intonation training in the VeL approach. First, students learn to identify fall vs rise vs fall-rise. To begin with, single words are used, then phrases and sentences. When learning tones, the fIrst words used should have unstressed syllables after the stressed syllable (Saturday) to make the pitch movement clearer. 6 In production drills, the fIrst thing is to establish simple neutral patterns. There should be no drama or really special meanings. Simple drills can be used to teach important patterns: Example: A: Peter likes football B: Yes JOHN likes football TOO A: Mary rides a bike B: Yes JENny rides a bike TOO 7 The teacher must be systematic and let learners KNOW what they are learning. It is no good using new patterns and hoping that students will "pick them up" without noticing. 8 Visual feedback of fundamental frequency with a computer display can help students learn correct patterns. The teacher can use the display to demonstrate patterns, or students can practise by themselves, imitating recorded models.

• Journal of the Korean Solar Energy Society
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• v.36 no.3
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• pp.53-61
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• 2016

Solar assisted heat pump system uses solar thermal energy as a heat source of evaporator of heat pump. So, COP can be enhanced as well as collector efficiency. For improving performance of this system, some research about hybrid solar collector that has fin-and-tube heat exchanger has been conducted. This collector can get a thermal energy from ambient air for liquid heating, so heated liquid can be used as a heat source of evaporator in heat pump even the solar radiation is not enough. In this study, numerical analysis was conducted for confirming heat gain of liquid according to fin height and pitch of fin-and-tube heat exchanger in collector. As a result, higher heat gain was obtained on lower fin height and narrow fin pitch, but the pressure drop also increased with increment of heat gain. Thus the JF factor considering both heat transfer enhancement and pressure drop was investigated and the maximum value was shown when the fin height and pitch were 40mm and 45mm. So it is considered that this installation condition has a highest heat transfer improvement when comparing with pressure drop. However heat gain of liquid at this condition was less than the other installation conditions of fin pitch on same height. Then, after establishing a proper minimum heat gain of liquid, actual production and experiment of collector will be conducted with fin height and pitch showing maximum JF factor and satisfying selected minimum heat gain of liquid on the basis of results of this study.

• Journal of Biosystems Engineering
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• v.36 no.6
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• pp.467-475
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• 2011

Aerial spraying technology using a small unmanned helicopter is an efficient and practical tool to achieve stable agricultural production to improve the working condition. An attitude controller for the agricultural helicopter would be helpful to aerial application operator. In order to construct the flight controller, a state space model of the helicopter should be identified using a dynamic analysis program, such as CIFER$^{(R)}$. To obtain the state space a model of the helicopter, frequency-sweep flight tests were performed and time history data were acquired using a custom-built stick position transmitter. Four elements of stick commands were accessed for the collective pitch (heave), aileron (roll), elevator (pitch), rudder (yaw) maneuvers. The test results showed that rudder stick position signal was highly linear with rudder input channel signal of the receiver; however, collective pitch stick position signal was exponentially manipulated for the convenience of control stick handling. The acquired stick position and flight dynamic data during sweep tests would be analyzed in the followed study.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Laryngology, Phoniatrics and Logopedics
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• v.16 no.1
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• pp.28-32
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• 2005

Background and Objectives : The most important two factors of the voice production are the respiratory function which is the power source of voice and the glottic closure that transform the air flow into sound signals. The purpose of this study was to investigate the differences between trained singers and untrained controls under varying intensity at a constant vocal pitch by simulataneous using the airway interruption method and electroglottography(EGG). Materials and Methods : Under two different intensity condition at a constant vocal pitch(/G/), 20(Male 10, Female 10) trained singers were studied. Mean flow rate(MFR), subglottic pressure(Psub) and intensity were measured with aerodynamic test using the Phonatory function analyzer. Closed quotients(CQ), jitter and shimmer were also investigated by electroglottography using Lx speech studio. These data were compared with that of normal controls. Results : MFR and Psub were increased on high intensity condition in all subject groups but there was no statistically significance. Statistically significant increasing of CQ. were observed in male trained singers on high intensity condition (untrained male : 51.31${\pm}$3.70%, trained male :55.52${\pm}$6.07%, p=.039). Shimmer percent, one of the phonatory stability parameters, was also decreased statistically in all subject groups(p<.001). Conclusion : The trained singers' phonation was more efficient than untrained singers. The result means that the trained singers can increase the loudness with little changing of mean flow rate, subglottic pressure but more increasing of glottic closed quotients.

• Proceedings of the Korea Committee for Ocean Resources and Engineering Conference
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• 2000.10a
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• pp.114-117
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• 2000

In order to keep the zero defect of production in press working process. The optimum design of the production part, strip process layout, die design, die making and try out etc. are necessary the analysis of effective factors. For example, theory and practice of metal shearing process and it's phenomena, die structure, machine tool working for die making, die materials and it's heat treatment, metal working in field, their know how tc. are included in those factors. In this study, we analyzed whole of data base, theoretical back ground of metal working process, and then performed the progressive die tryout with the screw press. Part 2 of this study reveals with precision progressive die design, its making and tryout.

• Phonetics and Speech Sciences
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• v.7 no.2
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• pp.111-117
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• 2015

The purpose of this study is to investigate how Chinese learners of Korean produce Korean plain plosives differently in a reading passage and isolated sentences. There are several studies on Korean plosives produced by Chinese speakers, but the study comparing the production of reading passage and isolated sentences are rare. For these purposes, ten Chinese speakers' VOT values of Korean plain plosives were measured using Speech Analyzer. The results show that there is no significant difference between the plain plosive production of a reading passage and that of isolated sentences. In the further studies, the measurement of pitch with VOT is needed.

• Phonetics and Speech Sciences
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• v.10 no.2
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• pp.1-6
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• 2018

The current study aimed to investigate the transfer of English word stress rules to the production of Korean trisyllabic words by L1 English learners of Korean. It compared English and Korean speakers' productions of seven Korean words from the corpus L2KSC (Rhee et al., 2005). To this end, it analyzed the syllable duration, intensity, and pitch. The results showed that English and Korean speakers' pronunciations differed markedly in duration and intensity. English learners produced word-initial syllables of greater intensity than Korean speakers, while Korean speakers produced word-final syllables of longer duration than English learners. However, these differences between the two speaker groups were not related to the expected L1 transfer. The tonal patterns produced by English and Korean speakers were similar, reflecting L1 English speakers' learning of the L2 Korean prosodic system.