• Journal of the Korean Wood Science and Technology
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• v.42 no.1
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• pp.78-87
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• 2014

It was examined the key criterion of the time of property revelation as Uljin-Geumgangsong wood. For this purpose, we investigated in physical properties in pine wood (Pinus densiflora Sieb. et Zucc.) and representative Uljin-Geumgangsong wood (Pinus densiflora forma erecta Uyeki). The results are as follows; Air-dry density of Uljin-Geumgangsong wood have higher values over about 20 percent than that of pine wood. And also heartwood rate of Uljin-Geumgansong wood have higher values above 70 percent. The number of vertical resin canals per $1mm^2$ in Uljin-Geumgangsong wood was 40 percent greater than in pine wood. As the average diameters of axial resin canals were 67.8 mm and 67.3~69.9 mm in pine wood and in Uljin-Geumgangsong wood, respectively, there was no significant difference among wood species. There tends to be an increase in diameters as annual rings increase. The number of horizontal resin canals in Uljin-Geumgangsong-1 was approximately 55 percent greater than in pine wood and Uljin-Geumgangsong-2. The number of resin canals in pine wood and Uljin-Geumgangson-2 decreased while it increased in Uljin-Geumgangsong-1 as annual rings increased. No significant difference was found in the number of rays among wood species and between earlywood and latewood of same wood species. As annual rings increased the number of rays decreased in both pine wood and Uljin-Geumgangsong. The heights of rays were greater in pine wood than Uljin-Geumgangsong and no difference was found between earlywood and latewood. In conclusion, rings of tree for the time of property revelation as Uljin-Geumgangsong wood is assumed about more than 150 years.

• Journal of Korean Society of Forest Science
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• v.88 no.2
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• pp.266-272
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• 1999

Aboveground biomass and nutrient contents of a 31-year-old pitch pine(Pinus rigida) and a 31-year-old Japanese larch(Larix leptolepis) plantations were measured in the Chungbu Forest Experiment Station, Kyunggi Province. Aboveground biomass was 170.2ton/ha in the pitch pine and 87.2ton/ha in the Japanese larch plantations. Aboveground biomass difference between both plantations was due to the difference of stand density. Aboveground biomass in both plantations was allocated as follows : stemwood>branch>stembark>needle. The concentrations of all nutrients(N, P, K, Ca, Mg) were generally higher in the Japanese larch needle than in the pitch pine because of high nutrient uptake characteristics of larch compared with pine tree species. The nutrient concentration in different tree tissues in both tree species decreased in the order of needle>branch>stembark>stemwood. Nutrient contents of aboveground biomass were : N, 335.9 ; P, 40.4 ; K, 121.4 ; Ca, 188.6 ; Mg, 93.8kg/ha in the pitch pine plantation, while nutrient contents in the Japanese larch plantation were : N, 226 ; P, 11.5 ; K, 72.9 ; Ca, 75.7 ; Mg, 37.1kg/ha. The nitrogen use efficiency calculated as the biomass produced by one unit of nitrogen was higher in the pitch pine than in the Japanese larch plantations. This result suggests that pine with high nitrogen use efficiency could be adapted in lower site productivity area compared with larch tree species.

• Journal of the Korean Wood Science and Technology
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• v.33 no.2 s.130
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• pp.56-64
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• 2005

This study was performed to investigate the frequency of blue staining fungal species collected from pine trees, Experimental Forests of Kangwon National University in Korea based on their morphological characteristics. In addition the tolerance to fungicide, Woodguard, was assessed to get basic knowledges for preventing blue stain of wood. Totally Leptographium-type fungi were dominated by 79.3% among Ophiostomatoid fungi associated with scolityd bark beetles in pine trees. Leptographium-type Ds-isolates which have unusual morphology were collected as frequency of 17.0%. The most distinct differeneces of these Ds-isolates from L. procerum were the presence of roughened hyphae and flask-shaped conidiophores that have never been mentioned formerly for L. procerum, but since these Ds-isolates formed black concentric rings being a property of L. procerum, the Df-isolates were characterized as Leptographium-type fungi, which are the most common species with the highest frequency by 33.2% in this particular area. According to our experimental results, Leptographium-type Ds- and Df-isolates were very resistant to fungicide, Woodguard, therefore it was suggested that a new method for wood protection from the blue staining fungi should be developed. Exact identification of blue staining isolates collected from pine trees is keep going.

• Korean Journal of Plant Resources
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• v.11 no.3
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• pp.296-300
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• 1998

When medicinal mushroom, Poria cocos, is cultured , inoculation method of spawn is cross slice inoculation of which the both sides of pine tree were peeled and spawn of P.cocos was inoculated. However, this method required lots of inoculation amount. This study was carried out to improve the culturing method of P. cocos. A good growth of P.cocos was observed in MCM(mushroom complete medium), showing proper mycelia growth and density. In inoculation amount, conventional method(cross slice inoculation) requires 20 bottles of spawn. In contrast, short log method required 8 bottles of spawn and drilling inoculation method 2~3 bottles, which could save by 60% and 85-90% respectively. In the selectrion of tree species, pine and larch had better condition for spawn culture and sclerotia formation condition.In terms of yield , pine was 33.7kg/3.3$m^2$. In the yield of pine, conventional method was 23.4kg/3.3$m^2$, drilling inoculation 29.4kg/3.3$m^2$, short log inoculation 31.7kg/3.3$m^2$, therefore drilling inoculation could increase by 25% and short log inoculation 35%, In addition, management cost was also saved.

• Mycobiology
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• v.30 no.2
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• pp.70-75
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• 2002

The mycelia were directly isolated from eight species of fungal basidiocarps, confirmed to the ectomycorrhiza in the roots from the fields(forestry); Suillus bovinus, Paxillus involutus, Lactarius hysginus, Russula fragilis, Lepista nuda, Lyophyllum shimeji, Tricholoma matsutake, and Russula integra. The mycelia were pure-cultured with several transferring in various agars, and inoculated to the roots of pine(Pinus densiflora) seedling by in vitro method. After ten months growth under artificially aseptic conditions, all pine seedlings inoculated were stimulated at the growth-height, whereas those not inoculated were nearly dead. Also, the ramifications of ectomycorrhizal pine roots formed in the synthetic in vitro systems and were various according to the different mycelia. Synthesis of ectomycorrhiza were clearly confirmed in ten months growth, but not distinguished at this moment. It was clearly proved that the mycelia isolated caused the ectomycorrhizae in the roots of pine seedlings.

• Journal of Korean Society of Forest Science
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• v.98 no.2
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• pp.189-196
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• 2009

This study was conducted to evaluate spatial distribution pattern and spatial association of crowns (${\geq}10m$ of height) and saplings (<10 m of height and ${\geq}2cm$ of DBH) for four major tree species (Pinus koraiensis, Abies nephrolepis, Acer mono, and Tilia amurensis) in the mixed broadleaved-Korean pine forest of Xiaoxing'an Mts. Vegetation data were collected in the 9 ha permanent sample plot, and the analysis adopted the point pattern analysis method. Main results are as follows; 1) crowns and saplings of major species showed clumped distribution pattern in small scale, became random distribution as the scale was increased. 2) Saplings of Pinus koraiensis performed poor regeneration under the crowns of Pinus koraiensis and Abies nephrolepis; Saplings of Abies nephrolepis did good regeneration under the crowns of Pinus koraiensis and Abies nephrolepis; and crowns of Acer mono and Tilia amurensis had little effect on the distribution of saplings of Pinus koraiensis and Abies nephrolepis. Saplings of Acer mono and Tilia amurensis made good regeneration under the crowns of Pinus koraiensis and Tilia amurensis; and the crowns of Acer mono and Abies nephrolepis had little effect on the distribution of saplings of Acer mono.

• Journal of the Korean Wood Science and Technology
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• v.22 no.4
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• pp.37-42
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• 1994

The adsorption of water vapor and equilibrium moisture content(EMC) of the specimens for four softwood species dried by conventional- and high temperature method and equilibrated to 15% of the target EMC condition at 25$^{\circ}C$ were determined by oven drying method and with moisture meters. The amount of adsorption for high temperature dried red pine was significantly higher than that of conventional kiln dried wood, while those of eastern white pine, eastern hemlock and Norway spruce were not significantly different between drying methods. EMCs of these four species determined by oven drying method and with capacitive admittance moisture meter were not significantly different between drying methods. EMC of high temperature dried red pine determined with resistance moisture meter was significantly higher than that of conventional kiln dried wood. But EMCs of other species did not show significant difference between drying methods. EMCs of conventional and high-temperature dried wood determined with electronic moisture meters, especially in the case of the capacitive-admittance moisture meter measurement, were lower than that determined by oven drying method.

• Journal of the Korean Wood Science and Technology
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• v.41 no.2
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• pp.141-148
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• 2013

The goal of this study was to find the optimum lamina size from red pine (Pinus densiflora) and Japanese cedar (Cryptomeria japonica) logs for the cross laminated timber (CLT) production. From visual inspection of the logs from two species, red pine log showed a larger knot and warp compared to the Japanese cedar. Different cross-sectional sizes of lamina ($110mm{\times}30mm$, $110mm{\times}40mm$, $110mm{\times}50mm$, $50mm{\times}30mm$, $30mm{\times}30mm$) from two species were analyzed for yield and grade. Regardless of the species, the optimized cross sectional size for maximizing the yield was $110mm{\times}30mm$. In grading for the different size laminas from Japanese cedar and red pine, a higher percentage of the first and second grade was found from the $110mm{\times}30mm$ lamina cut.

• Journal of Ecology and Environment
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• v.47 no.4
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• pp.241-249
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• 2023

Background: This study analyzed the drought responses of five forest tree species grown in Korean peninsula, Korean fir Abies koreana (Ak), eastern white pine Pinus strobus (Ps), keyaki Zelkova serrata (Zs), tulip tree Liriodendron tulipifera (Lt), and Japanese elm Ulmus japonica (Uj). Physiological (chlorophyll, root collar diameter [RCD]) and biochemical responses (non-structural carbohydrates, proline, lipid peroxidase and abscisic acid [ABA]) of the plants grown under mild (MD) and severe drought (SD) were compared. Results: In this study, three soil moisture regimes: control (100% precipitation), MD (60% reduction in precipitation) and SD (20% reduction in precipitation) were applied. Soil moisture content showed high water content in control site compared to MD and SD. A decline in RCD was found for Korean fir, keyaki, and tulip plants, with eastern white pine and Japanese elm showing no significant decline to the prolonged drought exposure (both MD and SD). Total chlorophyll showed a significant decline in Korean fir and tulip, with the sugar levels indicating a significant increase in Korean fir and keyaki species under SD compared to control plants. Non-significant decline in sugar level was noted for eastern white pine and Japanese elm. High accumulation of ABA, malondealdehyde and proline was noted in Korean fir, tulip, and keyaki under SD compared to control. Signs of tree mortality was only observed in Korean fir under MD (38%) and SD (43%). Conclusions: The observed findings indicate the drought responses of five tree species. The majority of the morpho-physiological (especially mortality) and biochemical variables assessed in our study indicate superior long-term drought resistance of Ps and Uj compared to the highly sensitive Ak, and moderately sensitive Lt and Zs. The results provided will help species selection for afforestation programs and establishment of sustainable forests, especially of drought-tolerant species, under increased frequency and intensity of spring and summer droughts.

• Korean journal of applied entomology
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• v.49 no.3
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• pp.211-218
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• 2010

Cuticular hydrocarbons (CHCs) of the pine sawyer (Monochamus saltuarius), Japanese pine sawyer (M. alternatus) and oak longicorn beetle (Moechotypa diphysis) were analyzed by GC, GC-MS and compared. Monochamus beetles are typical vectors of pine wilt disease but Moechotypa diphysis, which belongs to the same family, is not. They possess different CHCs in carbon number: 23-25 in M. saltuarius, 25-32 in M. alternatus, and 23-29 in M. diphysis. In comparison to inter-species, these three species of adult beetles have different numbers and chains of constituents of CHCs. In comparison between male and female in intra-species, the quantities of CHCs show the difference but constituents are not. Major constituent of M. saltuarius were analyzed as n-pentacosane > n-nonacosane > n-heptacosane; those of M. alternatus were n-nonacosene > n-pentacosane > n-nonacosane; and those of M. diphysis were n-heptacosane > 13-methylheptacosane > 3-methylheptacosane. From the body surface, most saturated carbohydrates of 3 species beetles are composed of n-alkane (40.2 - 65.7%) and followed by olefines > monomethylalkanes that one or two double bonds in M. saltuarius and M. alternatus. Otherwise, M. diphysis have the difference in order of monomethylalkanes > olefins.